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1) The Athens civilization existed in 700 or 800 B.C.E.

2) This was a place in Greece. Greece was made up of small, independent, and isolated city-states. The city-states were separated geographically, from islands, waters, etc. The term demokratia was used to describe the government made by the people when the Athenians overthrew the monarchical rule. Democracy in the Athens was direct Democracy, which makes sense because it was a small sized and local government. The central government was called an Assembly and any male citizen at least 18 years old could be part of the Assembly and put in their vote for specific matters and laws. Those who were part of the Council of Five Hundred were chosen randomly to serve for one year in the government. The Council of Five Hundred gave the Assembly topics to discuss and make decisions for.

3)This government system worked very well, as the constitution favors the many instead of the few, and the point of equal justice for all was made.

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1)In the capital of Italy, this government appeared around the same time as the Athenian government.

2)Originally, Rome was also a monarch ruled city-state. The Roman Republic is called "crude" in Lesson 3. They were "far from democratic", but they did have representation. There were two social classes separating them: the upper-class rich landowning aristocrats, patricians. And there were plebeians, who were common folk and those who were part of the assemblies. The assemblies chose two consuls to be the head of the state. The consuls had power over the military, and they also chose who would be part of the senate.

3)If the consuls chosen really represented the people, then the people would vote for them. The consuls that were really good for the people would then choose senators who were on the side of the people. Eventually, the people did start to get power from this, as the people in senate began to lean further toward the common will.

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1) Feudalism took place after the Roman Republic turned into the Roman Empire then fell. It took place in the Middle Ages, from the ninth century to the twelfth century.

2) During a time of chaos and disorganization in government, lords who owned a lot of land ( sometimes called monarchs) would divide the land over smaller lords (vassals). The vassals had a manor and this included a town or village. They protected those who were in the town or village in exchange for loyalty, military service, and some of their crops. Basically, the big boss Lord protected his vassals, who protected their manors and surfs (the peasant farmers).

3) The surf farmers could not leave the land without permission, and the children were born into a position to serve the Vassal the parents served. It was rough, and people died young in rough conditions. People were not a fan of Feudalism.

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1)The Roman Catholic Church became the official church of the Roman Empire in A.D. 380. In the Middle Ages, the pope and his bishops ruled a lot of land and often fought with lords and Monarchs for political and religious influence over common folk.

2) The Roman Catholic Church had teachings from biblical texts, along with the Ten Commandments.

3)The Church survived the collapse of imperial rule, as well as the collapse of the Roman Empire. It survived nearly 2000 years now and never fell, though it did get a little violent at some points.

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1) Power in the hands of the monarchs began expanding by the late 1400s.

Feudalism stopped working out when the Black Plague hit and killed a ton of surfs, and this created a butterfly effect which made an economy based on money and trade rather than land. So pretty much, lords with manors were eliminated and the people made the central authority the monarch who was in charge of the lords. A central government was formed and national government was created.

3) The monarchs had sovereignty and absolute power to make decisions. This made absolute monarchy. Getting the consent of those who were governed was not a prime factor here, and force was what was used. Using force would notwork out after so long. So basically, this was an unsuccessful government system. This system did persist, however, in a very different fashion in modern day. The people are not used to benefit the monarch in a present day monarchy. Taxes are not implemented without reason now, and monarchs often do not have the ability to control whatever they want (UK). The monarch no longer makes laws for the entire nation and its people all on his own, but there is a more representative approach in the UK.

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1) The policy of colonialism was taken up by many European monarchies beginning in the late 1400s and early 1500s. During this time, Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and pursued colonialism.

2) Colonialism was just Europeans controlling other nations abroad and forcing laws, religious belief, and culture onto others. Different nations fought over colonial "possessions".

3) Colonialism made merchants wealthy and the wealth would increase the absolute power of the monarchy and nation. This was a cruel thing though, as it took land from the Native Americans and kicked them out of their homes.

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1)Mercantilism reigned from the late 1400s to the early 1500s as well. Mercantilism was also an issue in taxation without representation for the early 13 colonies.

2) Mercantilism was tied to colonialism. It is the economic theory of currency, and precious metals being a symbol of wealth. Taxes on imported goods and trade licences were developed by nations to advance their own fortune and grow in power.

3)Mercantilism established a more developed economy. It also, however, led to the American Revolution when Britain's colonizing efforts did not follow the will of those who were being controlled overseas.

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1) During the years of 1300 to 1600, a period known as the Renaissance, creativity brought about Enlightenment and philosophers who were famous for their ideas regarding politics.

2) The rights of individuals to control their own fates and have a say when it came to government, economics, and society were discussed. John Locke thought about life, liberty, and property. Thomas Hobbes mentioned the social contract. Adam Smith and David Ricardo criticized an economy that grew monarch wealth. Many other philosophers brought up similar ideas.

3) The ideas of the Enlightenment Political Thinkers are commonly implemented into governments in modern time. The freedoms considered basic now were majorly influenced by these men.