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On April 23, Granada is besieged by the catholic monarchs of Spain, and Santa Fe, Granada is founded.

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Spain sends Italian explorer Christopher Columbus with three ships to sail west to find the "New World" eventually finding the Americas and beginning the American settlement. this also is when the Columbian exchange between the new world and old world is started.

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Christopher Columbus lands on the island of Borinquen. He goes on to rename the island San Juan which is now known as modern day Puerto Rico.

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In 1494 the treaty of Tordesillas is signed between the countries of Spain and Portugal. This treaty divides the newly discovered territory between both Portugal and Spain.

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On February, 1495 the French army took Naples without any force. Alfanso II of Naples was expelled and King Charles VIII was crowned king of Naples.

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On March 5, 1496 King Henry VII makes an agreement with John Cabot to explore the western hemisphere under the flag and authority of England.

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In 1497 John Cabot lands in America. This is believed to be the first European encounter with North America since the Vikings with Leif Eriksson.

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In May of 1498 John Cabot undergoes his second voyage to the New World under his English papers. This expedition would find a shorter route to the New World.

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On May 18, 1499 Alonso de Ojeda set sail from Cadiz on his voyage to what is now known as Venezuela. This helped update the map with Venezuela and help Vespucci make it to the New World.

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On March 9, 1500 Pedro Alvarez Cabral leaves Lisbon discovers Brazil. Brazil lies within the territory granted to Portugal from the Treaty of Tordesillas. This established Portugal as a major power in South America.

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On July 15, 1501 Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral arrives back in Lisbon after successfully discovering Brazil and returning from India.

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On January 20, the present day location of Rio de Janeiro is first explored. It became one of the important ports for exporting gold and precious stones.

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On May 10, 1503 Christopher Columbus visits the Cayman Islands. He goes on to name them Las Tortugas for how many turtles that were there. He was the first person recorded to have seen the islands and discovered them on his fourth journey to the New World.

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On February 29, 1504 Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of the Lunar eclipse to scare the Native Americans to giving him supplies.

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On May 20, 1506 The famous explorer Christopher Columbus who was responsible for finding the "New World" during his expedition for Spain. He dies of natural causes.

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In 1507 A German cartographer becomes the first person to put the name America on his map. His map was named the Universalis Cosmographia.

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On August 8, 1508 Juan Ponce de León founds the first European colony and oldest known European settlement in a United States territory in Caparra, Puerto Rico.

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on September 10, 1509 an earthquake hits Constantinople. This earthquake was nicknamed the lesser judgment day it killed roughly 5,000-10,000 people and destroyed Constantinople.

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In 1510 in influenza virus which is an acute respiratory disease emerges in Asia and spreads throughout North Africa and Europe. This virus was the first to chronicled across continents. This virus also caused a major disruption of churches, government, and society. The influenza pandemic of 1510 had a 1% mortality rate.

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On November 7, 1511 the treaty of Westminster was signed. The treaty was between England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire and was an anti-French treaty. This treaty promised to protect the papacy and uphold it as a holy war.

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On April 11, 1512 French forces under the command of Gaston de Foix defeat the Holy League in a major battle of the Italian wars. This event was known as the battle of Ravenna. This battle was a major win/loss for French forces who lost their leader Gaston de Foix in battle but also inflicted major damage against the Holy League.

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Ponce de León leads first known exploration to Florida. Which he names La Florida during his first voyage. He landed somewhere on the east coast of Florida where then he charted down the Atlantic Coast to the Florida Keys.

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On September 8, 1514 The battle of Orsha which was one of the biggest battles of the century. The battle was between Lithuanians and the Polish against Russia. The Battle would Be won by the Lithuanians and the Polish.

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On August 25, 1515 Spanish conquistador Diego Velazquez de Cuellar found Havana in modern day Cuba. He would become the first governor of the island. He established municipalities of that remain important to this day and made Cuba the center of trade and a staging point of expedition of conquest elsewhere.

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The first Jewish Ghetto is established in Venice compelling Jews to live in a specific area. The main purpose of the Ghetto known as the Ghetto Vecchio was to segregate Jewish people whos religion was believed to be inferior from the Christians whos religion was believed to be superior.

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On October 31, 1517 a man named Martin Luther contest the Catholic Church Due to his anger of the church profiting off of poor people with fake pardons they would sell to people to forgive their sin. Martin Luther was angered by this because he believed that you could get into heaven by just believing in god. he would write the 95 theses and post it on the church door. He would be religiously persecuted and eventually starts the Lutheran faith.

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In 1518 the treaty of London was signed. The treaty was signed between all the major powers in Europe. This includes France, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Papal States, and Spain. This treaty ensured that there would be peace in Europe meaning they would not attack each other and would help defend if any of them where under attack.

