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1) What is a topic sentence?

2) What is a GOOD topic sentence?

3) What are the similarities and differences between a topic sentence and a thesis statement?

4) Why do you think topic sentences are important?

| Thesis Statement | Topic Sentence
Function | sums up the purpose and argument of the whole paper / essay | sums up the main point you want to make in a paragraph, but is always clearly related to the thesis statement
Location | Introduction and Conclusion | The first sentence of each body paragraph

What is a good topic sentence?

A good topic sentence is specific enough to give a clear sense of what to expect from the paragraph, but general enough that it doesn’t give everything away. You can think of it like a signpost: it should tell the reader which direction your argument is going in.

As you write each topic sentence, ask yourself: how does this point relate to what you wrote in the preceding paragraph? It’s often helpful to use transition words in your topic sentences to show the connections between your ideas.

Thesis Statement (Câu luận điểm / đại ý):

Tóm lược hết tất cả ý của toàn bài

Introduction (mở bài) & Conclusion

Topic Sentence (Câu chủ đề):

Câu đầu tiên của mỗi đoạn thân bài

Nêu ra luận điểm chính sẽ được thảo luận và phát triển trong đoạn thân bài đó

Gọn gàng, súc tích

Không giải thích sâu hơn, để dành ý cho Supporting Sentences

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[WT2] How to write effective introductions

WT2 Question Types

5 types of questions

1. Opinion

2. Discussion

3. Advantages and Disadvantages

4. Problems / Causes and Solutions

5. Double Question

An essay: 4 paragraphs

Introduction

Body Paragraph 1

Body Paragraph 2

Conclusion

Why are introductions important?

First impression

Mini outline

Coherence & Cohesion

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(1) The first reason why I agree with statement because the cost of health service for these illnesses is extremely expensive. (2) The second reason is when we levy the surge of fastfoods' taxes, the demands for this type of food will decline parabolly.

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In some countries an increasing number of people are suffering from health problems as a result of eating too much fast food. It is therefore necessary for governments to impose a higher tax on this kind of food. Do you agree?

My Introduction: ....

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(1) To begin with, it is justifiable to some extent for employees to work for the same company because employees gain much more financial benefits. (2) On the other hand, I strongly believe that working at a number of places will provide an employee with more new experiences and there would be a better option for workers

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(1) To begin with, this trend is one of the main contribution to pressurizing the chain of welfare payment. (2) However, while this trend has several drawbacks, I would contend that the given benefits will make a wise choice for humans because it can take a toll on reducing the lost of their dearest.

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Write a reflection essay. You can use the following prompts.

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Write a reflection essay. You can use the following prompts.

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Has your writing improved (ideas, writing speed, logical and critical thinking, topic vocabulary, essay structure,...)?

Have you understood all the theories?

Have you managed to finish all writing assignments on time? If no, why not?

Do you think WT2 Responses and WT2 Group Presentations help you with your writing?

Overall, how do you evaluate your writing performance, participation and the effort you've put in this course?

What do you think you need to work on and improve in the next stage?

You can add more comments as well.

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1. Line Graph
2. Bar Chart
3. Table
4. Pie Chart
5. Process Diagram
6. Map
7. Mixed Graphs

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The given line chart illustrates the fish and the classification is based on meat in a particular European homeland from 1979 to 2004.

Overall, all of the categories experienced fluctuations over the period. As can be seen from the graph, only the figure for chicken consumption witnessed an upward trend with a maximum of 250g  in 2004. And the opposite pattern is true for the figures for fish, lamb, beef respectively.

The first graph simply records the amount of chicken consumption which overshadows the figures for other three kinds. Starting just under 150g in 1979, it then wildly fluctuated  along with increasing from just over 150g in 1984 to nearly 250 at the end of the period.

The second graph throws a contrast on the situation. Regarding the figure for fish as the lowest consumption, starting at just over 50g at the beginning, it then remained stable relatively around the number of 50g over the rest of the period. Besides, Two other groups of beef and lamb consumption witnessed the violent fluctuations together.

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The given line chart illustrates the energy consumption in the USA from 1980 provided with prediction until 2030.

Overall, the petrol and oil consumption is the highest meanwhile the others of renewable categories are at the low point in the USA. Besides, the figures for all of the energy consumption witnessed an upward trend apart from the figure for hydropower.

According to the graph, over the period from 1980 to 2020, the trend has been towards an increase in the figure for petrol and oil consumption. Starting at nearly 35QUs at the beginning, it then slowly declined to 32QUs in 1985 followed by a fluctuation and a recovery to 40QUs in 2005. After that, there was a slight rise to 43 QUs in 2020. Likewise, the prediction shows that there will be a constant upward trend to 50QUs at the end of the period (2030).

