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the workhouses were founded by queen victoria with the intention of giving shelter to the poor and the jobless, but the conditions of those were often inhumane and their inhabitants were exploited without any protection. the idea on which these workhouses were based was that anyone could improve their condition, provided they worked hard

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"Uomini e donne in età adatta hanno il diritto di sposarsi e di fondare una famiglia, senza alcuna limitazione di razza , cittadinanza, religione. Essi hanno eguali diritti riguardo al matrimonio e all'atto del suo scioglimento, il matrimonio potrà essere concluso soltanto con il libero e pieno consenso dei futuri coniugi"

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"Uomini e donne in età adatta hanno il diritto di sposarsi e di fondare una famiglia, senza alcuna limitazione di razza , cittadinanza, religione. Essi hanno eguali diritti riguardo al matrimonio e all'atto del suo scioglimento, il matrimonio potrà essere concluso soltanto con il libero e pieno consenso dei futuri coniugi"

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"Il lavoro minorile è vietato. L'età minima per l'ammissione al lavoro non può essere inferiore all'età in cui termina la scuola dell'obbligo, fatte salve le norme più favorevoli ai giovani ed eccettuate deroghe limitate. I giovani ammessi al lavoro devono beneficiare di condizioni di lavoro appropriate alla loro età ed essere protetti contro lo sfruttamento economico o contro ogni lavoro che possa minarne la sicurezza, la salute, lo sviluppo fisico, psichico, morale o sociale o che possa mettere a rischio la loro istruzione."

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"Il lavoro minorile è vietato. L'età minima per l'ammissione al lavoro non può essere inferiore all'età in cui termina la scuola dell'obbligo, fatte salve le norme più favorevoli ai giovani ed eccettuate deroghe limitate. I giovani ammessi al lavoro devono beneficiare di condizioni di lavoro appropriate alla loro età ed essere protetti contro lo sfruttamento economico o contro ogni lavoro che possa minarne la sicurezza, la salute, lo sviluppo fisico, psichico, morale o sociale o che possa mettere a rischio la loro istruzione."

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I decided to include this article that talks about the condition of women and equal rights with men to explain what women had to "suffer" in the Victorian age.

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description of the condition of women in the victorian age

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description of the condition of women in the victorian age

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The status of women in the Victorian era is seen as emblematic of the discrepancy between England's power and national wealth. during the Victorian age, women's lives became more and more difficult due to the spread of the ideal of the "angel woman", shared by most of society. They could not vote, sue, or own any property. Furthermore, women were seen as pure and clean beings, due to this vision, their bodies were seen as temples that were not to be adorned with jewels nor be used for physical exertion or in sexual practice. The role of women was reduced to procreate and take care of the house. They could not practice a profession, unless it was that of a teacher or a maid.

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I have chosen to insert article 32 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights which speaks of child exploitation as it is connected to Dickens' work "Oliver Twist" whose plot speaks precisely of child exploitation, and the conditions of degradation and poverty in which they were forced to live.

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The Victorian age became known for the employment of minors in factories, mines and as chimney sweeps. In 1840, only 20% of London's children went to school while children of the poor had to help families, often working long hours in dangerous trades for very low pay. They were sent to work from the age of 3 and were employed as chimney sweeps, or to work in coal mines, crawling through tunnels too narrow and low for adults; they also worked as messengers, street cleaners, matchmakers. The working hours were long, about 16 hours a day, while many girls worked as prostitutes (most of them between 15 and 22 years of age).

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Oliver Twist marks the beginning of Dickens criticism. Oliver is an orphan who spends part of his childhood in a church-run workhouse, is expelled for asking for food, and sent to work at a gravedigger. in London he meets Artful Dodger who sends him to Fagin's house, and together with other boys he is trained to become a pickpocket; during one of these outings, he is arrested for stealing a handkerchief from a gentleman who, struck by the resemblance to the portrait of a young woman hanging in his house, decides to take care of him. after various twists and turns Fagin is hanged and Oliver is adopted.

