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Carter's main achievement involved energy policy, though he would receive little credit for it during his term. Despite the lip service paid by American presidents to reducing energy dependence, U.S. oil imports had shot up 65 percent annually since 1973. In 1976 the nation was consuming one-quarter of all Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) production. The U.S. remained wasteful in energy use, with consumption per capita 2.3 times the average for nations in the European Economic Community and 2.6 times Japan's. Carter set out to reduce this dependence. But Carter was given little credit for these accomplishments. The energy program was complex, and no one could understand what was happening. But energy prices and taxes were going up, and that was easily understandable. Carter worsened his image problem by giving the so-called "malaise" (a French word meaning illness) speech, in which he described a lack of confidence in America's purpose and its future. In addition to admitting that people lacked confidence in his leadership, Carter blamed the crisis of America's spirit on the American people themselves.

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Kennedy warned of the Soviet's growing arsenal of intercontinental ballistic missiles and pledged to revitalize American nuclear forces. He also criticized the Eisenhower administration for permitting the establishment of a pro-Soviet government in Cuba. John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address stressed the contest between the free world and the communist world, and he pledged that the American people would "pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty."

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The Korean War was a conflict between the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ( North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in which at least 2.5 million people died. The war reached international proportions in June 1950 when North Korea, supplied and advised by the Soviet Union, invaded the South. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal participant, joined the war on the side of the South Koreans, and the People’s Republic of China came to North Korea’s aid. After more than a million combat casualties had been suffered on both sides, the fighting ended in July 1953 with Korea still divided into two hostile states. Negotiations in 1954 produced no further agreement, and the front line has been accepted ever since as the de facto boundary between North and South Korea. From 1945 to 1991, the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) engaged in the Cold War, a conflict in which the communist Soviet Union and the democratic United States competed for influence over countries around the world. During this era, the US and USSR also took their rivalry beyond earth into space through a series of aeronautic developments and flight tests known as the Space Race. After advances in defense technology during World War II and the United States’ use of atomic bombs, each side looked to propel its scientific and technological capability forward by building new missiles, rockets, and spacecraft. The Soviets had many early successes in the Space Race, including the launch of the first satellite, Sputnik (1957), and the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin (1961). However, the United States caught up and eventually overtook the Soviet Union, particularly when American astronaut Neil Armstrong and the crew of the Apollo 11 mission became the first humans to land on the moon in 1969.

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China becomes Communist/NATO + Warsaw Pact 

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China becomes Communist/NATO + Warsaw Pact 

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On October 1, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The announcement ended the costly full-scale civil war between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party. The creation of the PRC also completed the long process of governmental upheaval in China begun by the Chinese Revolution of 1911. The “fall” of mainland China to communism in 1949 led the United States to suspend diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades. Another factor of China turning to communism was the Chinese Communist Party which was founded in 1921 and was originally a “study group” working within the confines of the First United Front with the Nationalist Party. Though the nationalist leader Chang was abducted by a group of generals to force him to reconsider cooperation with the communist army. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty signed on April 4, 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. The Warsaw Pact, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty among the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.

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The United States, Britain, and France were scared that a reunified Germany would prevent a repeat of the economic catastrophe following WWI. So these three countries decided to consolidate their zones of Germany. However, the Soviet Union wanted to make sure that Germany would not be able to attack them again so they did not agree with this plan. By not agreeing, the Soviet Union cut off all highway and railroad access to the city of Berlin. This meant that West Berlin would starve or Western Allies would surrender. The three countries, United States, Britain, and France did not want the Soviet Union to hold Berlin hostage so they arranged for a massive support mission to supply West Berlin. In June 1948 all through May 1949 hundreds of airplanes filled with food and fuel were sent every day by them. This was then known as the Berlin Airlift. By the late 1950s the Soviet Union built up a convincing nuclear arsenal that could be delivered on the territory of the US and Western Europe. The mid 1960s, unilateral deterrence gave way to “mutual deterrence,” which was a situation of strategic stalemate. The superpowers refrained from attacking each other due to the certainty of mutual assured destruction aka MAD. Both superpowers recognized that the first requirement of an effective deterrent was that it should survive or "ride out" a surprise "counterforce" targeted attack without being decimate — a task made difficult by the ever increasing numbers of accurate delivery systems, "penetration aids," and multiple warheads.

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On March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman asked for 400 million dollars in military and economic assistance for Greece and Turkey which established a policy characterized as the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine demonstrated that the United States would not return to isolationism after WWII, but take an active role in world affairs. This doctrine was also a promise that the United States would do whatever necessary both economically and militarily to contain the spread of communism around the world. The Marshall Plan was proposed in response to massive destruction in Europe after WWII. There were massive food shortages, and the US government feared Europe by turning to communism because of how devastated they might be. Marshall proposed a plan to provide Europe with 13 billion dollars in economic aid, and this plan proved to be successful in helping rehabilitate European nations that accepted the aid.