Similarly, the two groups of coal and natural gas have seen the same pattern during the period. Regarding the starting point which began in 1980, the figure for natural gas was fivefold than the figure for coal. Then in the 5-year-period from 1985 to 1990, both categories remained stable at approximately 17QUs followed by wild fluctuations. From 2025 to 2030, two figures are being opposite, the figure for Coal is forecasted to have risen by 2030 meanwhile, there will have been a stabilization in the figure for natural gas from 2025 until 2030.

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The given line graph illustrates the spending of two nations: French and UK respectively on consumer products roughly classed under five headings in 2010.

Overall, the amount of money that both France and UK citizens spent on cars was the highest over the chart which accounted for 400,000 pounds  and 450,000 pounds

respectively. Remarkably, there is a significant gap between them in the figure for camera expenditure.

In terms of three categories: cars, books and cameras, it highlights that the UK’s budget that was spent on these products was higher than France. Looking into more details, the UK invested 450,000 pounds on car products which was fifty fold more than the statistic for France with 400,000 pounds. The amount of money that the UK spent on books was at slightly more than 400,000 pounds  whereas the figure for France was lower (300,000 pounds). Finally, the amount of money that the UK allocated for books was at just over 300,000 and the opposite pattern was true for the statistic of France’s camera expenditure, at 150,000 pounds.

The two categories of computers and perfume throw a new light on the situation. Regarding the figure for computers, France’s allocation spent on computers was 380,000 pounds while the feature of UK 's spending was slightly lower with 350,000 pounds. Moreover, roughly 200,00 pounds was the amount of money that France spent on perfume, which experienced at least fifty fold more than the data of the UK (less than 150,000 pounds).

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The bar graph shows the combined time spent in billions of minutes, on three different kinds of phone call in the United Kingdom, from 1995-2002.

Overall, local calls were the most popular over the whole period, with national and international calls and calls on mobiles second and third respectively. However, the number of minutes spent on international and national calls and mobiles both increased over the period; with mobile minutes increasing dramatically, thus narrowing the gap between the three categories by 2002.

Minutes spent on local calls fluctuated over the time period, with just over 70 billion minutes in 1995, peaking at approximately 90 billion in 1999 and then steadily decreasing to just over 70 billion minutes in 2002.

National and international calls increased steadily year on year, from just under 40 billion minutes in 1995 to a peak of just over 60 billion in 2002. Mobile minutes increased at a very rapid pace from approximately 3 billion in 1995 to around 45 billion in 2002. Mobile phone usage nearly doubled from approximately 22 billion minutes in 2000 to 40 billion in 2001.

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Some people work for the same organization all their working life. Others think that it is better to work for different organizations. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

My Introduction: ...

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One of the consequences of improved medical care is that people are living longer and life expectancy is increasing. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?

My Introduction: ....

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Smartphones are becoming a common sight in the primary school classroom. What problems does this cause and what are some viable solutions?

My Introduction: ...

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Although many people believe that prison is the best way to address the problem of crime, many criminals commit further crimes as soon as they have been released from prison. What do you think are the causes and possible solutions for this?

My Introduction: ...

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Car ownership has increased so rapidly over the past thirty years that many cities in the world are now ‘one big traffic jam’. How true do you think this statement is? What measures can the government take to discourage people from using their cars?

My Introduction: ...

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(1) A major problem linked with phenomenon is that primary pupils have to deal due with being totally preoccupied. (2) In order to tackle this problem, the prior solution is that the teachers should strictly prohibit students from using smartphones in class.

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The given flowchart illustrates the reprocess of wasted glass bottles.

Overall, there are 3 stages in total in the process., begging with the stage of collecting wasted glass bottles and ending with the product's delivery to supermarkets for sale.
In the first stage of the process, the wasted glass bottles are collected and then taken to collection site. After that, they are transported by trucks to several factories where they have to undergo further different processes.

In the next stage of the process in sanitary factory, the second-hand glass bottles are purified by the high-pressure water to eliminate impurities, followed by the classification based on three main colors: clear, green and brown. After that, the sorted bottles are transported to the glass recycling manufactories. They are smashed into tiny pieces and burnt in a furnace within high temperature, at 600-800 to manufacture into the liquid glass. There is then a mixture of recycled liquid and the new ones which is shaped in the mould into new glass bottles.

In the final stage, new glass bottles are fulfilled with liquid, packed and delivered to several supermarkets and ready for sales.

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The diagram illustrates the six stages of the evolution of a frog during its life cycle.

Overall, it is explicit that there are seven stages presented in the entire process, beginning with mating and ending with the development of an adult frog.

To begin with, a male frog and a female grown-up frog coupling. The female frog then lays a large number of eggs in the water, shown as frogspawn. In the third stage, frogspawn hatches and small tadpoles emerges. Over a period, these little tadpoles grow bigger, and their hind body begin to shape.

