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See the structure of DNA. Image by Madeleine Price Ball (Madprime) in the Wikimedia Commons

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Made By Jacob S. and Dylan G. This online quiz is called Structure Of DNA . It was created by member StrawcrewMLG345 and has 7 questions.

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A schematic of DNA replication. Find the parts. This image by Mariana Ruiz Villarreal (LadyofHats) in the Wikimedia Commons

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This online quiz is called DNA replication. It was created by member lmcall and has 8 questions.

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This online quiz is called Protein Synthesis - structures level 3 biology - gbhs

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Chromosomal mutations This online quiz is called Chromosomal mutations. It was created by member jellybeanmopar and has 4 questions.

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This online quiz is called Gene Mutations

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Transcription and Translation - Protein Synthesis From DNA - Biology

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How mutations, or variations, can lead to genetic conditions

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-In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that the structure of DNA is a double helix

-Rosaline Franklin did photo 51 (x-ray images to reveal the shape of DNA) and didn't get credit :(

-Edwin Chargaff figured out the base pairing rules (= number of A & T/ = number of C & G)

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Double Helix - Spiral staircase/twisted ladder

-2 strands that're anti-parallel

*strands go in the 3' to 5' direction

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A=T

Adenine pairs up with Thymine "always together"

C=G

Cytosine pairs up with Guanine

"good couple"

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A. Outside of ladder has alternating sugar & phosphate held by covalent bonds

B. Nitrogen Bases attach to the sugar held by another covalent bond

C. "Rungs" are made of Base Pairs

D. Bases are held together by hydrogen bonds

E. Twists

F. Two strands are anti-parallel

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1. 5 carbon sugar = Deoxyribose

2. Phosphate group

3. 1 of 4 Nitrogen Bases

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-All cells contain DNA

-Universal Genetic Material

-Usually in Nucleus (except in Prokaryotic cells)

DNA - Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

*Made up of Nucleotides

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Gene-small piece of DNA that codes for 1 trait

Trait-eye color, dimples, freckles,

*Each strand of DNA has 1000's of genes

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%A=%T

%C=%G

For example...

A=18%

T=18%

C=32%

G=32%

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DNA making an exsact copy of itself

-Mistake = Mutation

-There's 46 chromosomes in humans (23 from mom, 23 from dad)

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1. Grow

2. Broken Bone

3. Replace old or worn out cells

4. Fix a cut or a bruise

5. Anytime you need new cells (whenever cells divide)

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DNA always forms in the 5' ---> 3' direction

-carbons are numbered

-pentagon is always pointing up towards the 5' side

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Helicase - enzyme that unwinds and unzips

SSB proteins - single strand binding proteins that hold DNA apart

RNA Primase - makes a tiny RNA primer

Replication Fork - spot where strands split open

DNA Polymerase - enzyme that makes sure nucleotides pair-up correctly

Ligase - "glue"

Okazaki Fragments - little fragments Lagging strand creates

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1. DNA unwinds & unzips

2. RNA primase makes a tiny RNA primer

3. DNA Polymerase makes sure the bases pair-up correctly, checks for mistakes, and get rid of RNA primer

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1. Helicase Unzips DNA

2. RNA Primase makes primer

3. DNA Polymerase lays down new nucleotides in 5' -> 3' direction

4. end up with a bunch of small peices of DNA

5. Polymerse removes RNA primer

6. Ligase sticks fragments together

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2 exactly identical strands of DNA

(each 1/2 new & 1/2 old)

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RNA - Ribose Nucleic Acid

-made up of nucleotides

-can go in and out of nucleus

-can take DNA code out of Nucleus

-go to ribosome to make protein

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-made up of Nucleotides

*Has 3 parts

1. Phosphate Group

2. 5-Carbon Sugar

3. 1 of 4 Nitrogen Bases

(Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and URACIL) <- intead of T

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1. mRNA - messenger RNA

makes a copy of DNA & takes the code to ribosome

2. tRNA - transfer RNA

Specific "Uber," clover shaped, carries amino acids to ribosome

3. rRNA - Ribosomal RNA

Makes the ribosome

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DNA-

-double helix

-Thymine

-Deoxyribose Sugar

-Has to stay in Nucleus

RNA-

-single stranded

-Uracil

-Ribose sugar

-In and out of Nucleus

-3 types

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Di-peptide - 2 amino acids held together by Peptide bond (smallest protein)

Peptide bond - strong bonds between amino acids

2 Parts:

1. Transcription

2. Translation

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-Rewriting the DNA code in nucleus-

1. Helicase unzips DNA

2. RNA Polymerase makes sure bases pair up correctly and brings in RNA nucleotides

3. mRNA detaches & leaves nucleous and DNA seals back up

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-Changing the language-

1. mRNA slides through the ribosome

2. Ribosome "reads the mRNA looking for start CODON

3. tRNA brings the correct amino acid to ribosome

4. tRNA brings the next amino acid and forms a peptide bond between amino acids

5. Continues until the ribosome "reads a stop CODON"

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Poly peptide = many amino acids

-20 total amino acids

-3 bases in DNA = Triplet

-3 bases in mRNA = CODON

-3 bases in tRNA = Anti-CODON

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Point Mutation - a change in single base pair in DNA

Frame Shift Mutation - The deletion or addition of nucleotides that disrupts the codons

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Deletion - part of the chromosome is left out

Insertion - part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid resulting in duplication of genes

Inversion - part if a chomosome breaks out and is reinserted backwards

Translocation - part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome

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A permanent change in DNA caused by mutagens (viruses, high temp, chemicals, and radiation)

-Sometimes mutations can affect a single nitrogen base

-Sometimes mutations can affect an entire chromosome

-Possibly cells could have an extra chromosome or could be missing one

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Down Syndrome - exra chrom., most common

Turner's syndrome - missing a sex chrom.

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1. No effect (silent mutation)

-no effect since the amino acid is not changed because of the mutation

2. Beneficial Mutations

-mutations in bacteria that allow them to become antibiotic-resistsnt

-mutation that allows humans to be able to digest dairy products... keeps lactase gene turned on

3. Genetic Disorder

4. Cancer

-often a result in mutation in a gene controlling cell division rate

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A. Trisomy - 3 of a chromosome

B. Monosomy - only 1 of a chromosome

C. Nondisjunction - chromosomes fail to separate