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Dickens' novels denounce an industrial modernity that kills hopes and destroys all beauty, and where children have to deal with the irresponsibility of their fathers. His novel genre captures new tensions and new social conflicts: because of his accurate descriptions of the miserable existence led by the poorest classes and because of his heated denunciation of industrial civilization. Denied childhood, the birth of degraded neighborhoods around industrialized cities, taverns where workers went to drink and forget their sad existence, prisons, dark and damp factories and suburbs form the background in which the protagonists move of his novels. The social problems that emerged after the industrial revolution are treated effectively to contribute to the improvement of social conditions through the implementation of reforms for workers.

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Victory ascended the throne in 1837 on the death of William IV at the age of just 18, whose reign lasted for about 60 years towards the end of the first industrial revolution which had led to expansion in industry and commerce which took the place of the agricultural economy, Great Britain thus became the most powerful nation in the world.

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The poor began to be perceived as a danger since they could rebel against the monarchy, for this reason measures were taken by the crown such as:
- Factory Act: to regulate the conditions of workers in factories;

- The 10 hours Act: to limit working hours to 10 hours a day for men and women;

- The mines Act: to stop children working in mines, public health and improve living conditions;

- The education Act: to organize primary education;

- Parliamentary reform: to introduce the secret ballot;

- Emancipation of all religious sects: allow Catholics to enter Oxford and Cambridge;

- Adoption of the famous english week: Sunday afternoons were not worked, dedicating it to pleasure and entertainment.
The poor were forced to live in the suburbs where they lived in unsanitary conditions which led to the spread of diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera.

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The Victorian era is also known as the era of compromises, where the upper classes appreciated the novel divided into:
- EARLY VICTORIAN LITERATURE characterized by: serialisation, long complicated plots and subplots, omniscient third-person narrator, urban enviroment vs. Countryside, vivid sometimes comic language, “flat” and stereotyped characters, where he criticizes industrial society;

- LATE VICTORIAN LITERATURE characterized by: bitter crticism, pessimistic vein and tragic fatalism, realism, entertaining function of art, where the first scientific discoveries take place;

divided into various types:

novel of information, social novel, realistic novel, aestethic novel, novel for children ecc.

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He describes the neighborhood near the part of the Thames near Rotherhithe church whose riverbanks were dirty and black, from the smoke and coalfires nearby. To reach the place it was necessary to go into blind and muddy alleys, crowded with rough people and dedicated to illicit trafficking; the visitor makes his way among unloaders of goods, poor women and children on the street. Arriving in less crowded streets, the visitor walks under the walls of tottering house, whose windows were closed with rusty grates, a sign of abandon and desolation; in those days a foreigner looking from the wooden bridges saw the citizens taking water from the river through buckets, while his eyes marvel at this scene. Houses are opened by criminals to seek refuge.

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The novel is set against the backdrop of the new 1834 Poor Law which established the workhouse system; Oliver's flight to London allows Dickens to describe the city in a real way, with all the problems of industrialization; it is narrated by an omniscient third-person narrator, with a non-objective tone.

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- social issues: Dickens advocated a radical change in society through reforms and individual efforts; he faced social problems, alcoholism and crime with optimistic confidence.

- child abuse: poor children are often the protagonists of his stories, usually wise and innocent; focuses on the effects of poverty that led them to work as chimney sweeps, in factories and mines, and often to be victims of disease

- good and evil: in Dickens' world, goodness is rewarded and wickedness is punished.

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In his language he uses adjectives and repetitions that create humor and amuse the reader, also comparing them with the hypocritical Victorian attitude. the characters were exaggerated, but when they were hypocrites the narrator became ironic and sarcastic; to keep readers interested, he wrote long and complicated plots, with twists and turns.

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Dickens uses his sharp irony to ridicule the hypocrisy of the Victorian gentry, exposing the cruelty and injustice he saw in society, whose narrative style moves between comedy and tragedy while holding the reader's interest.

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dickens working as a journalist manages to take a picture of the neighborhood describing it in detail, using a vocabulary full of adjectives, complex sentences and synonyms, as if he were putting us in front of a photo as if to introduce the reader into the image