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During World War II, the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union would never have been three-way allies had they not shared a mortal enemy in Adolf Hitler. The Americans were isolationists, the Brits were imperialists and the Soviets were Communists the unlikeliest of political bedfellows.But once Germany made its plans for world domination painfully clear, the leaders of the “Big Three” nations Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin understood that the only way to defeat Nazism was to put their significant political and personal differences aside in the name of global security.

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Competition for Post War Order + Territory 

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Competition for Post War Order + Territory 

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Since 1945, the United States has pursued its interests in part through the creation and maintenance of international economic institutions, global organizations including the United Nations and G-7, bilateral and regional security organizations including alliances, and liberal political norms that collectively are often referred to as the “international order.”In recent years, rising powers have begun to challenge aspects of this order, argues Testing the Value of the Postwar International Order.Many treatments of the postwar order focus on its primary institutions—the United Nations, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization system, the US alliance structure, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, the G-7 and G-20, and the hundreds of subsidiary organizations, treaties, and conventions of the institutional order.Those elements embody a critical component of the postwar order, but two other elements must be included to understand its true importance.One is the level of identifiable multilateral collaboration that has come to characterize many state interactions in a globalizing era. The other is the emergence of an implicit community of largely like-minded, order-producing states at the core of world politics.Taken together, these three components the institutional order, the demonstrated propensity toward multilateral action, and the core group of states are what is meant in this by the postwar order.

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In World War II, the three great Allied powers—Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union—formed a Grand Alliance that was the key to victory. But the alliance partners did not share common political aims, and did not always agree on how the war should be fought.Churchill and US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had been working together for some time when the United States entered the war in 1941. Roosevelt believed a British victory over the Axis was in America’s best interests, while Churchill believed such a victory was not possible without American assistance. In 1940, the two leaders worked to find ways for America to help Britain hold on without violating its neutrality. The following year they met off the coast of Newfoundland to begin planning, in sweeping terms, the postwar world. Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin was a late addition to the Big Three. On New Year’s Day 1942, representatives of all three nations signed the United Nations Declaration, pledging to join hands to defeat the Axis powers.The Big Three faced considerable challenges in coordinating their efforts. Thousands of miles separated their capitals, which meant important decisions often had to be made by telephone or telegraph. Although their representatives met frequently during the war, Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill only met twice in person.

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Communist Movement in West (1920’s + 1930’s) 

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Communist Movement in West (1920’s + 1930’s) 

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Communist Party USA (CPUSA) is an American political party with a communist platform that was founded in 1919 in Chicago. The history of the CPUSA is deeply rooted in the history of the American labor movement and the Communist Party USA indeed played critical roles in the earliest struggles to organize American workers into unions as well as the later civil rights and anti-war movements. The history of CPUSA is ideologically complex and tied to communism, labor movements, and Marxism. Many party members were forced to work covertly due to the high level of political repression in the US against Communists. CPUSA faced many challenges in gaining a foothold in the US as they endured two eras of the Red Scare and never experienced significant electoral success. Despite struggling to become a major electoral player, CPUSA was the most prominent leftist party in the US. CPUSA developed close ties with the Soviet Union, which led to them being financially linked.Membership of the CPUSA peaked in the late 1940s, with over 75,000 members in 1947.But their influence spanned beyond just their membership as some candidates in national elections garnered over 100,000 votes.However, the CPUSA began to decline in membership in the late 1940s and into the 1950s, presumably due to the Red Scare where the US government publicly tried and convicted Communists and CPUSA members on the grounds of the Smith Act. CPUSA faced challenges when the Dissolution of the Soviet Union took place, as they lost their main source of funding.

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American Involvement in Russian Civil War 

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American Involvement in Russian Civil War 

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On November 8, one day after seizing power in Russia, the Congress of Soviets issued a decree on peace. It pleaded for a just and democratic peace which excluded the seizure of territories and the payment of indemnities. The appeal was made without consulting the Allies, who felt betrayed for having been left out.On December 15, the Russians came to a peace agreement with the Central Powers. Many of the Allies who feared the Bolshevik take over of Russian now had a reason to intervene. The stated purpose was to protect the large stock of supplies that the allies had been shipping Russia via Siberia. While many of the allies intervened directly with the White Russians, President Wilson agreed to send US troops for two purposes only, to protect the arms shipped to Vladivostok and to rescue a force of 40,000 Czech troops who were trapped in Siberia.

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On November 6 and 7, 1917 (or October 24 and 25 on the Julian calendar, which is why the event is often referred to as the October Revolution), leftist revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d’état against the Duma’s provisional government.The provisional government had been assembled by a group of leaders from Russia’s bourgeois capitalist class. Lenin instead called for a Soviet government that would be ruled directly by councils of soldiers, peasants and workers. The Bolsheviks and their allies occupied government buildings and other strategic locations in Petrograd, and soon formed a new government with Lenin as its head. Lenin became the dictator of the world’s first communist state.