By the fifth stage, these tadpoles start to develop into young frogs. Although they are still survive in the water, their tails are shorter than before, and their limbs develop significantly. When this young frog becomes mature, it has no tail, and its four limbs are completely formed. It is then ready to leave the water, and it continues to grow in size. In the final stage, the frog is fulfilling adult and is ready to mate. The cycle then continues again.

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Smartphones are becoming a common sight in the primary school classroom. What problems does this cause and what are some viable solutions?

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Smartphones are becoming a common sight in the primary school classroom. What problems does this cause and what are some viable solutions?

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Using smartphones is becoming a popular phenomenon in primary school classrooms. I think the problem linked with this statement is that more and more primary students have to deal with eye health matters and to tackle this issue,the teachers should enforce the limitation on campus strictly.

In General, due to the development of advanced technologies, children in fundamental schools likely to spend too much class-time on staring and checking at advanced technological tools endlessly, they have to move their eyes back and forth in a long period of time which means that their eyes may deal with the detrimental effects such as: eyesore, keratitis, short-sighted, eye allergy and so on. For instance, it is reported that fifty percent of Vietnamese students suffer from short-sightedness, a survey conducted by the Central Eye Hospital has revealed.

To tackle these problems, the principal solution is that the teachers should enforce the strict limitation on the use of smartphones on campus. By this way, besides the use in class-time, teachers can restrict the outside use. Once the students are banned from using smart tools in lunchtime or break time, they will have the chance to experience more outside leisure activities, mainly playing games or sports or simply having a chit-chat together with classmates instead which not only generates the dynamic atmosphere but also helps pupils to be more active and healthier both mentally and physically.

In conclusion, The widespread use of smartphones is far considered as a phenomenon in the classroom of primary school. This has resulted in the problem that students are being disturbed by this kind of advanced technological tools and only by strictly banning them completely in external time can tackle this.

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Many people strive to maintain a successful career and happy family life at the same time. What problems can this cause? What are the possible solutions?

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Many people strive to maintain a successful career and happy family life at the same time. What problems can this cause? What are the possible solutions?

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Several individuals endeavor to make an overall work-life balance. I think the problem sticks with this issue is the increasing levels of stress and the possible solution outlined is that there should be educational campaign to spread the acknowledge about the depression related to this problem.

This means that the primary problem associated with trying to spend time with their beloved ones and be successful in their career is to suffer from exhaustion. The workers who try too hard to balance perfectly will have no time for themselves, hence, they will then be mentally and physically drained to breakdown and make poor work performance. For instance, a recent survey conducted by Business Insider found that 82% CEOs are suffering from headaches and heart problems because they are exhausted maintaining work-life balance.

To tackle this problem, a public campaign should be launched on social media to educate people about the dangers of working long hours and not spending enough quality time with their families. Many employees are too afraid to ask bosses for time off because they are scared of being considered lazy if they work less hours and find it difficult to share with their partners. Therefore, making a campaign will be the effective choice because it contributes to encouraging workers to be more open and honest to confess about their demands. Additionally, their bosses and families will be more understanding and eliminate the overwhelming expectations from them. As a result, the workers will be less stressed and healthier while organizing their work-life equity. Taking Japan as an instant example, a campaign was launched in 2015 with the purpose of educating, which makes a decrease by 52% in the percentage of people reporting sick due to mental fatigue.

In conclusion, in the competitive working revolution,every single parallely balance between work and personal real-life difficulties.at once.The sticky problem is the higher rate in the number of people suffering from depression and the most viable solution is a public campaign warning people about the dangers of overloading working time.

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Although many people believe that prison is the best way to address the problem of crime, many criminals commit further crimes as soon as they have been released from prison. What do you think are the causes and possible solutions for this?

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Although many people believe that prison is the best way to address the problem of crime, many criminals commit further crimes as soon as they have been released from prison. What do you think are the causes and possible solutions for this?

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While it is a belief that prison is the primary choice to deal with criminal problems, there is a parallelly higher rate of recidivism. From my perspective, I believe that the situation is caused because ex-inmate don't have the ability to work and adapt to the new environment again after a long period of time. In order to address this issue, I assume that the government should generate job opportunities for those who are in need.

The principal root of the recidivism issue is that the ex-inmate can’t confront re-entry into society. This means that after a long period of time in the prison, they are used to the similar routine day by day and just involved in a limited horizon. Once they are released, they will be out of date and can’t catch up with the social-updated acknowledgement which makes them feel strange and afraid of the overwhelming development of society. As a result, they don’t have the skillful ability and can’t manage well to work due to the lack of experiences. For example, Research brief (2008) reported that most former prisoners experience difficulty finding a job after release. During the time spent in prison, many lose work skills and are given little opportunity to gain useful work experience.

