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Nutrient cycling is when carbon is recycled through photosynthesis. It moves from the atmosphere into living organisms. When those organisms decompose, carbon is sent back into the atmosphere.

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Photosynthesis is a process primarily used by plants to convert light energy (energy from the sun) into chemical energy.
Through cellular respiration, this energy can then be used to fuel the organism.

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Terrestrial:
Agriculture fields, zoos, orchids, gardens, cities, towns, etc.
Aquatic:
Aquariums, dams, canals, man-made lakes, reservoirs, etc.

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Terrestrial:
Tundras, taigas, rainforests, grasslands, deserts, etc.
Aquatic:
Oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, etc.

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Artificial ecosystems are ecosystems that are made or enhanced by human aid.

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Natural exosystems are ecosystems that are created without the aid of human technology. They come about naturally.

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Biomagnification is when an organism ingests a toxin, then is is increased as it is transferred from one trophic level to the next. Example: when a fish somehow ingests toxins and then gets eaten by a human.

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Bioaccumulation is what happens when an organism ingests toxins faster than its body can get rid of them.
Bio = living; accumulation = stack up, build up

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Biodiversity means a variety of life. Bio = life, living; Diversity = different, variety.
Ecosystems that are more biodiverse are the most sustainable.

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Eutrophication is a process when there are too many nitrates are in the hyrdrosphere (too many nutrients in the water), which leads to excessive algae growing in the water. Excessive algae growth leads to oxygen depletion, and without oxygen leads to the death of all of the organisms in the hydrosphere.

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Atmosphere:
Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of Earth's atmosphere.
Biosphere:
Nitrogen must go through 'fixation' to enter living things by using bacteria and other things. It is a part of proteins and the DNA within some organisms. It is also in excrement.
Hydrosphere:
Nitrates, which are nitrogen compounds, dissolve in water.
Lithosphere:
Nitrogen is a part of rocks.

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Atmosphere:
Carbon exists mainly as CO₂.
Biosphere:
Carbon is a main component of living cells of organisms, also known as biomass.
Hydrosphere:
Carbon compounds can be dissolves in water, and it exists in aquatic biomass.
Lithosphere:
Carbon is part of fossil fuels.

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To keep ecosystems sustainable there are four key nutrients that are required, water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

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Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling or solidification of magma or lava, which is why they are often called magmatic rocks.

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Metamorphic rocks come from the transformation of other rocks. They change by adding extremely hot temperatures and/or immense pressure to them, causing physical and/or chemical changes to them.

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Rocks that are formed by accumulation and/or deposition of different minerals and other organic particles. Examples: sandstone, limestone, shale, etc.
Sedimentary rocks are often carried in rivers, lakes, and oceans.

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The regions of the Earth where all living things exist.

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The layer of air that is above the Earth's surface.

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All of the water on Earth (lakes, rivers, oceans, ground water, etc.)

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The solid outer part of the Earth

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Organisms feed on the secondary consumers, also known as 'tertiary consumers'. Examples: hawks, eagles, bears, etc.

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Organisms feed of the primary consumers, also known as 'secondary consumers'. Examples: snakes, fish, etc.

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Organisms are the first to consume other organisms, also known as 'primary consumers'. Examples: grasshoppers, snails, etc.

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Organisms use photosynthesis to make their own food/energy. They are also called 'producers'. Examples: seaweed, flowers, etc.

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An animal that feeds off of solely plants. Examples: cows, elk, buffalo, rabbits, chipmunks, squirrels, goats, sheep, etc.

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An animal that eats food from both plant and animal origin. Examples: bears, most birds, foxes, raccoons, humans, etc.

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Animals that feed on flesh. Examples: wolves, bobcats, hawks, coyotes, eagles, etc.

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These organisms can't make their own food and instead get their energy by eating other organisms. Examples: fungi such as mushrooms, toadstool, moss, lichen; Animals such as humans (omnivores), snails (herbivores), wolves (carnivores).

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Organisms that can make their own food-energy. Examples: plants such as seaweed, flowers; Protists such as algae; Bacteria such as blue-green algae.

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two species interact with each other, which benefits one of them

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two species interact with each other, which benefits both of them

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species rival for resources (for food, mates, homes, etc)

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one species (the parasite) lives with or on or in a host, living off of the host and harming the host

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one species hunts and kills another

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Not derived by living organisms (non living things), i.e. rocks, water, light, soil, etc.

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Living things, i.e. animals, plants, humans, etc.

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A community is used to describe only biotic interactions

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Biotic and abiotic components that are living and interacting with each other in an area