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Instruction designed to be specific for individuals or groups of learners to enhance the learning of skills, concepts, and strategies. Modifying the content, the style of teaching, and the products signifies that a customized experience that grew out of a student's specific learning needs has occurred. (See also balanced literacy instruction, with a focus on guided reading)

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Derivational suffixes are those used to make (or derive) new words, often resulting in changing the part or function of speech. For example, the verb help can be changed by adding the suffix -ful, resulting in the adjective helpful, meaning "giving help."

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The complexity of a text refers to an assessment of its features such as general readability, levels of meaning, structures, and language clarity that may cause some difficulties for readers to comprehend.

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A list of terms or statements about a topic that is shared before reading to activate prior knowledge and opinions in order to set the stage for purposeful reading. The statements are often structured so students can agree or disagree; their responses provide an assessment of knowledge about the topic to be studied or text to be read. Discussion of responses often serves to heighten curiosity and establish focus for reading.

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Language that is used and valued within academic professions and schools. Extending beyond isolated words and phrases, academic language can be contrasted with conversational or vernacular language. These forms serve different purposes and thus make use of different syntax, lexical items, and forms of organization. Academic language is similar to the language used in books, but it is designed to efficiently convey information in the content areas of math, science, literature, and social studies. As such, experts in different areas make assumptions about readers' prior knowledge. Students and novices typically need support and instruction to fully benefit from information found in academic written and oral forms (e.g., There appears to be no compelling reason to argue that ___. The data appear to suggest that ___. To foster discussion, I would like to argue that ___.).

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The ability to use printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one's goals, and to develop one's knowledge and potential beyond secondary school.

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Administration for Children and Families (ACF)

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Adult Literacy and Education: Strategies to Alleviate the Literacy Gap

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Complete competence and mastery in two or more languages (i.e., knowledge and control over the language so as to sound native). It also refers to people who possess enough competence to have the ability to understand a second language but who cannot speak it or whose abilities to speak it are inhibited by psychological barriers. (See also bilingualism)

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The Importance of Being Bilingual | Maria Giannini | TEDxSantaCatalinaSchool

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The academic preparation that would be sufficient to allow a student to participate successfully in postsecondary education or a career without the need for remedial academic support.

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How to demonstrate college and career readiness: Guy Romero at TEDxTemecula

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Words across languages that are similar in form, pronunciation, and/or spelling that share similar or overlapping meanings. Because many languages share histories, they also often share many similarities. Spanish and Italian, for example, share Latin as a kind of mother language and, therefore, include many lexical items that are considered cognates of a word.

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Cognates in English||what are cognates in English||English cognates

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An electronic version of a written text. A message displayed on an electronic device or computer screen. Single images, short messages, and full-length articles and books can all be presented online. Research has indicated that reading these texts requires a different set of skills than reading print because of special features available in digital texts such as hyperlinks, search capability, and various graphic features.

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Ebook vs Physical Book (Which Does Your 🧠 Prefer?)

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The Frayer model (Frayer, Frederick, & Klausmeier, 1969) is a technique used to teach vocabulary. It involves students completing a four-quadrant graphic organizer with the target term in the center. The first quadrant is where the definition is written. The second quadrant involves providing examples. The third quadrant is for including either nonexamples or nonessential characteristics. The fourth quadrant can be used for adding a sentence that expands the meaning or for drawing a picture that illustrates the meaning of the word.

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Center Activity -- The Frayer Model Explained

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An inflection involves the changing of pitch, tone, or loudness of words to communicate meaning in speech.

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A conclusion reached or a claim made based on earlier evidence interpreted with logic or insight. Inferences can be overturned, modified, or accepted even more resolutely when additional evidence or different reasoning becomes available.

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Making Inferences for Kids | What is an inference? | Inference and reading comprehension practice

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Reading on one's own. Can occur inside school, when teachers provide scheduled time for all students to read self-selected print or digital texts, or outside school, when students are self-motivated to read. The goal is not only to read but also to enjoy reading; as such, independent reading is not tied to assessment, formative or otherwise. Teachers may offer suggestions about texts on the basis of students' self-identified interests, confer with students about the texts they are reading, or engage students in peer discussions and shared booktalks.