To tackle this problem, the most viable solution is more job opportunities should be generated by the authorities or organizations which provide ex-prisoners with support, encouragement, and opportunities that give them the best chance to become productive members of society. Namely, Prison Fellowship, with in-prison training and mentoring, provides those preparing to leave prison with the tools needed to succeed outside the prison walls.  And, with the help of bridge churches, these men and women are supported and encouraged, helping them to meet their basic needs and, in some cases, find employment.

In conclusion, many criminals commit further crimes as soon as they have been released from prison due to the lack of work expertisement and only by creating more occupation chances can solve this problem.

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1. Opinion
2. Advantages and disadvantages
3. Dicussion
4. Problems - solutions
5. Causes - solutions
6. Double questions

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The given line chart illustrates the up and down in the fast food consumption by teenagers in Australia during the period of time from 1975 to 2000.

Overall, the consumption of both pizzas and hamburgers experienced an upward trend. Meanwhile, there was a decline in the consumption of fish and chips. In contrast, the highest consumption in 1975 was fish and chips and the consumption of hamburgers witnessed the similar pattern in 2000.

Regarding the consumption of hamburgers, there was an escalation from 10 to 85 between 1975 and 1985. After that, it increased significantly to 100 in 1995 and then leveled off over the rest of the period.

Regarding the consumption of fish and chips, starting with the highest point at 100 times in the first year over the period, it then witnessed a downward trend by 85 in 1980, followed by a modest recovery by 95 in 1985 before going through a dive to 35 over the rest.

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Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships people make? Has this become a positive or negative development?

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Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships people make? Has this become a positive or negative development?

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In today's world,technological advances have influenced the communication between people in different ways which is considered more modern and flexible. The traditional relationships are transferred into many virtual bonds. From my point of view, I strongly believe that the technological developments bring about the positive sides.

At first, there are several virtual bonds being created throughout the high tech, this means that users can build the circle relationships from in-person ties into the artificial one mainly friendships, tutors or teachers, partners or girlfriends/boyfriends through the online dating app which matches together, co-workers and bosses and so on.

Second,  It’s undoubted that technology has changed the way we monitor our lives and these changes highlight the positive effects during the rest of the last decade. There are no limitations in communicating with each other. Thanks to the technology, humans have made several improvements to enhance their relationships. Instead of using the traditional tools which take long waiting time to be responded to, they can use emails, video call, video voice, messenger without being worried about expensive costs. People can get updated about their relatives’ or friend’s life faster. Especially the officers and businesses, it’s more flexible with the market of advanced technology: employees can apply for a job with an online CV, leaders can make announcements and decisions or affirmation to every specific individual and organization just through emails without a conveyance and even celebrate online meetings with a large number of members. Taking Zoom as an instant example, users can open an online meetings with unlimited number of participants, we can use our voice or chatting to talk with other members in a room, there are different useful devices namely representation, white board for discussion, combining breakout rooms,etc.

To conclude, the development of advanced technology makes a huge difference in peoples' lives in terms of communication and I believe that this has an advantageous impact in our social relationships.

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In many countries it is now illegal to advertise alcohol. Do you agree or disagree?

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In many countries it is now illegal to advertise alcohol. Do you agree or disagree?

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In several nations, alcoholic advertisement is now illegal. This essay completely agrees that because drinking too much alcoholic beverages could cause a lot of serious problems related to not only health illnesses but also social matters and banning alcohol advertisements would prevent manipulating the young consumers drinking more than the limits.

Firstly, alcohol advertising should be banned because consuming a large amount of alcohol would generate many drawbacks that do harm to health. Actually, drinking too much alcoholic beverages would be the main contributors to liver damage and other hazardous diseases such as diabetes, heart-related diseases and gout. As a result, the number of patients who go to the hospital because of these kinds of illnesses are increasing day by day and it puts a strain on health services which heavily makes a financial burden on their families. Taking Russia as an instant example, once it banned alcohol advertising, there is a significant reduction of cases.

Another reason why the alcoholic advertisements should be prohibited is to prevent the young consumers being manipulated into drinking more than the limits that they should. The advertising’s main goal is to sell their products more and promote them with the lack of awareness or assured guidance. Regularly, the advertisers of alcohol usually glamorize their drinking products in a cool and eye-catching way to enhance their brand’s image to attract potential consumers. Taking Desperados - Tequila flavored beer as an instant example, they set the alcoholic products in a luxurious background and create many active stories added with strong visual and sound effects which easily stimulate young consumers who would struggle with bad consequences of their products.

To sum up, there are some alcoholic advertisements prohibitions and I strongly believe that it’s totally the go-to choice to fight against the drawbacks affecting both social health and community life.

