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St. Anthony of Padua

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1. Science, Not Rule of Thumb
2. Harmony, Not Discord
3. Cooperation, Not Individualism
4. Development of Each and Every Person to His / Her Greatest Efficiency and Prosperity

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1.     Domination is a victory of one party over the other.

2.     Compromise is both sides giving up something in order to have peace.

3.     Integrative conflict resolution is both parties considering their preferences and working together to find the best option that meets the needs of both groups.

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He is well known for his Gantt Chart, a visual representation of the progress being carried out of each stage of work in a project. Gantt unlike Taylor believed that workers must not be punished for lower production as they took time to learn to be productive. So, he introduced the quota systems and daily bonuses for workers who exceeded their quotas.

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1. Division of Work
2. Authority and Responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of Command
5. Unity of Direction
6. Subordination of Individual Interest
7. Remuneration
8. Centralization
9. Scalar Chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de Corps

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Rules
Impersonality
Division of labor
Hierarchical structure
Authority structure
Traditional authority
Commitment
Rationality

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The contingency theory is based around the idea there is no single right answer and that the best choices in a given situation depend on numerous factors, which must be considered. A company, according to contingency theory, should take into account all aspects of a situation when making a decision, including which type of management system it chooses. For instance, a leader using contingency theory may decide an autocratic and hierarchical management system is the best when leading soldiers into battle, but not necessarily the best if managing a group of scientists.

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A manager takes appropriate action based on aspects most important to the current situation. Managers in a university may want to utilize a leadership approach that includes participation from workers, while a leader in the army may want to use an autocratic approach.

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This theory asserts that managers make decisions based on the situation at hand rather than a “one size fits all” method.

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A system is made up of a variety of parts that work together to achieve a goal. Systems theory is a broad perspective that allows managers to examine patterns and events in the workplace. This helps managers to coordinate programs to work as a collective whole for the overall goal or mission of the organization rather than for isolated departments.

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Managers who understand systems theory recognize how different systems affect a worker and how a worker affects the systems around them.

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These resources include raw materials and skilled manpower that the organization needs to create goods and provide service. The theory focuses on the need to study the external environment of the firm in a detailed manner in order to find success operating with rapidly changing situations through flexibility in management

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Organizational environment are the set of uncontrollable forces and conditions that may affect the manager’s ability to allocate the resources of the company.

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A management information system (MIS) is a computerized database of financial information organized and programmed in such a way that it produces regular reports on operations for every level of management in a company. It is usually also possible to obtain special reports from the system easily. The main purpose of the MIS is to give managers feedback about their own performance; top management can monitor the company as a whole.

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This is a philosophy on continuous quality improvement of inputs, process, and outputs. Quality means how well a product or service function as it is supposed to be and how close reliable it conforms to the specifications for which it is constructed.

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The practice of operations management has origins from gun manufacturing, particularly from the famous Beretta firearms and gun barrels. Operations management engages supervising the daily operations of the company in producing goods and services. It usually uses a quantitative approach to look for ways in increasing productivity, improve quality, and reduce costly inventories.

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Quantitative management is a science that makes use of mathematical approaches like linear and nonlinear programming, modeling, and queuing theory to assist managers in making accurate and better decisions on organizational situations like inventory management, sales revenue, capital investment, and even profitability.

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Management Science Theory highlights the use of precise statistical model and systematic mathematical techniques to help management solve problems on maximum use of resources to produce goods and services. It helps the management in making systematic decisions in operations. However, it can only suggest the alternatives based on statistical date but not the final decision. The following are some branches of management science that deals with a specific set of concerns:

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The ERG theory represents existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs. This theory is built on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs with a condensed understanding of human needs and behaviors.  Existence needs are desires for well-being. Relatedness needs are interpersonal desires. Growth needs include the desire for personal and professional training and development.

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Two Factor Theory of Frederick Herzberg 

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Two Factor Theory of Frederick Herzberg 

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The two factor theory identifies two main sources of motivation for people in the workforce. The first is hygiene factors, such as the working environment, a person’s salary, job security and management styles. The second motivator in this theory is satisfiers, which include achievement, status, recognition, responsibility and potential growth.

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Maslow’s hierarchy of needs identifies a person’s most basic needs on a progressive pyramid, ending with a person’s least basic needs. Maslow’s theory states that only unsatisfied needs can be used to motivate a person.

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Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGregor

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Theory X and Theory Y of Douglas McGregor

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Theory Y believes that workers are naturally driven and take responsibility. While managers who believe in Theory X values often use an authoritarian style of leadership, Theory Y leaders encourage participation from workers.

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He became the President of New Jersey Bell. His book “The Functions of Executives” revealed two significant contributions:

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"For her if a problem has been given a solution, this solution could probably create another dilemma for the company". 

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Further, she made emphasis on the inclusion of workers in decision-making and the dynamism of management.

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This theory was revolutionary during his time and has continued to be true. Management that places the workers’ needs and desires as first priority will produce efficient and motivated people.   Robert Owen, a Welsh social reformer, developed a theory based on his experience with machines during the Industrial Age of the 1800s.

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 Propose by Henry Fayol, He is the Father of principles of management. He is founder of the 14 Principles of management and the five functions of management.

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His work experience as a managing director significantly shaped his thoughts and ideas in developing the five functions of managers and the fourteen principles of management.

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Proposed by German sociologist, Max Weber. Bureaucracy for Weber is “the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge”. 

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Focuses on the use of rules, dividing organizations into hierarchies, an evident division of labor and through procedures to guarantee efficiency and effectiveness.

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Neo Classical theory, also referred to as behavioral science approach gives importance to human and social aspects of the worker and his relations in the organization.

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This theory emphasizes that there is “one best way” to manage by following definite instructions.

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"𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐀𝐆𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒"

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"𝐄𝐕𝐎𝐋𝐔𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐀𝐆𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒"

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“Father of Scientific Management”, Frederick Taylor described scientific management as “75% science and 25% common sense”

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“Scientific management means knowing exactly what you want men to do and seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way”.

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The Gilbreths added more contributions in scientific management. Frank revolutionized the use of motion pictures to study worker’s motions. On the other hand, Lillian, the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology became noted for championing the workers via standard days, scheduled rest breaks and normal lunch breaks which are now being executed in today’s modern workplaces.