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A text that contains graphic features and communicates information primarily through the visual images rather than words.

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💯 The Analytical Skills for Visual Texts Explained in 4 Minutes

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Types of written or spoken language categorized by purpose (e.g., narrative, exposition, argument).

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Measured by words read per minute, reading rate influences one's fluency and comprehension. Students' reading rate should increase continually during elementary school years.

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The Science Behind Reading Speed - College Info Geek

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The ease with which a reader can understand a written text. A text's readability is predicted on the basis of quantitative analysis of text features, such as vocabulary and syntax. A reader's prior knowledge, interest, and familiarity are nontextual factors that also affect one's reading of text.

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How and Why We Read: Crash Course English Literature #1

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Patterns of stress or intonation in language, such as the rising intonation at the end of a question in English. An important feature of oral reading.

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The study of structure and forms of words including derivation, inflection, and compounding. (adj. morphological)

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Morphology: Important from the Beginning

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The goals, values, beliefs, and dispositions that energize behavior, elicit cognitions, and regulate literacy processes and learning.

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Dialogic reading is an interactive technique between a reader and a questioner that is designed to improve reading comprehension. The process involves the reader and the questioner looking at a picture book together as the questioner moves from simple to more complex questions about what he or she is seeing. The questioner could also be reading the text to a group and asking the questions.

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Making meaning of what is viewed, read, or heard. Comprehension includes understanding what is expressed outright or implied as well as interpreting what is viewed, read, or heard by drawing on one's knowledge and experiences. Comprehension may also involve application and critical examination of the message in terms of intent, rhetorical choices, and credibility.

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10 Tips for Reading Comprehension in Elementary Students

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Combining units of sound (syllables, onsets and rimes, phonemes) to form a word.

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1. of, relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity (such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering) cognitive impairment. 2. based on or capable of being reduced to empirical factual knowledge.

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Reading materials designed to prompt beginning readers to apply their increasing knowledge of how the alphabetic system works. Decodable texts are progressively sequenced, primarily incorporating words that consist of previously taught letter–sound patterns (e.g., the letter p represents the sound /p/) and spelling-sound (e.g., the pattern igh represents the long i sound, as in the words light, bright, night) correspondences, along with selected high-frequency irregularly spelled sight words. (Note: Some words are temporarily irregular because the spelling-sound correspondences have not yet been taught.)

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Using Decodable Texts: Practical Things Teachers Need to Know

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The Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) is a set of assessments designed to measure reading fluency and early literacy skills of elementary students.

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Used to build phonological awareness skills in beginning readers. Words are segmented into individual sounds, or phonemes, and corresponding boxes are drawn to match each. For example, the word bat would have three corresponding boxes. A child listens to a pronunciation of the word and then moves a token or coin into the box for each corresponding sound or phoneme. (Elkonin, 1963)

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(writing). Involves translating speech into print using the knowledge of the logic of the written symbol system (especially letter–sound relationships and patterns in alphabetic orthographies).

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Providing assessment-identified instructional supports early, appropriately, and intensively to students underperforming at grade level to propel their reading and learning. An example would be RTI (Response to Intervention), which screens a class for the appropriate level at which to intervene.

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Response to Intervention: Collaborating to Target Instruction

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Words including of, like, he, she, I, the, but, good, and is that occur often in oral and written language.

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SoR-What I Should Have Learned in College

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High Frequency Words What, Why, and How It Pertains to the Science of Reading

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Knowing that stems from previous experience; the knowledge someone already possesses prior to reading a text.

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The ability to act (speak, read, write) with ease and accuracy. Research indicates that oral reading fluency is the ability to read text accurately, with sufficient speed, prosody, and expression. It is an essential component of reading because it permits the reader to focus on constructing meaning from the text rather than on decoding words.

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How to Teach Fluency  with Accuracy and Phrasing

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The concept that letters or groups of letters in alphabetic orthographies (i.e., written systems) represent the phonemes (sounds) of spoken language.