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In some countries, an increasing number of people are suffering from health problems as a result of eating too much fast food. It is therefore necessary to impose a higher tax on this type of food. Do you agree or disagree? (OPINION → Disagree)

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In some countries, an increasing number of people are suffering from health problems as a result of eating too much fast food. It is therefore necessary to impose a higher tax on this type of food. Do you agree or disagree? (OPINION → Disagree)

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In several nations, the climbing number of men and women is having to deal with health problems due to consuming a great deal of fast food so it is vital that the authorities levy higher tax on this type of food. I totally disagree with this statement because  consuming fast-food can be an effective time-saver and imposing heavy taxes on these types of food wouldn’t meet the increasing demand for both consumers and businesses.

The first reason why a higher tax shouldn’t be imposed on fast food is that consuming fast-food contributes to saving time for some consumer groups. People who eat junk cuisine seem to spend little time on eating meals for a day. As fast-foods are made in a short period of time and instant, many consumers choose to order it whenever or wherever they need without preparing a fulfilling meal. Taking KFC as an example, it’s a junk food store within many brands in every areas in one main country, consumers just need to order which types of food that they like and it would be done from 10-15 minutes that the meals served.

Another reason why fast food restaurants shouldn’t pay extra tax is that it wouldn’t meet the increasing demand for consuming those types of foods. Speaking of the business of fast food companies, if there is a surge in junk food taxes, the price would go up which means that it would put a strain on the poor and low income groups because they can’t afford to buy junk cuisines. Hence, both fast-food companies and some consumers will struggle with financial problems related to higher taxes on junk cuisines. For example, French and German had respectively remove the levying higher taxes on junk food after they found it was not an effective way to discourage consumers from eating too much those type of food.

In conclusion, there has been a surge in the number of people suffering from health problems caused by consuming too much fast food. From my perspective, I completely disprove the idea of imposing higher taxes on this type of food because people wouldn’t save time effectively and this will also generate many financial problems for not only business but also consumers.

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Many regions around the world have invested in the development of tourism. Do you think the advantages of tourism development outweigh the disadvantages?

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Many regions around the world have invested in the development of tourism. Do you think the advantages of tourism development outweigh the disadvantages?

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There are several nations far and wide which the governments have allocated more budget to make the tourism enhances. Although the development of tourism may lead to environmental pollution, tourism can help people become more tolerant towards other cultures. I do believe that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

On the one hand, although tourism plays an important role, it can have negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Getting into more details, irresponsible visitors usually litter in tourist spots, which can cause permanent soil pollution. Besides, we are all aware of the fact that the amount of CO2 emissions from various means of transport has dramatically increased, which has caused higher levels of air pollution and even the noise pollution due to the large number of transportations. According to the New York Times, there has been a warning of noise pollution in Alaska, for the endangered Cook Inlet beluga whale. Biologists say noise pollution poses a bigger threat than plastic.

On the other hand, tourism can encourage people to be more tolerant with cultural diversity which is considered to be more advantageous . This means that in some famous tourist spots, local citizens interact with tourists who come from diverse backgrounds, which leads to cultural diversity in these areas. Once tours to remote areas become more popular, domestic citizens will get the opportunity to gain more knowledge thanks to the exposure to more civilized society. Taking Vietnam as an instance, this country is famous for cultural diversity, including more than 50 ethnic minorities with their own languages.

To sum up, I believe the benefits of tourism evolution trumps the downsides. Local urbanes can have the chance to interconnect with various national traditions and customs. These merits should outweigh the difficulties faced by environmental destruction.

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One of the consequences of improved medical care is that people are living longer. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?

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One of the consequences of improved medical care is that people are living longer. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?

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Due to the enhancement of advanced medical techniques, humankind’s lives are more long-lasting. Although higher expectancy can diminish the pain of losing their beloved, it seems to allocate more national budgets which I think disadvantages outweigh the advantages.

On the one hand, living longer is one of the contributors to diminishing the pain of losing their beloved. In terms of medical advancement, people tend to be able to extend their expectancy, therefore, they can gain more time to spend together with their family dearest and the other members won’t have to deal with the soreness of their loved ones passing away. When they fail to keep their loved ones by their side, people are prone to get into sorrow, become pessimistic for a long period of time and take a long time to move forward with their life which covers by a drear duration.

On the other hand, by improving the medical care which results in the phenomenon of people living longer, it seems to allocate much more national expense. Due to the increasing number in elderly people, the internal authorities have to allocate more payment on building nursing home projects because there would be unemployment and some individuals who struggle with finding an accommodation and are even unable to take care of themselves. Moreover, the government's budget would be distributed on the welfare costs to provide with medical agencies especially the health insurance. Taking Japan as an instant example, it is reported by VTV news that a lot of concern is being raised about the medical welfare system in Japan. With just one cancer drug for the elderly, the estimated payment is enough to build seven new national stadiums. If two more such drugs were covered, the cost could blow away Japan's defense budget.

In brief, With the advancement of medical care, people now live longer and there are many drawbacks brought by the improvement in medical care and increased life expectancy. In my opinion, these disadvantages outweigh the advantages.

