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NHS (N.D) Eating a balanced diet. Accessed on 19 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/how-to-eat-a-balanced-diet/eating-a-balanced-diet/

WHO (N.D) Malnutrition. Accessed on 19 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition

Zheng, J (2022, February 15) The Effects of Food Processing on Food Components and Their Health Functions. Accessed on 19 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.837956/full

The Food Foundation (2022, July 19th) Major report highlights the impact of Britain's disastrous food policy. Accessed on 19 April 2022. Retrieved from https://foodfoundation.org.uk/press-release/major-report-highlights-impact-britains-disastrous-food-policy

MedlinePlus (N.D.) Carbohydrates. Accessed on 19 April 2023. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/carbohydrates.html#:~:text=What

NHS (N.D) Vitamins and minerals. Accessed on 19 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/calcium/

Richards, L. (2022, February 20) What do carbohydrates do? Accessed on 19 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/function-of-carbohydrates

MedlinePlus (N.D.) Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. Accessed on 19 April 2023. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000574.htm#:~:text=Your%

BetterHealth (N.D) Meat and poultry. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/HealthyLiving/Meat-and-poultry

TheBatonRougeClinic, (2021, October 1) The Pros and Cons of Vegetarian Diets. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved  from https://batonrougeclinic.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-vegetarian-diets/#:~:text=

NIH (2008, April) Benefits of Sunlight: A Bright Spot for Human Health. Accessed on 20th April 2020. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2290997/#:~:text=

ReverveHealth (2016, May 2)  5 Dangers of Prolonged Sun Exposure. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://reverehealth.com/live-better/5-dangers-of-prolonged-sun-exposure/

NHS (N.D) Calcium. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vitamins-and-minerals/calcium/

Healthline (2019, May 21) 7 Nutrient Deficiencies That Are Incredibly Common. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/7-common-nutrient-deficiencies

Macciochi, J (2018, December 5) Why snacking could be damaging your health. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-snacking-could-be-damaging-your-health-100978

NHS (N.D) The risks of drinking too much. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/alcohol-advice/the-risks-of-drinking-too-much/

Zambon, V (2021, March 6) How to protect your physical and mental health while staying home during the pandemic. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/staying-home-all-the-time

WiltshireFarmFoods (2018, April 30) ARE READY MEALS BAD FOR YOU? Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://wiltshirefarmfoods.com/blog/are-ready-meals-bad-for-you

Huda (2019, April 17) Halal and Haram: The Islamic Dietary Laws. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved https://www.learnreligions.com/islamic-dietary-law-2004234

ScienceDaily (2013, November 6) Lower education levels linked to unhealthy diets. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131106202251.htm

GOV (2022, November 10) Nutrition legislation information sheet. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nutrition-legislation-information-sources/nutrition-legislation-information-sheet--2

MayoClinic (N.D.) Diabetes care: 10 ways to avoid complications. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/in-depth/diabetes-management/art-20045803

NHS (N.D.) What is IBS? Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/irritable-bowel-syndrome-ibs/#:~:text=Irritable%

CDC (N.D) Healthy weight. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_BMI/childrens_BMI_formula.html#:~:text

NHS (N.D.) What should my daily intake of calories be? Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/food-and-diet/what-should-my-daily-intake-of-calories-be/#:~:text

FoodStandardsAgency (2018, January 29) Nutrition labelling.  Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/nutrition-labelling

BetterHealth (N.D.) Diabetes - long-term effects. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-long-term-effects

Weber, C (2021, March 02) Living With Hypertension. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/living-well-with-hypertension-1764117

NIH (N.D.) Lactose Intolerance. Accessed on 20 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-intolerance#:~:text=If%

Livi (2022, February 7) How do stress and anxiety affect IBS? Accessed on 7 April 2023. Retrieved from https://www.livi.co.uk/your-health/how-do-stress-and-anxiety-affect-ibs/

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P4. Compare the dietary intake of the selected individuals with their nutritional requirements. 

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P4. Compare the dietary intake of the selected individuals with their nutritional requirements. 

