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CDC. (n.d.). Your baby at 2 months - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Milestone Checklists. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/pdf/checklists/all_checklists.pdf

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A checklist is a record of learning goals revolved around development. Teachers then use these lists in their instructional plans.

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Here is an example of a developmental checklist.

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One example would be a developmental checklist. In these lists, a child's overall development is recorded. Their cognitive, physical, social, emotional, and language is taken into consideration.

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There are several advantages to using checklists, one of which being convenience. This is because they do not require training and the lists are simple to utilize. Another advantage of checklists would be parent usage. The lists can be given and used by parents so they can help support development at home. Teachers can also provide activities or ideas to parents for this support. A final advantage of checklists includes their versatility. They can be used in many different assessment designs. Due to this, teachers can then evaluate children in the most suitable way of collecting the required information.

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Although there are advantages of checklists, there are also disadvantages. One of these being time-usage. When just beginning to utilize checklists, teachers might feel that they take away time dedicated to their students. In order to overcome this, teachers must practice using checklists without interfering with instructional time. Another disadvantage of checklists includes the starting process. Many educators have a difficult time when beginning to use these lists. This is because they have a hard time changing their teaching ways to cater towards the checklists. A final disadvantage of checklists would be about their credibility. Some teachers believe that the assessment measures involved with checklists are invalid methods of learning and development. This can be seen specifically in educators who are acclimated to tests for assessment. These individuals require more solid proof of a child's comprehension rather than using checklist aspects like activities and observation.

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Jay, S. (2022, March 11). Graphic rating scale: Pros, cons, examples, and best practices. AIHR. https://www.aihr.com/blog/graphic-rating-scale/

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Rating scales are a type of system that designate if a behavior is shown or not. When conducting a rating scale, the rater must make an evaluation on the expanse of the individuals behavior.

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One example would be a graphic rating scale. This is a type of scale that includes elements discussed at points along a line. However, the rater can make their decision on any spot of the line. These scales also supply a graphic continuation that aid in the process of locating the correct position of the points. There are five different descriptions typically used on graphic rating scales that include seldom, frequently, never, always, and occasionally. These words would be added in response to the questions. For example, if the question was, "how often does the student complete their work?" The rater would then identify with the choices listed above. Although this type of scale has positives, it does have a negative as well. This would be that bias is often used because of controversy around the meaning of the description words.

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There are several advantages in using rating scales, one of which being the effortlessness of completion. These scales are simple to utilize because the rater is given the description words used to assess the child's behavior. This aspect also comes in handy when completing the scale after the observation. Another benefit of the rating scale would be that they can identify behaviors that are not typically measurable. For instance, a teacher might want to measure a child's ability to cooperate. Therefore, the indicators on the scale would include cooperative development aspects. This would then be easier to use instead of basic responses, like yes or no on a checklist. A final advantage to rating scales includes their overall usefulness. They are a key way to assess the growth of a child's knowledge and understanding of many aspects. Educators can use them to help identify the steps needed to guide a child into this understanding, rather than verifying that they reached a certain level like in checklists.

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Although there are advantages of rating scales, there are also disadvantages. One of these being the lack of identification to the causes of behavior. They do not give any extra notice of the conditions in which the behavior happened. Another disadvantage of rating scales would be their lack of reliability. Often times raters have opposing views on the definitions of the description words. This can then cause each of them to mark down their own perception of said words. A final disadvantage regarding rating scales would be bias. Often times raters and teachers will base their scale on an emotional basis. Meaning, the rating scale would mirror the individuals attitude or conceptions about the child. This would then interfere with the child's overall assessment and knowledge gained about them.

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Rubrics are a type of scoring system that shows the overall expectations regarding different works or assignments. Each element of these assignments or works is divided into components that identify and describe the overall level of the student's understanding. Rubrics are often the recommendation of distinguishing performance levels.

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Here is an example of a Analytic Rubric.

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One example would be an analytic rubric. These rubrics often appear as a grid with a variety of descriptors, use restricted descriptors for every attribute, illustrate and assess each attribute individually, and include a scale. They can be implemented for purposes such as grading and diagnostic aspects. The analytic rubric often follows a scale that includes the following descriptor words, "1. Needs Improvement, 2. Developing, 3. Sufficient, and 4. Above Average," (Cohen & Weiner, 2003).

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Southwestern University. (n.d.). Deciding which type of rubric to use. https://www.southwestern.edu/offices/writing/faculty-resources-for-writing-instruction/designing-rubrics/deciding-which-type-of-rubric-to-use/

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There are several advantages of using rubrics, one of which would be their flexibility. They can be utilized in different ways and used with varying skill levels. Another advantage regarding rubrics includes their usage. Rubrics can be used not just by educators, but by students as well. They can help direct the student towards their completion of an assignment or work. A final advantage to the implementation of rubrics would be their ability to be converted into grades. However, if grades are not utilized, rubrics can be included when discussing a students work with their peers and parents. These occasional evaluations can show the individuals growth and overall progress.

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Although there are advantages to the use of rubrics, there are also disadvantages. One of these being criteria. For example, a teacher might utilize preplanned criteria when designing a rubric. They should rather centralize the rubric on models of the student's work and alter them as necessary. Another disadvantage regarding rubrics includes the designing process. Often times educators direct their attention to the quantity of characteristics identified, instead of the signs that quality work was done. Therefore, they highlight the incorrect attributes of their students work. A final disadvantage of rubrics would be the starting process. Teachers new to rubrics typically have a difficult time developing them, mainly their score and assessment system.

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Wortham, S. C., & Hardin, B. J. (2020). Assessment in Early Childhood Education. Boston: Pearson.