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(1) To begin with, I strongly believe that the one-sided attribution of social stigma is the major driving factor behind. (2) The prior solution to tackle with this is that the authorities should launch the public awareness campaigns.

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Double questions                                                                                 

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Double questions                                                                                 

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(1) To begin with, I am a strong advocate of the statement that this is true only during rush period of time, specifical in some big cities and capitals. (2) Only through imposing higher taxes on private cars can this problem be solved.

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STRUCTURE OF AN EFFECTIVE BODY PARAGRAPH

3 parts

1. A topic sentence: 1 sentence to state the main idea

2. Supporting sentences: 2-4 sentences to explain the main idea

3. Example: 1-2 sentences to give an example to support the given idea

STRUCTURE OF A BODY PARAGRAPH

| Type 1: One single main idea paragraph
Topic Sentence: One major benefit of advertising is that it helps businesses boost their sales (MAIN IDEA).  More ads → Brand awareness → More purchases → Higher sales. For example, Coca Cola - 2019 - sales reports - advertising.
|  Type 2: Body paragraph with many main ideas
Explain details + Example → Well developed
Topic Sentence:To begin with, advertising can offer businesses many benefits. Firstly, …. Secondly,... Finally,....

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Main Idea (1): these illnesses cost people too much money for healthcare

why?

leads to other diseases (high blood pressure, diabetes, strokes,...) (A)

why?

visit hospitals more regularly for treatment (B)

what's the result?

have to spend a large sum of money on medical care (C)

what's the result?

run out of money / financial strains (D )

what's the result

can die if hospital fees can no longer be covered (E )

A → B → C → D → E

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4 types of examples
* 1. Personal Example (Ví dụ cá nhân)
* 2. Survey (Khảo sát)
* 3. Academic Study / Research (Nghiên cứu khoa học)
* 4. Real Example (đáng tin nhất - convincing)

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The first reason why a higher tax should be imposed on fast food is that obesity-related illnesses cost people billions of dollars every year. People who eat too much fast food are more likely to suffer from diseases such as heart diseases and diabetes. As a result, they have to go to hospital more regularly for treatment, which can put a financial strain on them. For example, it has been reported by the United Kingdom’s National Health Service that an alarming amount of more than $2 billion was spent on the treatment of diabetes in 2018.

Another reason why fast food restaurants should pay extra tax is to raise the cost and decrease demand, once the taxes of fast food witnesses an upward trend, the price of it then experienced the same pattern similarly. It means that the number of consumers who can afford for theses kind of food in the daily basic as before will decline dramatically. As a result, the fast-food consumption in general will take a dip and finally, consumers will become healthier than ever.

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STRUCTURE OF CONCLUSIONSShould include THREE things:
- Paraphrase the question
- Your opinion (answer to the question)
- Outline of your main points
Combine these THREE things in TWO sentencesAround 40-60 words
TIP: You just need to paraphrase your introduction. Repeat what you say in the introduction in your conclusion, but with different words and structures.

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Question: In some countries an increasing number of people are suffering from health problems as a result of eating too much fast food. It is therefore necessary for governments to impose a higher tax on this kind of food. Do you agree?

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Question: In some countries an increasing number of people are suffering from health problems as a result of eating too much fast food. It is therefore necessary for governments to impose a higher tax on this kind of food. Do you agree?

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In conclusion, there has been a surge in the number of people suffering from health problems caused by consuming too much fast food. From my perspective, I completely disprove the idea of imposing higher taxes on this type of food because people wouldn’t save time effectively and this will also generate many financial problems for not only business but also consumers.

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The pie chart illustrates the principal causes why farming land becomes degraded over the world whereas the table represents how three regions namely North America, Europe and Oceania were affected by theses major factors in 1990.

As it is seen from the pie chart, there are three main major causes of farmland degradation and remarkably, overgrazing is the primary one. The table chart indicates that Europe had been so far the most unproductive land among the other two countries.

The pie chart illustrates the four causes and overgrazing made up the highest percentage at over a third, followed by the proportion of trees clearance, the percentage of over-horticulture and the others with 30%, 28% and 7% respectively.

The table chart shows that over a fifth of Europe’s farmland had been degraded in terms of the widespread cutting of trees which accounted for 9.8%. Whereas the figures for Oceania and North America were in descending order, equivalent to roughly 13% and merely a very small percentage (5%). It should be noticed that over-grazing and over-cultivation were the main reason for 11,3% and 3,3% in turn of total degraded land of the two nations.

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The two given charts illustrate the average household consumption expenditure in two countries, Japan and Malaysia respectively to classify both into five categories in 2010.

Overall, spending on transport was the most in Japan, whereas the statistics of  other goods and services overshadowed Malaysia. Remarkably, the proportion of budgetary expenditure for healthcare was the least in households in both countries.