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In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan becomes the first person in history to sail completely around the world. This voyage significantly impacted and cause maps and geography books to be rewritten. During this voyage he also discovered the strait linking the Atlantic and pacific oceans at the tip of south America. Finally this voyage proved that the world was round and not flat.

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On October 21, 1520 Ferdinand Magellan Discovers the Strait of Magellan. This was an important Strait that connected the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

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On January 28, 1521 The Diet of worms begins. This would forbid anyone from providing aid or sheltering Martin Luther. The edict stated that Martin Luther should be punished as a heretic. The Diet of Worms is a key moment in the protestant reformation.

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On June 26, 1522 the Ottoman Empire began the second Siege of Rhodes. The Siege of Rhodes was to expel the knights of Rhodes from their island to secure Ottoman control of the Eastern Mediterranean. This would turn out to be successful for the Ottoman Empire

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On July 1, 1523 Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes become the first Lutheran martyrs to be burned at the stake by the Roman Catholic Church.

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January 17, 1524 marks the beginning of Giovanni da Verrazano's voyage to find a passage to the Pacific. Giovanni was an Italian explorer who was sent by King Francis I (king of France) to explore the East Coast of North America for a route to the Pacific.

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On February 24, 1525 the Spanish-Imperial army defeat French army at Battle of Pavia. This would result in the capture of King Francis I and tragic French casualties.

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Although there is no specific date on when this event started it was determined to have started in 1526. The Atlantic slave trade lasted from 1526 to 1867. The Atlantic slave trade brought roughly around 10 to 12 million enslave Africans to the Americas stating the slave culture in the West.

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On May 6, 1527 Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome, Forcing Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V(Holy Roman Emperor). This would mark the end of the High Renaissance.

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On November 6, 1528 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca becomes the first European to set foot in the area that would become Texas. This was after his ship had wrecked at Galveston Island which was off the coast of Texas.

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On May 29, 1529 the Ottoman Empire leaves Constantinople to invade Hungary once again. This was because they wanted to expand further north into central Europe.

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On June 25, 1530 the Augsburg confession is presented to Charles V who is the Holy Roman Emperor.

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On January 26, 1531 Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake, in which thousands die. This was considered one of the biggest earthquakes in Lisbon history.

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On May 13, 1532 Francisco Pizzaro lands on the Northern Coast of Peru.

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On November 15, 1533 Francisco Pizarro arrives is Cusco which is the capital of the Inca Empire. Francisco Pizarro would go on to conquer the Incas and execute their leader Atahuapla.

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On April 20, 1534 Jacques Cartier along with 2 ships and 61 men crossed the Atlantic and landed in Canada. This voyage to 20 days and he explored the west coast Newfoundland.

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On October 2, 1535 Jacques Cartier discovers the area where present day Montreal is located.

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In 1536 King Henry VIII which was the king of England accused his second wife Anne Boleyn of charges including adultery, incest, and conspiracy against the king.

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On January 16, 1537 an armed rebellion of by English Roman Catholics in Cumberland and Westmorland against King Henry VIII of England and the English Parliament. This rebellion was led by Sir Francis Bigod. This rebellion gained little support and was started due to Bigods fear of repression by the king. In the end Bigod was hung.

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On August 6, 1538 Bogota, Columbia, is founded by Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada.

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On June 3, 1539 Hernando de Soto claims Florida for Spain.

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On July 9, 1538 King Henry VIII of England divorces his fourth wife Anne Cleves. On July 28 of the same year King Henry VIII sent one of his most important political figures Thomas Cromwell on charges of treason. King Henry VIII goes on to marry his fifth wife Catherine Howard on the same day.

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On May 8, 1541 Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi river and names it Rio de Espiritu Santo. He is thought to be the first European to reach the Mississippi River.

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On July 12, 1542 With the support of the Ottoman Empire Francis once again declares war on the Holy Roman Empire. This event initiated the Italian Wars of 1542-1546. This war was between the countries of France and England.

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On July 1, 1543 the Treaty of Greenwich was signed. The Treaty of Greenwich contained two agreements both of which were signed on July 1, 1543 in Greenwich between representatives of both England and Scotland. This treaty contained a plan from King Henry VIII to unite both kingdoms.

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On April 11, 1544 the French forces defeat a Spanish army at the battle of Ceresole.

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On December 13, 1545 the Council of Trent begins. The Council of Trent was formed to help revitalize the Roman Catholic Church in the face of Protestant expansion.

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In 1546 the Treaty of Ardres is signed. This treaty was between the countries of France and England. This treaties goal was to make peace between both of the countries officially ending the Italian War.

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On January 16, 1547 Ivan the Terrible is named the Tsar of Russia. He was the first Tsar of all of Russia and created a centrally controlled government.

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On October 20, 1548 the city of La Paz Bolivia is founded

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On November 29, 1549 the Papal Conclave of 1549-50 begins. This is when a new Pope is elected.