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Automaticity is the process of automatically recognizing words quickly and effortlessly during reading (without conscious attention). It is developed with lots of reading practice.

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Why teach facts to the level of automaticity?

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A read-aloud is the practice of a teacher or designated reader orally reading a text with large or small groups. Pictures or text may be shared visually with the students whose primary role is to listen and view the illustrations. The intent is to model proficient reading and language, promote conversation, motivate, and extend comprehension and conceptual understandings.

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Teacher Read-Aloud That Models Reading for Deep Understanding

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The initial creative stage of writing, prior to drafting, in which the writer formulates ideas, gathers information, and considers ways to organize them; planning.

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An approach to teaching reading that emphasizes the systematic relationship between the sounds of language and the graphemes (i.e., letters or letter combinations) that represent those sounds. Learners apply this knowledge to decode printed words.

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Awareness of sounds of words in learning to read and spell. (Note: The constituents of words can be distinguished in three ways: (1) by syllables, as /bo˘ok/, (2) by onsets and rimes, as /b/ and /o˘ok/, or (3) by phonemes, as /b/ and /o˘o/ and /k/. (cf. phonemic awareness)

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Phonemic Awareness, Phonics & Phonological Awareness | Kathleen Jasper

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The ability to detect and manipulate the smallest units (i.e., phonemes) of spoken language. For example, recognition that the word cat includes three distinct sounds or phonemes represents phonemic awareness. Individuals with phonemic awareness can blend phonemes to form spoken words, segment spoken words into their constituent phonemes, delete phonemes from spoken words, add phonemes, and substitute phonemes.

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How to Teach Phonemic Awareness in Kindergarten, 1st, & 2nd Grade | Phonemic Awareness Activities

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The smallest unit of sound in spoken language that makes a difference in communication. The spoken word nose consists of three phonemes: /n/-/o/-/z/.

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The process by which humans obtain competence in the use of language. (Note: Contemporary theories and studies of language acquisition, especially by young children, are foundational in current conceptions of literacy development in and out of school.) (cf. language learning)

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Language Acquisition: Crash Course Linguistics #12

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Words or word phrases that alert a reader that a smooth transition from one idea to the next is occurring. These clue words often appear to indicate addition, emphasize, illustrate, compare or contrast, and identify that cause and effect is occurring (e.g., likewise, first, second, finally, to illustrate, in the same way as).

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How to Teach Sight Words - Science of Reading // sight word activities for struggling readers

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Language used in speaking as distinct from writing. It can also imply a style of language that is written as if spoken, as in conversation or dialogue. (See also written language)

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Language and Linguistics (Sean Sutherland)

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Spoken Language 1 - Features of Spoken Language

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(1) Using one or more strategies to identify a printed word and its meaning; (2) Using knowledge of the logic of the written symbol system (especially letter–sound relationships and patterns in alphabetic orthographies) to translate print into speech; encoding involves translating speech into print using this knowledge.

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Invented or inventive spelling involves using one's phonetic knowledge to make one's best written rendition of the word.

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The home literacy activities of families. The term is also used to refer to literacy education programs that focus on developing the literacy skills of parents and children simultaneously.

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The impact of Family Literacy and Family Learning

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Early reading and writing behaviors (e.g., scribble writing and pretend reading), knowledge (e.g., a book is a source of a story or information), and attitudes (e.g., question asking about neighborhood signs) are demonstrated by individuals as precursors of conventional literacy. The term is often used to characterize those aspects of literacy that develop without any formal instruction but rather through a stimulating environment. The concept reflects an appreciation for the notion that literacy development begins well before formal instruction.

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Referring to activities designed to develop knowledge, skills, and perspectives in preparation for reading a text within instruction.

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Syntax is the pattern or structure of word order in sentences, clauses, and phrases, or the rules for determining how a language will be used to formulate a thought. (adj. syntactic(al))

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OSU School of Writing, Literature and Film

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"What Is Syntax in Grammar?": Oregon State Guide to Grammar