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Forget robot teachers, adaptive intelligent tutors and smart essay marking software - these are not the future of artificial intelligence in education but merely a step along the way.

The real power that AI brings to education is connecting our learning intelligently to make us smarter in the way we understand ourselves, the world and how we teach and learn.

For the first time we will be able to extend, develop and measure the complexity of human intelligence - an intellect that is more sophisticated than any AI. This will revolutionise the way we think about human intelligence.

We take much of our intelligence for granted. For example, when travelling to an unfamiliar country, I recognise a slight anxiety when ordering food in a foreign language and feel the pleasure when my meal arrives as requested. It Is only when we attempt to automate these kinds of activities that we realise how much intelligence they require.

Such a future will not be easy or uncontroversial. We need to confront the possible harm that such a pervasive, connected intelligence infrastructure could permit when misused or abused.

However, if we get the ethics right, the intelligence infrastructure will power our learning needs, both with and without technology. Just as electricity invisibly powers lighting, computers and the internet, so it shall be for AI in education.

For example, secondary school students explain to a friend how much they understand about photosynthesis. The way they articulate their explanation can be captured and analysed, and each student offered an immersive augmented reality experience that targets their misconceptions.

The future is the use of AI to build the intelligence infrastructure to radically reform the way we value our own human intelligence

Rose Luckin

The analysis of each student's performance is available to the teacher, who can encourage them to listen to a recording of their original explanation and identify corrections. Students can then predict how well they are now explaining photosynthesis and the accuracy of their predictions could be used to stimulate conversations between student and teacher.

We will be able to tap into, evaluate and galvanise our meta-intelligence: the ability to probe, reflect upon, control and understand our intelligence. We will be able to gauge our ability to deal with complex situations to differentiate our human intelligence from that of AI as we build the social relationships that are the foundation of civil society.

How do we build this intelligence infrastructure for education? Through the integration of big data about human behaviour, deep learning algorithms and our own intelligence to interpret what the algorithms tell us. We must leverage the science that has helped us to understand how humans learn, as well as the science that has helped us build machines that learn.

For example, explaining and articulating our developing knowledge makes reflection and metacognition possible so that we can examine and monitor our learning processes. Metacognition in turn helps us to understand things more deeply.

The implications are significant. We can collect and analyse huge amounts of data about how we move, what we say and how we speak, where we look, what problems we can and cannot solve and which questions we can answer.

The processing and AI-enabled analysis of multimodal data such as this will highlight more about our progress than how much better we understand science, maths, history or foreign languages.

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It will show us how well we work with other people, how resilient, self-aware, motivated and self-effective we are. Sound ethical frameworks, regulation and education about AI are essential if we are to minimise the risks and reap the benefits.

Embrace today's educational AI systems judiciously. Use them to learn as much as possible about AI. But remember that today's AI is merely the start. The future is the use of AI to build the intelligence infrastructure to radically reform the way we value our own human intelligence.
Rose Luckin is a UCL professor, co-founder of the Institute for Ethical AI in Education, and author of 'Machine Learning and Human Intelligence: the future of education in the 21st century'

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AI in education will help us understand how we think

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Forget robot teachers, adaptive intelligent tutors and smart essay marking software - these are not the future of artificial intelligence in education but merely a step along the way. The real power that AI brings to education is connecting our learning intelligently to make us smarter in the way we understand ourselves, the world and how we teach and learn.

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AI, education and ethics: who should profit from learning?

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Artificial intelligence carries potential for good in the classroom, but risks abuse by businesses

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The potential of using artificial intelligence in education to enhance learning, assist teachers and fuel more effective individualized learning is exciting, but also a bit daunting. To even have an intelligent conversation about AI in education, one must first push past imaginary science-fiction scenarios of computers and robots teaching our children, replacing teachers and reducing the human element from what is a fundamentally human activity.

One of the leading writers on the benefits of artificial intelligence in education, Matthew Lynch ( "My Vision for the Future of Artificial Intelligence in Education"), is careful to explore the potential pitfalls along with the benefits, writing that "the use of AI in education is valuable in some ways, but we must be hyper-vigilant in monitoring its development and its overall role in our world."

