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https://padlet.com/sifirbesyuzotuzalti/turkishrepublicto1997

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http://www.eskiistanbul.net/4789/muhendishane-i-berri-humayun-halicioglu#lg=0&slide=0
https://seyler.ekstat.com/osmanli-doneminde-tercumanlik-isleri-nasil-hallediliyordu
https://www.fikriyat.com/tarih/2017/09/11/mekteb-i-tibbiyenin-hikyesi
https://www.wikitarih.com/tanzimat-fermani/
https://tr.pinterest.com/pin/448671181603066922/
http://osmanlicalisani.blogspot.com/2013/03/osmanlca-edirne-mektebi-fotograf.html
http://www.istasy10.net/edebiyat-makale/tarihte-bugun-edebiyat-makale/1-eylul-1481-galatasaray-lisesi

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Boyacıoğlu, F. (2015). The historical development of the foreign language education in Ottoman Empire. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 651– 657.

Çakır, İ. (2007). Osmanlı'dan günümüze yabancı dil öğretimi süreci. Nüsha, 0(24), 37-45.

Özkan, S. H. (2010). Osmanlı Devletinde Yabancı Dil Eğitimi/Foreign Language Education in the Ottoman Empire, Turkish Studies, International Periodical for the languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 5(3).

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Galatasaray Sultanisi (Galatasaray High School) - 1868

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Galatasaray Sultanisi (Galatasaray High School) - 1868

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The inclusion of foreign language teaching in secondary school programs in the Tanzimat Period began with the establishment of the Sultanis, which form the basis of today's high schools. For this reason, the opening of Galatasaray Sultanisi on September 1, 1868, is a milestone in terms of foreign language teaching in Turkey. Galatasaray Sultanisi is the first public school that teaches in a foreign language at the secondary level.

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Lisan Mektebi (School of Language) - 1966

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Lisan Mektebi (School of Language) - 1966

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After 1821, when the foreign language education given at the Bab-ı Âli Tercüme Odası was insufficient and the need for foreign language-speaking personnel began to increase, Lisan Mektebi was opened to train personnel. Although Lisan Mektebi was initially opened only for teaching French, Özkan (2010) indicates that new courses were added to the school for the practical needs of the Ottoman bureaucracy. The fact that English was one of the courses added later in 1879 is another important development in the history of ELT in Turkey.

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In 1830, the Ottoman Empire signed a commercial agreement that marked the beginning of relations with the United States. As a result, the Empire allowed missionaries to open schools, and in 1863 the Americans established the private Robert College. Robert College is the first private school opened by foreigners in the country. Çakır (2007) states that this school was opened to spread American culture and Abdülhamit did not allow Turks to study. Of course, the language of instruction was English as the school was opened by the Americans.

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The Tanzimat was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839 and ended in 1876. The Tanzimat Period began with the purpose, not of radical transformation, but of modernization, desiring to consolidate the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire.

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French was the foreign language in Mühendishane-i Bahri Hümâyûn until 1842. After a decision taken in 1842, French became an elective course and English became a compulsory course. This is also an important development in the history of ELT in Turkey.

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Mekteb-i Tıbbiye (The Imperial School of Medicine) - 1827

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Mekteb-i Tıbbiye (The Imperial School of Medicine) - 1827

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While there were important changes in the field of medicine in the world, the attempt to establish a modern medical school in the Ottoman Empire began with the initiative of the chief physician, Mustafa Behçet Efendi. As Boyacıoğlu (2015) stated, Mekteb-i Tıbbiye was established to treat sick and injured soldiers. The education programs of the school were based on French, as Sultan Mahmud II wanted medical education to be taught in a foreign language. Sultan Mahmud II wanted students to learn the medical developments of the west in a western language and adapt them to Turkish.

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Babıâli Tercüme Odası (Translation Chamber) - 1821

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Babıâli Tercüme Odası (Translation Chamber) - 1821

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In the Ottoman Empire, the task of interpreting was carried out by the Phanariot translators until 1821. After translators were executed for selling state secrets, a translator who was not Greek was sought so that the Ottoman Empire could carry out diplomatic correspondence. Babıâli Tercüme Odası was established on April 23, 1821, when the engineering teacher, Yahya Naci Efendi, started to give lectures to train translators.

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Muhendishane-i Bahri Hümâyûn (The Imperial Maritime Engineering School) - 1773 and Mühendishane-i Berri-i Hümâyûn (The Imperial Land Engineering School) - 1796

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Muhendishane-i Bahri Hümâyûn (The Imperial Maritime Engineering School) - 1773 and Mühendishane-i Berri-i Hümâyûn (The Imperial Land Engineering School) - 1796

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Mühendishane-i Bahri Hümâyûn was opened in 1773, and Mühendishane-i Berri-i Hümâyûn was opened in 1796. The most valuable mathematics scholars of the period and foreign experts were appointed as teachers for other technical courses. Since it was difficult to find students for these schools, children aged 13-16 were admitted to schools and literacy, general culture and French courses were started to be taught in the first two years. Thus, while the westernization movement in Turkey started with the teaching practised in army schools, foreign language teaching was included in school programs for the first time in these schools, and French began to be taught as the first of the western languages in Turkey.