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Epistemology is the philosophy of knowledge, for example what is considered knowledge. Postmodern epistemology argues that truth is relative and can change based on the evidence provided.
In Atonement, Briony is faced with what she believes is truth (Robbie is a maniac). Only after she is provided by other evidence and experiences that she changes her view on the truth.

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A metanarrative is a broad view of experiences to create a coherent understanding of a situation. These can be applied to many aspects of everyday life including; politics, cultures, social settings, etc.
In Atonement, Briony has a broad view of appropriate etiquette within social interactions. When she sees the crude word in Robbie's letter and sees the interaction between him and Cecelia, her knowledge of social interactions tells her that this is inappropriate. Therefore, if Robbie is not acting in a gentlemanly manner, he must be a maniac and can commit crimes such as rape. According to her upbringing, there is no in-between.

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Historiographic metafiction fictionalizes real historical events. Authors use actual historical events as a way to drive the plot. A major event that takes place in the novel, Atonement, is World War II, which is a real historical event. The author does not intend to use the novel as a lesson in the actual events that took place, but rather scrutinizes it for the devastating effects it has on the characters in the novel. In the end, the reason for the creation of the novel is attributable to the fact that the war cut the lives of two lovers short.

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Poioumena involves the creation within a story, for example creating a story within a story.
In Atonement, we are introduced to Briony who enjoys writing and creating stories. However, at the end of the novel, the reader is introduced to the fact that the entire story they've just read is a creation of Briony, the fictitious character in the book itself. It is a story of a story.

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Fabulation is moving away from the conventional structures and rules of writing and includes magical or mythical elements which are especially popular in the science fiction genre.
Atonement does not delve into pure magical elements but does focus on the line between fiction and reality. Briony is writing the novel to create the illusion of the immortality of two lovers. Even though neither Cecelia nor Robbie lived past the war, Briony wrote the novel to try and keep their story alive for years to come.

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Metafiction involves breaking away from the story and creating a self-conscious look at the narrative - a reminder that it's just a story being told. Common characteristics include: Breaking the fourth wall (The author addresses the reader), self-reflexivity (The author addresses their own writing while taking the reader away from the story), and experimental nature (creating an unconventional narrative).

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Ontology. refers to the philosophy of what is real and what is not. Postmodern Ontology argues that nothing exists outside of the physical, for example, the written word, artwork, etc.
In Atonement, Briony agrees with this line of thought as she states that the love between Cecelia and Robbie needs to be written down in order to live on.

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It is a difficult concept to define. Some philosophers have raised exciting aspects relating to the concept of postmodernism:
"The author is dead." Roland Barthes.
"There is nothing outside context." Jacques Derrida.
"Reality evolves out of contradictory forces." Georg Hegel.
"Reason cannot know reality; it only knows its own subjective constructs." Immanuel Kant.
In general, the main idea behind postmodernism is questioning - questioning our world, questioning our own knowledge, and questioning society's influence on our knowledge.