The ethical considerations are profound, as they are when it comes to using artificial intelligence in any type of setting. AI lacks a so-called "moral compass." So, by one way of looking at it, AI programming is "as ethical as its developer," according to TowardsDataScience, in an article about AI ethics that prescribes two important recommendations moving forward:

1. We need to have ethics built into the idea of why a certain piece of technology, equipped with AI, is being developed.

2. We need to monitor/check/police the outcomes of that specific piece of technology in order to fully understand its behavior and make sure that it's not violating our (human) moral compass.

There is robust debate throughout the technology community and beyond about ethics in artificial intelligence and most university degree programs are integrating courses on AI ethics into their curriculum. There, now that we have identified the ethical elephant in the room, let's talk about the exciting possibilities of AI in education.

The Potential Benefits of AI in Education

Ideally, writes Lynch in The EdAdvocate, "AI does not detract from classroom instruction but enhances it in many ways." He summarizes five intriguing potential pluses of integrating AI in education:

Personalization: "It can be overwhelmingly difficult for one teacher to figure out how to meet the needs of every student in his/her classroom. ... AI systems easily adapt to each student's individual learning needs and can target instruction based on their strengths and weaknesses."

Tutoring: AI systems can "gauge a student's learning style and pre-existing knowledge to deliver customized support and instruction."

Grading: Sure, AI can help grade exams using an answer key; but it can also "compile data about how students performed and even grade more abstract assessments such as essays."

Feedback on course quality: For example, if many students are answering a question incorrectly, "AI can zero in on the specific information or concepts that students are missing, so educators can deliver targeted improvements in materials and methods."

Meaningful and immediate feedback to students: Some students may be shy about taking risks or receiving critical feedback in the classroom, but "with AI, students can feel comfortable to make the mistakes necessary for learning and receive the feedback they need for improvement."

Much of the potential envisioned for AI in education centers on reducing time spent by teachers on tedious tasks to free up time for more meaningful ones.

Automating administrative tasks is also one of five potential benefits spotlighted by Bernard Marr, an author, futurist and technology advisor who cites figures forecasting 47.5% growth from 2017-2021 in the use of artificial intelligence in education in the U.S.

In a video on the potential of AI in education, Marr explains why he sees AI having a "massive impact" in education - emphasizing that "AI is not a threat to teachers; it is not there to replace teachers," but rather to deliver a better education to our children." He envisions a future hybrid model that is designed to "get the best out of our artificially intelligent-enabled systems and our teachers." Marr outlines the potential of AI to help our education provide enhanced:

Differentiated and individualized learning

Automation of administrative tasks

Tutoring and support outside the classroom

Universal access for all students

43 Examples of AI in Education

Inspired by a challenge from "an old school teacher who thinks that AI is ruining education," Matthew Lynch reviews a wide range of topics in a piece titled "26 Ways That Artificial Intelligence Is Transforming Education For The Better." For example:

Adaptive Learning: "Used to teach students basic and advanced skills by assessing their present skill level and creating a guided instructional experience that helps them become proficient."

Assistive Technology: AI can help special needs students access a more equitable education, for example by "reading passages to a visually impaired student."

Early Childhood Education: "AI is currently being used to power interactive games that teach children basic academic skills and more."

Data and Learning Analytics: "AI is currently being used by teachers and education administrators to analyze and interpret data," enabling them to make better-informed decisions.

Scheduling: Helping administrators to schedule courses and individuals to manage their daily, weekly, monthly or yearly schedules.

Facilities Management: AI is effective at "monitoring the status of power, Wi-Fi and water services; alerting the facilities management workers when problems arise."

Overall School Management: AI is currently being used to manage entire schools, powering student records systems, transportation, IT, maintenance, scheduling, budgeting, etc.

Writing: Not only does Lynch assert that AI is already at work helping students improve their writing skills, he confesses, "I am currently using a grammar and usage app to help me write this article."