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On October 5, 1550 the foundation of Concepcion Chile begins.

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On May 12, 1551 the National University of San Marcos the oldest university in the Americas is founded in Lima Peru.

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On October 2, 1552 begins the Conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible. This was the final battle of the Russo-Kazan Wars and led to the fall of Khanate of Kazan.

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On July 19, 1553 Queen Mary I replaces Lady Jane Grey after only nine days on the throne.

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On February 12, 1554 a year after Lady Jane Grey takes the throne for 9 days is beheaded for treason.

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On November 12, 1555 the English Parliament re-establishes Catholicism.

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On January 23, 1556 The deadliest earthquake in history happens. The Shaanxi earthquake hits shaanxi, China. The death toll may have been as high as 830,000

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On October 9, 1557 Trujillo Venezuela is founded. Would later go on as an important site for Venezuelan independence.

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On November 17, 1558 Queen Mary I dies and is succeeded by her half sister Queen Elizabeth I of England.

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On April 3, 1559 the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis treaty is signed ending the Italian Wars.

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On July 6, 1560 the Treaty of Edinburgh is signed by Scotland and England. This treaty would withdrawal British and French soldiers and left Scotland to its own affairs. This treaty would also bring an end to the Popes influence over Scotland.

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On March 2, 1561 Mendoza, Argentina is founded by Spanish conquistador Pedro del Castillo.

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On December 19, 1562 the Battle of Dreux takes place during the French Wars of Religion. This battle was fought between Catholics and Huguenots. This battle would see the French Catholics come out on top.

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On December 4, 1563 The final session of the Council of Trent takes place.

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On March 15, 1564 Emperor Akbar abolishes jizya

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On September 8, 1565 Pedro Menendez with 600 voyagers land on the shores of Florida. He went on to name this settlement St. Augustine named after a saint whose feast day was the same day he first sighted land. This is now the oldest town in all of America.

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On June 27, The thirteen Stratford Martyrs are burned at the stake near London for their protestant beliefs.

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On January 20, 1567 the Battle of Rio de Janeiro takes place. This battle was between the Portuguese forces commanded by Estacio de Sa and the French. The Portuguese forces drive the French out of Rio de Janeiro.

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On May 23, 1568 the Netherland declares their independence from Spain.

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On January 11, 1569 The first recorded lottery takes place in England

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On May 20, 1570 cartographer Abraham Ortelius issues 'Theatrum Orbis Terrarum' the first modern atlas.

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On January 23, 1571 The Royal Exchange opens in London. This was a financial institution in the City of London. It was used as a forum of transactions between merchants and traders that before had to do business in the street.

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On January 16, 1572 Thomas Howard 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason. He was tried for treason for his involvement in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.

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On January 28, 1573 the Articles of the Warsaw Confederation are signed, giving freedom of religion to Poland.

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On November 22, 1574 Juan Fernandez islands are discovered off Chile.

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On July 7, 1575 the raid of Redeswire takes place. This is the last Major battle between the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland. This battle would result in a Scottish victory over England.

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In 1576 Frobisher bay was discovered. It was discovered by Sir Martin Frobisher who though it was a straight.

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On December 13, 1577 Sir Francis Drake sets sail from England on his voyage around the world.

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On May 31, 1578 King Henry III of France lays the first stone of the Pont Neuf. This is the oldest bridge of Paris, France.

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On June 17, 1579 Sir Francis Drake Claims 'New Albion' (modern day California) for England.

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On September 26, 1580 Sir Francis Drake finishes his voyage around the world for England.

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On January 16, 1581 the English Parliament of England outlaws Roman Catholicism.

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On October 4, 1582 Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar. In Italy, Poland, Spain, and Portugal. This calendar made it so October 4 is directly followed by October 15.

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On December 17, 1583 Forces under Ernest of Bavaria defeat troops under Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg at the siege of Godesberg.

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On March 25, 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh is granted a patent to colonize Virginia.

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In 1585 the Colony of Roanoke island is established. This colony was established by Sir Walter Raleigh and was founded in the attempt to form the first permanent settlement in North America.

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On September 22, 1586 the Battle of Zutphen takes place. This battle was between the Spanish, English, and Dutch. This would result in Spain taking victory over the English and Dutch.

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On July 22, 1587 a second group of English settlers arrives on Roanoke Island to re-establish the deserted colony.

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In 1588 the British royal navy defeats the ships of the Spanish Armada and becomes ruler of the Atlantic Ocean. This was the first time long range naval weapons were introduced compared to the boarding and close combat fighting. This also established Britain as a power.

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On January 26, 1589 Job is elected as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.

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In 1590 three years after the Colony of Roanoke was founded three ships were sent to resupply the colony. When they made it to the island they discovered it deserted with no signs of the colonists. the only things left was the word Croatoan carved on a tree. The mystery of what happened to the lost colony has never been solved even to this day.