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The body needs energy to function, even when its resting it still uses energy for all living processes. Fat contains 9 kilocalories (37 kilojoules) per gram. Carbohydrates contain 4 kilocalories (17 kilojoules) per gram. Protein contains 4 kilocalories (17 kilojoules) per gram. Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR) refers to the minimum amount of energy your body needs in order to function at rest. A female BMR is measured with this calculation: (10 x weight) + (6.25 x height) - (5 x age) - 161. Jennies BMR is (10 x 135kg) + (6.25 x 165cm) - (5 x 88) - 161 = 1780.25. (CDC, N.D.) On average, women's daily energy requirement is 2000 calories but it could be less or more depending on how much exercise she does and how much she weighs. (NHS, N.D.) To measure Body Mass Index (BMI), there is a formula to be used. The ideal BMI is between 18.5 and 24.9. The formula is: weight in kilograms/(height in metres)2.  Jennies BMI is: 135/(1.65)2 = 49.59. This means that Jennie is obese. Growth charts are used to monitor weight gain. An individual's weight is recorded alongside their height. This is then compared to others of the same age to ensure that they are within normal ranges. On food labels you often see a panel which gives the nutritional breakdown of the food 'per serving' and per 100g. Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) are guidelines used to inform customers about the amount of nutrients that should meet the needs of the group they apply to. (FoodStandardsAgency, 2018) When nutritional information is given on a label it must show the amount of each of the following in 100g or 100ml of the food: energy (in kj and kcal), protein (in g), carbohydrate (in g) and fat (in g). The formula to a male's BMR is: (10 x weight) + (6.25 x height) - (5 x age) + 5. Jimins BMR is (10 x 60kg) + (6.25 x 177cm) - (5 x 27) + 5 = 1576.25. Jimin's BMI is 60kg/(177cm)2 = 19.2. This means he is a healthy weight. However if he loses over 2kg he will become underweight.

Jennies high BMI is a result of her consuming food with high fat and doing little to no exercise. Foods with high fat intake include cheese, milk and ice cream which have high calories. foods with high salt include frozen and canned food which can be more affordable then fresh produce and can be easier and quicker to prepare  especially as she is an elderly women who lives alone. foods with high salt and fat can cause high blood pressure and increase risk of heart disease and stroke. Exercising can help reduce risks of these health complications and as she doesn't exercise that can have a negative effect on her weight and physical health.
Jimin's low BMI is a result of him burning more calories than his intake. Since Jimins BMR is 1576.26, him eating less than what his body burns this ends in him not being able to keep weight on. Jimin's diet consists of low calories foods and only having 1 meal a day.

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P3. Explain the health, socioeconomic and cultural factors that can influence the nutritional health of the selected individuals.

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P3. Explain the health, socioeconomic and cultural factors that can influence the nutritional health of the selected individuals.

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Dietary habits
Meal patterns can cause a person to not eat breakfast which is the most important meal of the day. This can cause them to have low energy in the morning. Jennie snacks regularly but doesn't consume proper meals and this causes her to have a lack of energy as snacking only to get rid of hunger for a hour and doesn’t make an Jennie full. Doing this causes Jennie to gain weight as she never eats proper meals and carries on snacking. (Macciochi, 2018)  Whereas, Jimin never snacks and only eats one or two small meals throughout the day depending on whether he has training or not. This causes Jimin to lose weight quickly and can be hard for him physically as he is already quite underweight.

Lifestyle factors
Lifestyle factors such as the amount of exercise an individual does can impact their health. As Jimin goes out regularly to drink alcohol he will have a lack of nutrients and this can make his immune system not work as well as it should if he ate healthier and larger portions of food. (NHS, N.D.) Due to his job, he is not allowed to consume the right amount of food that he needs. However, when he goes on nights out with his friends he is able to consume a high level of alcohol which could end up causing him liver failure. Jimin also trains regularly which causes him to burn calories. Jennie consumes takeaway often and does not go out for food but instead orders it home because she does not have any friends as they all passed away before her. Jennie used to go on walks with her friends from a support group but ended up leaving as one of the members from the support group had passed away. This means that Jennie does not leave the house and often stays in her bed at home causing her to build fat around her body. (Zambon, 2021)

Socioeconomic factors
The cost of food can affect Jennie as they may not be able to afford fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables and only have enough money to buy cheap ready meals which are not as nutritious. Access to shopping facilities can affect nutritional health as Jennie may not be able to go grocery shopping and just orders takeaways every other day which can be detrimental to her health. (WiltshireFarmFoods, 2021) Jimin is not able to buy his own food and is put on a strict diet. The high cost of food means that Jimin is unable to eat meals regularly as he should and he also cannot order takeaways meaning he only ever eats small portions of food everyday.