Running down his list, Lynch also cites current uses of AI in education that include:

Classroom/Behavior Management

Lesson Planning

Classroom Audio-Visual

Parent-Teacher Communication

Language Learning

Test Prep

Assessment

Learning Management Systems

Gamification for Enhanced Student Engagement

Staff Scheduling and Substitute Management

Professional Development

Transportation

Maintenance

Finance

Cybersecurity

Safety and Security

Examples of how artificial intelligence is currently being used in higher education include:

Plagiarism Detection

Exam Integrity

Chatbots for Enrollment and Retention

Learning Management Systems

Transcription of Faculty Lectures

Enhanced Online Discussion Boards

Analyzing Student Success Metrics

Academic Research

Connected Campuses

In terms of AI-infused specific technologies now being used in education, the list grows longer every day. Here are just a few:

Thinkster Math: described by its creators as a "math tutoring program leverages human interaction and groundbreaking artificial intelligence to create personalized learning programs"

Jill Watson: an AI-enabled virtual teaching assistant introduced by the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2016

Brainly: a social media site for classroom questions

Nuance: speech recognition software used by students and faculty; capable of transcribing up to 160 words per minute; especially helpful for students who struggle with writing or have accessibility needs

Cognii: AI-based products, including a virtual learning assistant, for K-12 and higher education institutions, as well as corporate training organizations

KidSense: AI educational solutions designed for children, including a voice-to-text tool with algorithms built to recognize the sometimes harder-to-translate speech of young learners

Content Technologies: instructional design and content application solutions fueled by artificial intelligence research engines

As explained by CEO Dr. Scott Parfitt ( see video), Content Technologies Inc. develops AI learning systems that are focused on "turning big data into information, and information into knowledge."

"We send an engine out, it starts reading at light speed every article it can read. It's learned its own material," says Parfitt. The company's education-focused solutions include:

Palitt: built to help instructors easily create "your own custom lecture series, syllabus or textbook"

Cram101: AI technology that can "turn any textbook into a smart study guide complete with chapter summaries, unlimited true-false and multiple choice practice tests and flashcards all drilled down to a specific textbook, ISBN number, author and chapter."

JustTheFacts101: intended to function as the AI equivalent of an old-fashioned yellow marker, instantly highlighting and generating book and chapter-specific summaries

AI in Education [Inclusion and Universal Access]

Bernard Marr explains that AI tools can enhance inclusion and universal access to education in a number of ways, including:

Helping to "make global classrooms available to all, including those who speak different languages or who might have visual or hearing impairments"

Creating access for "students who might not be able to attend school due to illness"

Better serving "students who require learning at a different level or on a particular subject that isn't available in their own school"

Overall, it is hoped that AI will ultimately help educators make continued progress in addressing the broad range of physical, cognitive, academic, social and emotional factors that can affect student learning and ensure that all students have equal opportunity in education, regardless of their social class, race, gender, sexuality, ethnic background or physical and mental disabilities.

AI in Education [Individualized Learning]

There is also considerable optimism around the idea that, as artificial intelligence becomes a more integral part of the classroom, teachers will be better equipped to offer an individualized learning experience for every student.

According to an article in The Atlantic, ( "Artificial Intelligence Promises a Personalized Education for All"), artificial intelligence holds the potential to "enhance human teachers' abilities to tailor lessons to each student without knocking their class schedule off track," eliminating the need for educators to "teach to the middle," as often happens when their students have a range of skill levels and learning abilities.

Rose Luckin, a professor of learning-centered design at University College London, is quoted as saying that, "The real power of artificial intelligence for education is in the way that we can use it to process vast amounts of data about learners, about teachers, about teaching and learning interactions." Ultimately, AI can "help teachers understand their students more accurately, more effectively."

The Future of AI in Education

Though there continues to be widespread debate over the pros and cons of deploying AI technology in the field of education, including the concerns about depersonalization and the ethical considerations cited above, there is an emerging consensus that the extraordinary range of current and future benefits will carry the day.
This report on Artificial Intelligence in Education was developed by the University of San Diego's innovative, online Master of Science in Applied Artificial Intelligence program, an AI industry thought leader and education partner.

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43 Examples of Artificial Intelligence in Education

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The potential for using artificial intelligence in education to assist teachers and enhance learning is profound. Here's an overview, plus examples of how AI is being used in education today.

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Effect of Artificial Intelligence on Education | Adrien Dubois | TEDxCanadianIntlSchool

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How to drive student success with AI in the classroom

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How to drive student success with AI in the classroom

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How AI could shape the future of education | Chanukya Patnaik | TEDxLuxembourgCityED

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AI in Education: Opportunities and Challenges 

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AI in Education: Opportunities and Challenges 

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