In terms of the figure for other foods and services, Japan represented the highest with 29%; However, 34% is the overhead data of Malaysia housing spending. The expenses for housing took up 21% in the total of Japan's household consumption, equivalent to about one fifth  while the expenditure on food  was slightly higher, at 24%. Remarkably, the figure for food and goods and other services in Malaysia accounted for the similar proportion, roughly 26% and 27% respectively.

As can be seen from the two pie charts, the allocation of money for transport in Japan was roughly twofold than the percentage of Malaysia (20%). Additionally, the amount of spending on healthcare in both countries made up for the minor proportion, at merely 6% and 3% in turn.

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The two given graph illustrates the average household consumption expenditure in two countries,Japan and Malaysia respectively to classify both into five categories in 2010.

Overall, spending on transport was the most in Japan, whereas the statistics of  other goods and services overshadowed Malaysia. Remarkably, the proportion of budgetary expenditure for healthcare was the least in households in both countries.

The first pie chart simply records the spending on other goods and services made up the most percentage of the total expenses in Japanese households, equivalent to 29%. Whereas, the expenditure on healthcare was the lowest, at merely 4%. Furthermore, The budgetary spending of housing and transportation in Japanese households experienced the same pattern, at 21% and 20% respectively and the proportion of food expense was then slightly higher (24%).

The second one throws a new light in the comparison. Regarding the expenditure of Malaysia, the spending on housing made up the most percentage of the total household consumption expenditure in Malaysia, at 34%, meanwhile the percentage of budgetary expenditure for healthcare was the least (only 3%). The percentage of food and other goods and services experienced the similarity with 27% and 26% respectively. The statistic of the budgetary investment for transportation was much lower, at 10%.

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The table compares four different nations in terms of four categories: population, GDP per capita and average life expectancy.

Generally, the nation with the highest population is China but the figure for its GDP experienced the opposite pattern. While the UK has the highest average life expectancy but the lowest populous region. Additionally, the figure for the USA’s GDP made up the significantly higher number among other three nations but ranked the lowest life expectancy.

As can be seen from the table, China is the most populous country with 1.3 billion. The figure for the USA was ranked second with 318 million and the UK came last with 65 million, equivalent nearly a half of Russia (145 million). Regarding the GDP per capita, the US has the largest number, at almost $54,000, while China witnessed the lowest figure, just approximately $6,800. GDP per person in the UK is equivalent to $42,000 , nearly triple that of Russia.

According to the table, It should be noticed that the average life expectancy in UK was 81.5 years, significantly higher than that of the USA,which accounted for only 69.2 years. Roughly 75.2 years and 72.3 years are the statistics of China and Russia in turn.

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The two given pie graphs compare the percentages of family budgetary allocation in terms of different groups in a country in the years 1950 and 2010.

Overall, as can be clearly seen from the pie charts, housing and food witnessed significant changes  in their proportion of domestic expenses while there were only tiny changes in health care and education spendings.

The figure for housing accounted for the huge majority of household expenditures in 1950, equivalent to about nearly three-quarters of the total, but this percentage had experienced a downward trend to just over one-fifth by 2010. During the same sixty-year duration of time, allocation for food in families increased dramatically from just 11% to just over a third (34%), highlighting an increasing amount of nourishment invested by people.

In 1950, expenses on transport made up for merely  3% of the overall household costs in the country. However, by 2010, the figure had escalated to 14%. A similar trend could be witnessed in the amount of money that people allocated for other types of expenses, as it made up only 4% of the total in 1950, but 50 years later it accelerated to 19%. It should also be noticed that while domestic expenditures on education experienced a lowest decline of 1%, that on health care marginally went up by 3%.

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The two given tables compare the statistics of Fairtrade in terms of coffee and bananas in the years 1990 and 2004 in five European nations.

Generally, UK overshadowed the others with the highest figures for both coffee and

During the period, the figure for the UK exceeded that for others to become the largest proportion among the two given categories: coffee and bananas respectively. Additionally, both of the statistics of five nations experienced the upward trend apart from the sales of bananas in Belgium and Sweden.

As can be seen from the tables, in 1999, the coffee sales in Switzerland  was the highest with 3 million euros. By 2004, the figure for the UK far surpassed that for Switzerland to become the highest among the given categories, at roughly 20 million euros. Regarding banana sales, the UK made up for the highest, equivalent to 15 million euros  in 1999 and threefold in the year 2004 (47 million euros).  It is clearly seen from the table that both UK's and Switzerland’s banana profits witnessed the escalation, by 32 million euros for the former and fivefold for the latter, in turn.

According to the tables, the other three nation’s sales for coffee and bananas were modest compared to the figures for the UK and Switzerland. In terms of the coffee sales, there was a slight increase in Denmark, Belgium and Sweden respectively, however sales were all just under 2 million euros. It should be noticed that banana sales in Belgium and Sweden significantly halved, from 1.8 million euros and 2 million euros to 1 million euros and 0.9 million euros correlatively, marking the downward trend in these two region’s sales only.

