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Peruvian indigenous people rebelled against Spanish rule for decades, claiming independence. Led by Spanish-American landowners, Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar, they fought against economic crises among natives. The rebellion began after European colonization in 1532 and was bloody and violent. In 1879, Spain recognized Peruvian independence.

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Italy's unification in 1861 led to the creation of a large European power, making it the fifth most populous country in Europe. The unification occurred when Piedmont-Sardinia allied with France and defeated Austria, annexing parts of Northern Italy. Piedmont-Sardinia also annexed Two Sicilies and most of the Papal States. The Young Italy movement emerged after the Napoleonic Wars in the 1820s. The unification took eleven years, with Piedmontese politicians.

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Ten Minute History - The Unification of Italy (Short Documentary)

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In 1821, King Joao returned to Portugal, leaving his son, Prince Dom Pedro, to rule Brazil. The Portuguese government revoked Brazil's political autonomy, sparking opposition. Jose Bonifacio de Andrada convinced Pedro to declare Brazil's independence in 1822, making him the first Emperor of the newly created Empire of Brazil. However, armed military units opposed the declaration, leading to a Brazilian war of independence. The war lasted from February 1822 to March 1824, involving regular forces and civilian militia. Portugal recognized Brazil's independence in August 1825.

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Empire of Brazil - Independence or DEATH! - Extra History #2