Cultural & religious factors
Due to religious beliefs some individuals may not be able to eat certain food. For example, Jennie cannot eat pork because of her religion and are is only able to eat other meat such as chicken or beef if it is slaughtered in a specific way. This can cause her to have a lack of protein in their diet if she is not able to access the specific meat they are able to consume. (Huda, 2019) Throughout Jennies life she has been eating cultural food. In Jennies culture, butter is used often and quite big amounts are used. Eating a high amount of butter for years has contributed to Jennies weight gain. Butter is high in cholesterol and saturated fat causing Jennies arteries to become blocked and gave her increased risk of heart disease. On the other hand, in Jimins culture it is common to eat fresh organic food for breakfast, lunch and dinner. This means he had a reduced chance of getting heart diseases and suffering from strokes caused by unhealthy and fatty foods. In Jimins culture, they believe food high in sugar should not be consumed as meals such as pancakes and cereals with high amounts of sugar.

Education
Education can affect an individual's nutritional health as they may not have enough knowledge about what foods are good for them and what foods are bad. This can end up with people not being aware of what they are consuming and are also not aware of what is good for them. (ScienceDaily, 2013) Good nutrition can make an individual more concentrated which allows them to do better in their education. As Jennie was born in Pakistan, she was not taught what food was healthy for her and ate for survival instead of for health. This means that Jennie has no knowledge of how she can eat healthier and become fit by losing weight. However, Jimin grew up with knowledge about which foods contain more nutrients and what foods keep you full for longer so he doesn't have to snack regularly to stay full.

Relevant legislation
Government guidance can help people have knowledge on what they should eat and how much they should eat such as serving suggestions. This can help an individual's idea on how to take care of their diet and why it is important for their health. (GOV, 2018) When Jennie went to the support group they would serve food which was nutritional for old people and they did this by using 'Public Health England guidance - Healthier and More Sustainable Catering: A toolkit for serving food to older people in residential care'. Even though Jennie wasn't in a care home they decided this would be best fit for the members as all of them were quite old. When Jimin has his small meals, he uses the eat well plate to ensure he knows what types of food will help him lose weight and have enough energy throughout the day.

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M1.  Assess the impact of dietary intake and dietary deficiencies on nutritional health.  

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M1.  Assess the impact of dietary intake and dietary deficiencies on nutritional health.  

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Dietary sources such as animals and plants  are sources of protein. Animal proteins are complete proteins which contains all the essential amino acids that an individual needs in there diet. Meat is good for you as it is a great source of protein and contains lots of nutrients such as iodine, zinc and iron. Also, because meat is so high in protein it keeps and individual fuller for longer which can help in weight loss. (BetterHealth, N.D.) However, consuming too much meat can also cause a lot of fat build up if exercise isn’t incorporated into an individuals lifestyle. Eating a lot of saturated fat can raise cholesterol levels in the blood and this can cause a higher risk of coronary heart disease. Certain plants can also be excellent sources of protein. Plants such as lentils, quinoa and chickpea all contain protein. A diet rich in vegetables, whole grains and nuts can provide enough protein. On the other hand, having a plant based diet can carry some risks of inadequate protein, vitamin and mineral intake. (TheBatonRougeClinic, 2021)

A natural source of vitamins can be sunlight from the sky. The best known benefit of sunlight is too boost the body’s vitamin D supply. (NIH, 2008) The most common cause of vitamin D deficiency is are due to the lack of outdoor sun exposure. It is recommended to aim to get atleast 10-30 minutes of sunlight, several times per week. The benefits of sun exposure are that sunlight reduces your blood pressure meaning that it can reduce your risk of hypertension. Too much exposure to the sun causes serious illnesses such as skin cancer which can become deadly as it can spread to other areas of the body if not treated as soon as possible. Too much time spent in the sun can also cause early aging such as wrinkles. and other types of skin damage. (ReverveHealth, 2016)

Deficiency in diet can cause multiple diseases. For example, a deficiency in calcium over life can cause osteoporosis eventually. A deficiency in protein which can be caused by a vegan and vegetarian diet. A lack of iron, folate and vitamins B12 can lead to anemia. The body requires vitamins to stay fit and healthy. Iron deficiency can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath and dizziness. If these symptoms are severe they can affect an individual by delaying them to do their daily activities. (NHS, N.D)

Dietary deficiencies in carbohydrates including reduced energy levels can cause symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, weakness and nausea. (HealthLine, 2019) Low levels of carbohydrate can cause these issues as carbs provide the body with glucose, which is converted to energy to support bodily functions and physical activity.

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P1. Explain how the concepts of nutritional health contribute to health and well being

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P1. Explain how the concepts of nutritional health contribute to health and well being

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Healthy eating and a balanced diet means incorporating food which is good for the gut and also nutritional for the body. Foods which are high in fiber can help digestion and prevents constipation. Also, food with protein helps build muscle and keeps a person fuller for longer.  Balanced diet is when you eat food from different food groups which help the body and allows you to incorporate new and nutritional foods in your diet. (NHS, N.D.)