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The layouts depict the transformation of a coastal village in its structure from 1995 to now.

Overall, the region has witnssed a great number of remarkables changes with the emergence of the golf and tennis courts, the development of the housing zone, the springing up of apartments and restaurant and the disappearance of the fishing port.

In the north of the village,a number of houses has been enlarged and the road nearby has been extended in the residental area. Additionally, the farmland and forest park have been demolished to give way for golf and tennis courts.

In the Southern area, a row of shops has been demolished as a replacement of a chain of restaurants and a block of apartments has been transformed into the fish market. Moreover, in the eastern of the hotel, there has been an erection of a new car park. Whereas the cafe still remains intact in the original place, the fishing port has been torn down.

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The illustrations depict the current layout of a college building and a plan for transformation by the end of 2022.

From an overall perspective, this college will experience remarkable changes both in its interior design and the surrounding construction with the emergency of increasing the number of classrooms, the resettlements of the library and reception, and the removal of the garden and footpaths.

In the western area, car park expansion will lead to the erection of the two footpaths along the western and northern sides of this building. Additionally, in the northern part of the building, the garden will also be completely torn down to make way for further renovations, including a shop, more toilets and classrooms. Moreover, the bus stop will be kept.

Looking at the interior layout designs, there will have been a row of classrooms arranged along the east of the building by 2022. While the cafeteria area will remain unchanged, the library will be moved to the opposite corner and the reception will be settled in the center of the building in the southern hall, right next to the new entrance which will also be moved to the southern area, straightforward to the main road. Besides, a number of toilets will still be quite a long walk direct from the main entrance but they will have been erected in the north instead by the end of this year.

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- My writing has made some improvements (ideas: just focus on one main idea: from this -> develop some adding information and example to improve clearly / logical and critical thinking has improved too: I know to made an order of the information - find the needed thesis - From learning vocab and writing vocab on Quizzlet based on each relevant topics: I can write the essay with impressive vocab / / I have a clear view about writing structure: Good Introduction -> Overview (Paraphrase - Thesis ) -> Body 1 -> Body 2 -> Conclusion
+ All the theories are quite clear to remember and understand mutually

- But I haven't managed to finish the assignments on time yet -> Because I haven't practice a lots and still need long time to find the thesis, besides, when I do the writing tasks, I always feel nervous and a little bit scared so maybe it affects my brainstorm to make a mindmap about the writing structure nearby.

- I do think WT2 Responses and WT2 Group Presentations help you with your writing. Because I have more time to practice and understand the topic clearly and mutually. I will find it more similar to do the writing.

- Overall, how do you evaluate your writing performance, participation and the effort you've put in this course: I have more chance to know more about the structure and theories, each part are devided and interleaved which make me remember and apply on my tasks easily. I had the chance to learn and understood first, then I also could practice through the portfolio. Each topic and assignments guided
thoroughly for me to follow up.

What do you think you need to work on and improve in the next stage?

- Honestly, I need to practice more and more, I need to practice the brainstorm, the overview and mutual understanding about each topic which the tasks require and ask. Moreover, I need to update more specialized and social information and knowledge.
- I need to improve the writing skills and time managements. And recall about the learned theories in the Foundation course.

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It is said that more people should use personal vehicles. Others believe that it is better to use public means of transportation. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

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It is said that more people should use personal vehicles. Others believe that it is better to use public means of transportation. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

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It is a controversial belief that many people prefer to use private transports while others say that public vehicles are the go-to choice. Although people can save a lot of time when they use personal vehicles, it is safer to travel by public modes of transport and I agree with the second viewpoint.

On the one hand, public transport is such a contributor to becoming safe for users. There are standard drivers who are selected and provided with driving’s left to prove years of experience and intensive training because of getting qualified for the job. Hence, they know how to avoid accidents and prevent others from causing problems which means that they can easily handle emergencies. Taking Israel as an instant example, in the year of 2007, there was an introduction of late-night buses, it was reported that due to the use of more public vehicles, the figure for traffic accidents was low, at merely 37% and only 24% for injuries.

On the other hand, private means of transportations can be time-saving and I think this is a better choice. When you own your own transports, there is no need to depend on the specific timetable and schedule. Which is more flexible because you can travel whenever you need, early or late. Besides, it saves time as the commuters can reach his destination more quickly than would be required in a public one. Information personal vehicles in Hanoi are experiencing rapid growth to meet the increasing demands for mobility. Taking Viet Nam as an example, according to calculations, with vehicles increasing at current speed, by 2020 Hanoi will have about 983,000 cars and 6.2 million cars;

In brief, using public transports brings about the safety for commuters but private cars are a time-saving which contributes more flex in commuting on daily basis and I agree with the second point of view.