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- The impact of Nazi ideology on foreign policy which. The foreign policy gained more support for Hitler from German people. Joining NSDAP Hitler spoke on many subjects like how to fix post-WWI Germany to raise nationalism and get rid of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler was able to make a more assertive foreign policy because economic and military strength was rising.
- German nationalism and Nazism. There was no such thing as Germany before 1870. It was formed in 1871 and it unified from a collection of small principalities. Nazism developed in the late 1920's as a result of WWI. Many of these ideas were already existing in Germany except the Nazi's made them more extreme. Hitler made his name known to Germany whenever he was put in jail for treason and wrote his book.
-Conditions in Europe and the collapse of collective security.
There was an economic crisis globally

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The Federal Art Project created by Roosevelt was an agency that administered artists employment projects and community art centers. Roosevelt saw the arts as something fundamental American life and democracy. Art that was created under the WPA allowed for people to express themselves the way that they wanted to because there were no restrictions or requirements about the type of art/art-style. Art was becoming more diverse and started to gain more attention now that some art was being displayed in places like post offices or schools.
https://www.nga.gov/learn/teachers/lessons-activities/uncovering-america/great-depression.html#:~:text=The%20WPA%20intentionally%20seeded%20arts,nor%20experimented%20with%20art%20making.

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Is making art a form of work? Make your argument for why or why not. Franklin Delano Roosevelt stated that art in America has never been the sole province of a select group or class of people. Do you agree or disagree? Define what you think Roosevelt meant by "the democratic spirit."

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Impact of GD on African Americans and Women

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Impact of GD on African Americans and Women

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The Great Depression affected African Americans badly. From being the first ones to be laid off from work to suffering from unemployment rates about 3 times more than white people suffered. When it came to things like aid there wasn't much help that they were given. it was obvious that African Americans were not given near as much help that white people were given during the Great Depression. There were even instances were some organizations excluded African Americans. Though, African Americans were not getting the help that they needed from programs or organizations this sparked for new developments to be formed for African Americans. There was a movement aimed at getting African Americans jobs. Once the New Deal came, African Americans were able to get a bit more benefits. Things like job opportunities and low- cost public housing was made available for African Americans. Even though there was still some discrimination they were seeing better times. As for women during the Great Depression they had to find ways of work. Things like garden work, and sewing their clothes to keep them productive. Women were typically still seen as at home mothers to keep everything at home smooth, though that was until the 19th amendment was passed which allowed for women to vote that things started to change. Women now had more opportunities for jobs like, schools, libraries, and hospitals. Men were now not the only breadwinners. Though this did create some tensions between some couples that even marriage rates started to decline. https://study.com/learn/lesson/women-in-the-great-depression-roles-rights-impact.html

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Before the Great Depression was even a thing, Latin America was already going through some economic problems. That is when the Great Depression touched foot in Latin America, it affected them even greater than it should've. Latin America among other countries was very into trade with other countries. Once the Great Depression started to affect basically everything in every country product prices in Latin America started to decrease. This caused many people to be in poverty. Not only was the economy affected by the Great Depression but also the life of people due to the idea of fascism spreading very quickly in Latin America.
https://study.com/learn/lesson/great-depression-latin-america-causes-effects-impact.html

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Canada was badly affected by the Great Depression. From a drastic rise in unemployment to many people being hungry and homeless. Of course the whole of Canada was not impacted the same, due to the way many areas were doing before the depression. Though, even with differences of extremities areas went through during the Great Depression, Canada was still affected hard. Farmers were impacted greatly. Not only was the Great Depression a reason why prices of crops started to decrease but also nature. There was some droughts, as well as hailstorms that destroyed crops and led to non being sold. If crops were not being destroyed, then there was an overproduction of them and there was no income being brought in. This caused many farmers to look into federal aid, and relief programs. They were also unemployed after some time.
https://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/1930s/index.html

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Many of the young traders on the floor of the Toronto Stock Exchange that morning of October 29, 1929, still heard the strains of the Charleston from the night before. The siren heralded the beginning of the trading day, but it wasn't long before the traders noticed that the ticker couldn't keep up with all the selling. Down, down went stock prices and with the crash began the Great Depression.

The depression didn't really sink in until 1931 and it plumbed its lowest in 1937. The debt load incurred in the boom times of the twenties dragged many thousands into pauperism: poverty; the state of being a pauper or a very poor person.pauperism. In the prairies, high debt, drastically fallen wheat prices, and drought forced farmers to abandon their way of life and go on the
dole: term used to describe welfare vouchers. People were instantly identified with welfare when they paid for their groceries with these vouchers.dole. In Saskatchewan in 1937, 125,000 people were forced off their farms, never to return. People did whatever they could to make a few dollars and many men jumped on freight trains to go from town to town in search of work.