Malnutrition is caused by a lack of nutrients  and can contributes to how the organs work. This means that eating little to no nutrients can affect your muscle movement. On the other hand, obesity is when there is too much fat stored on the body. This is mainly caused by little to no movement and excessive eating. There can also be a lack of nutrients in this case as well as an individual consuming more fat and carbohydrates than they should. (WHO, 2021)

The effects of food processing to nutritional health is that they contain a higher level of salt, sugar and fat. Individuals may be unaware of how much they're consuming and are not in control of how much processed sugars are in the food. However they are in control of what they buy. Processed food is a massive contributor to the current increase of cardiovascular diseases. (Zheng, 2022)

Current nutritional issues affect health because they impact peoples life expectancy and overall health. The quality of food is a very big factor in nutritional health as it can affect your quality of life. Good quality food which are high in vitamins, nutrients and minerals help strengthen the immune system. These are the type of food which need to be implemented in diets. (The Food Foundation, 2022)

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Jennie, 83 years old, is in her late stages of dementia. she has illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes. Her diabetes has caused her to lose sight in one of her eyes. She is an immigrant from Pakistan and can not speak English so she is unable to communicate with people other than her family. She is also of hard hearing. She is morbidly obese and and also on the verge of being bed bound. As she isn't able to make food herself her daughter makes it for her and it is often based of south asian cuisine which is known to be high in fat and salt.

Jimin, 27 years old, is a k pop artist and has to follow a very strict diet and exercise regime. This causes him to be underweight and he often faints whilst training. He has been diagnosed with anemia which has caused him to go on a hiatus from his job. He isn't able to visit the grocery stores as he is quite famous and is not allowed to do daily activities as these challenge his safety. This means that he isn't able to pick what foods he wants to eat and someone else, for example, his manager picks the food for him and if his food isn't nutritional or if there is a lack of food this can be detrimental to his health.

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P2.  Explain the sources of essential nutrients and their functions in the body.

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P2.  Explain the sources of essential nutrients and their functions in the body.

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The sources of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates are sugar molecules. Carbohydrates are one of the three main food groups found in food & drinks. Simple carbs are made up of sugars. The sugars are naturally found in fruit and milk, and refined sugars are found in processed food. There are also complex carbs which are starch and non starch polysaccharides. They are found in foods such as peas, beans, whole grains and vegetables. Both complex and simple carbs are turned into sugar and used in the body for energy. (MedlinePlus, N.D)

Another essential nutrient is minerals which are elements on the earth and in foods which are needed to help our bodies develop and function normally. Calcium is a mineral which is needed in the body because it helps to build and keep the bones strong. It gives the bones such as the teeth structure and keeps them hard. Calcium is found in dairy such as milk from cow, goat or sheep. It is also found in almonds, canned sardines and salmon (with bones). (NHS, N.D.)

Functions in the body such as warmth and energy which is started by consuming carbohydrates and fats. This happens because your body starts to burn the calories when the digestion process starts. It normally occurs for longer when complex carbs are consumed as they heat the body more and burn more calories. The cold triggers certain fat cells to release stored energy in the form of heat. (Richards, 2020)

Maintaining body functions such as digestion is done by having a diet which is high in fibre and rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains. The digestive system is responsible for breaking down foods and liquids into their basic chemical components such as fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Vitamins help maintain the production of red blood cells. Vitamins B6, B9 and B12 activate enzymes that you need to properly form heme; a deficiency in any of these vitamins prevents healthy blood cell formation. (MedlinePlus, N.D)

Macro nutrients are energy that we need in larger quantities that us with energy such as fat, protein and carbohydrate. We need these macro nutrients to help our body function and help maintain our structure. Foods with fat include cheese, biscuits and butter. Sources of proteins are poultry, eggs and seafood such as salmon and shrimp. Proteins are molecules made up of amino acids and it is used to build muscles and organs. Sources of carbohydrates are whole grains such as brown rice, oats and barley. Micro nutrients are vitamins and minerals that are needed by the body in very small amounts. Examples of micro nutrients are boron, zinc and iron. Foods containing micro nutrients are small fish, dark green leafy vegetables and ruminant meat. We also need proteins in out body to repair cells and make new ones and to also make hormones and enzymes.

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Nutrients and Their Functions - You Are What You Eat: Crash Course #1

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D1. Evaluate the role of nutritional health in maintaining the selected individuals’ health and wellbeing, and the impact of influencing factors. 

