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The most meaningful aspect of the competency standard 12.3 is adhering to high ethical standards when working with people from migrant and refugee backgrounds. I have improved my understanding of ethical standards when providing care to individuals of refugee and migrant backgrounds.

As a student nurse, moral obligations come naturally, and practising ethical standards together will guide us through every decision-making and promote transparency and fairness among refugee patients.

cultural factors can affect health and health care, such as language, communication styles, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors (Improving Cultural Competence to Reduce Health Disparities for Priority Populations | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program, n.d.-b).

I learned that when engaging with patients of different backgrounds, it is crucial to show respect trust, and understand their values and worth. Having learned that refugee patients have their perspective, decision, preferences and beliefs, I have to acknowledge their decision and cultural values, communicate effectively so that their voice is heard, and treat them with dignity to make them feel safe for better health outcome. By reflecting on my own experiences and cultural knowledge, I Dedicate myself towards becoming a more culturally experienced nurse will uphold ethical standards to reduce health disparities and aim to improve the healthcare system's overall quality.

Improving cultural competence to reduce health disparities for priority populations | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program. (n.d.-b). https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/cultural-competence/research-protocol

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To me, health means living a life without any diseases and illness, both physical and mental. I  feel best when I keep my body healthy by going to the gym, eating healthy and spending time with my loved ones. Health overall is feeling the best.

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country focus : Ukraine

Ukraine ,the world's top agriculture producer and exporter distributes to the global market. However, Russia recently exercised a full-scale invasion in 2022 against Ukraine, leading to the destruction of property, killing and injuring many innocent people.

The Australian government has granted temporary humanitarian visas for refugees and migrants that can be extended, and the government has issued over 11,500 permits as of now(Department of Home Affairs Website, n.d.)

Three common health challenges that are present in refugees of Ukraine that are listed in the Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide are:

1/Mental health

Treatment

Involves Exposure therapy, which effectively faces frightening and traumatic memories and helps overcome trauma-related symptoms by developing strategies to prevent any reoccurrence.

2/Tuberculosis(TB) and hepatitis

Treatment can involve vaccination and undergoing health check-ups like screening to receive therapy for better health outcomes.

3/Nutritional deficiency

Treatment

Initiating health support programs to provide nutritional food and educating them to eat healthy and maintain better diet for better health outcomes

Department of Home Affairs website. (n.d.). Department of Home Affairs Website. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/help-and-support/ukraine-visa-support

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(ascomycete fungi medicine)

Cordycep is a exotic fungus/mushroom that grows in the himalayas of Bhutan.It strengths immune system to build endurance  from illness and weakness.

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Education:
Many refugees need exposure to the lifestyle, culture and education system, eventually leading to a barrier to accessing good education in Australia.The difference in the education system enormously impacted the refugee children, as English was not their first language in their country. Their education was disrupted, and they needed more literary skills. In addition, temporary visa-holder refugee children are restricted from education in Australia.

They suffer psychological post-traumatic health issues like stress and mental health

Unemployment /job security
with limited qualifications, poor communication, local labour markets and social networks, refugees in Australia suffer finding a job . Australian studies also highlight that women can experience additional barriers in searching for employment due to family commitments (Australia, 2023).

Furthermore, many refugees with a job in Australia feel unsafe due to discrimination and bullying based on their religion, status and race and half of the migrants faced wage theft in Australia like low pay rates, unpaid trial work, and not paying for after-hours penalty rates.

Refugees in Australia suffers physical and mental health issues like stress and disorder.

Housing,Basic Amenities, and Environment

Refugees with poor knowledge about Australian housing regulations and face debt challenges due to low income.   Environmental factors play an important role as some refugees have to settle where there are no resources like hospitals, transport and a place with more pollution that can hamper their health.Many refugees and humanitarian face discrimination and prejudice when renting a house from real estate agents or private owners.

Some of the health issues from these factors are infectious diseases like tuberculosis and COVID-19.

(n.d.). Refugee council of australia. Refugee Council of Australia. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/home-stretch-sustainable-housing/

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In Bhutan, there is 13 traditional art and craft called Zorig Chosum and plays a critical role in promoting and preserving Bhutanese culture and provides physical and mental health benefits like social connection, stress reduction, confidence and therapeutic outlet.

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Is played across different regions where people come together and enjoy the traditional life of bhutanese and bring unity among the people and regarded the most played game in the country.

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Mask dance is the popular culture heritage that has been passed down from generation to generation. mask dance benefits both physically and mentally by connecting different culture, Community engagement and improve their overall health.

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Gross National happiness is the overall concept of happiness and wellbeing of people that's been termed by his majesty The forth king of Bhutan.
It is a holistic approach that helps promote people's mental health, social needs and emotional intelligence.

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Bhutans' traditional music includes zhundra, boedra, and modern called rigsar.The music unites people and spreads knowledge and patriotism towards the country for well-being and prosperity.