Everyone wasn't affected equally by the depression, though. Those lucky enough to have jobs found that their salaries went further because there was no
inflation: a sharp and sudden rise in prices caused by issuing too much paper money or bank credit.inflation and prices were low.

The depression saw the founding of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, or the CCF, in 1933. It was the forerunner of today's New Democratic Party. In addition, other reform movements started such as the Social Credit in Alberta in 1935. Even R.B. Bennett, towards the end of his tenure as Conservative Prime Minister, said as he introduced his new deal, "If we cannot abolish the dole, we should abolish the system."

The pressure on Prime Minister Mackenzie King's government to bring about social advances required a centralizing of power in order to afford these new programmes. As the depression deepened it showed the lopsidedness of Confederation. The provinces had most of the responsibilities to the destitute, but little of the power to raise money. The federal government had broad taxing powers, but few specific social responsibilities. Both levels of government remembered these inadequacies as they entered World War II and the federal government met little opposition when it began to introduce centralized social programmes.

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Canada A Country by Consent: The Great Depression

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Many of the young traders on the floor of the Toronto Stock Exchange that morning of October 29, 1929, still heard the strains of the Charleston from the night before. The siren heralded the beginning of the trading day, but it wasn't long before the traders noticed that the ticker couldn't keep up with all the selling.

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When FDR was elected as the presidential candidate he told the citizens of the US, that he saw the visible problems that the Great Depression brought upon the country. He promised that he would introduce a new deal to the country. The New Deal in the beginning made available things such as emergency and work relief programs. Later somewhat of an "update" to the New Deal included union protection programs, as well as programs that would aid farmers and migrant workers. The New Deal programs helped improve peoples lives who were affected by the Great Depression.
https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/great-depression-and-world-war-ii-1929-1945/franklin-delano-roosevelt-and-the-new-deal/

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Black-and-White Negatives

In the summer of 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Governor of New York, was nominated as the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party. In his acceptance speech, Roosevelt addressed the problems of the depression by telling the American people that, "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people." In the election that took place in the fall of 1932, Roosevelt won by a landslide.

The New Deal Roosevelt had promised the American people began to take shape immediately after his inauguration in March 1933. Based on the assumption that the power of the federal government was needed to get the country out of the depression, the first days of Roosevelt's administration saw the passage of banking reform laws, emergency relief programs, work relief programs, and agricultural programs. Later, a second New Deal was to evolve; it included union protection programs, the Social Security Act, and programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers. Many of the New Deal acts or agencies came to be known by their acronyms. For example, the Works Progress Administration was known as the WPA, while the Civilian Conservation Corps was known as the CCC. Many people remarked that the New Deal programs reminded them of alphabet soup.

By 1939, the New Deal had run its course. In the short term, New Deal programs helped improve the lives of people suffering from the events of the depression. In the long run, New Deal programs set a precedent for the federal government to play a key role in the economic and social affairs of the nation.

To search for more documents in Loc.gov related to New Deal programs and agencies, use such terms as Works Progress Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Public Works Administration, Farm Security Administration, and the National Recovery Administration.

Documents

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President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal | Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945 | U.S. History Primary Source Timeline | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress

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In the summer of 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Governor of New York, was nominated as the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party.

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Political and Economic Causes of the GD in the US

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Political and Economic Causes of the GD in the US

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The economic cause of the Great Depression in the United States included about a third of banks failing. A lot of unemployment had also  rose to about 25% and homelessness had also increased a good amount in the US. International trade had also collapsed and this affected not only the United States but also other countries which were very dependent on trade and exports. From the beginning of the Great Depression the economy started to decrease more and more. Around five years already into the Great Depression, the economy had decreased to about 50%. This meant that unemployment was rising and people were being hit hard. New Deal was created during the Great Depression and in the beginning it seemed as if it was helping the economy. Spending because of the New Deal seemed to have increased the GDP in the US gradually over the next couple of years. Though it was until the government started to cut back on the amount that they were spending on the New Deal that the economy started to decrease again and that unemployment rates started to decrease as well. As for the political cause of the Great Depression on the US, there was a lack of confidence in capitalism. FDR claimed that the New Deal would bring the US out of the depression because of government spending, and for some time it did. That was until FDR wanted to cut back on government spending and the depression started to start back up again. This started to worry some people about the decision making of the government.
https://www.thebalancemoney.com/effects-of-the-great-depression-4049299#:~:text=A%20third%20of%20all%20banks,the%20stock%20market%20to%20recover.

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How the Great Depression Still Affects You Today

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The Great Depression severely affected every segment of the U.S. economy. It also created programs that prevent depressions from reoccurring. Learn more, here.