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D1. Evaluate the role of nutritional health in maintaining the selected individuals’ health and wellbeing, and the impact of influencing factors. 

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Physically, Jennie needs to maintain a healthy diet to help her control her diabetes and her coronary heart disease. She can control her diabetes by consuming foods with lower amounts of sugar and low amounts of saturated fats. She can also use medication such as insulin and other tablets which help her produce insulin. (BetterHealth, N.D) To reduce the effects of coronary heart disease, Jennie has to become more physically active and eat a healthy diet. This can prevent her arteries from becoming blocked. Intellectually, high blood sugar damages blood vessels in the brain that carry oxygen- rich blood. This causes cells in the brain to die leading to problems with memory and thinking and can also lead to dementia. After being diagnosed with coronary heart disease it is common to also develop mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety and PTSD. Emotionally, diabetes can make you have a low self esteem as being obese increases the risk of diabetes. This can mean that Jennie feels insecure often and does not view the way she looks in a positive way.  Coronary heart disease can cause Jennie to experience different types of emotional distress and behavioural disturbances. Socially, high blood sugar levels can affect mood which can cause strains in relationships. (Weber, 2021) This may cause her to not go out as often which can cause Jennie to become isolated. She also has coronary heart disease which can prevent her from going out as often as she feels like it makes her weaker.
Jennie having dementia means her nutritional development is affected. Jennie may be unaware of the foods which can cause her to have poor health. Jennie should limit foods with high saturated fat and cholesterol.

Physically, Jimin needs to consume more calories than he burns. This is because he is at a very high risk of becoming underweight. He should also consume foods which are high in protein. Jimin is lactose intolerant which means he needs to avoid food which has dairy as this can cause severe symptoms of diarrhea and constipation. (NIH, N.D.) Due to Jimin also having Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) causes abdominal pain and bloating. It is a chronic condition that Jimin will need to manage long term. Intellectually, abdominal pain caused by IBS can cause less sleep which can contribute to a lack of concentration and gives an inability to move or sleep. Lactose malabsorption can cause brain fog and tiredness. This can affect Jimin's work ethic as he may forget certain moves in a dance he is performing or lines in a song he is singing. He may also be too tired to come into work as often as he should and may continuously take sick days. Emotionally, lactose intolerance can cause a development in depression. Jimin may also feel upset about how he isn't able to consume certain foods due to his intolerance and this may cause low self esteem and worsen his mental health. IBS symptoms can cause him to become angry and annoyed which can result in him disregarding himself. (Livi, 2022) Socially, Jimin may not want to go out for dinners as he feels embarrassed due to his IBS causing him to go to the toilet regularly. He may also feel self consious about not being able to consume dairy and he may try to avoid social events because of this which can cause him to become isolated. Jimins lactose intolerance stops him from consuming foods with dairy which stops him from adding these to his diet and symptoms such as diarrhea can stop his daily life and affect his wellbeing.

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M2. Assess how the dietary intake and nutritional health of the selected individuals are influenced by their dietary habits and lifestyle choices. 

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M2. Assess how the dietary intake and nutritional health of the selected individuals are influenced by their dietary habits and lifestyle choices. 

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Since Jennie has type 2 diabetes, her doctor recommends her to eat a low sugar diet and eat foods which are high in fibre and low in fat. To make sure her diabetes doesn't cause her serious illnesses, Jennie has agreed to reduce her portion sizes and the amount of salt and butter in her food. (MayoClinic, N.D) She also has to take medication which helps increase the amount of insulin being produced and to improve the cells response to it. Jennie also consumes meat often which contains a high amount of protein. She does not exercise often which leads to the energy consumed not being burned off and instead building fat around her body. This has led Jennie to develop coronary heart disease which means their is fat build up in her arteries causing them to become blocked. Coronary heart disease increases the risk of angina and heart attacks.

Jimin is lactose intolerant meaning that he cannot consume lactose which is the natural sugar in milk. He does not produce a lactase which is an enzyme that helps break down lactose into glucose during digestion before absorption. In Jimins case he has difficulty putting weight on and also has intense diarrhea. Food that Jimin avoids are chocolate, cheese and milk. Jimin has to consume foods which are rich in calcium such as Sardines (with the bones), broccoli, celery and soya beans. Jimin also has Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This means his bowels are easily disrupted causing him abdominal pain, bloating and constipation. IBS can occur after antibiotics are taken as they can kill the normal bacteria in the bowel. (NHS, N.D.) Jimin experiments with his diet to see which food make it worse. He also regularly consumes probiotic yogurt drinks which help as they contain specific live bacteria that help restore the balance of gut bacteria.