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Living organisms-
-Require nutrition
-They respire
-They excrete their waste
-They respond to their surroundings
-They move
-They control their internal conditions
-They reproduce
-They grow and develop

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M
R
S

Homeostasis- The maintenance of a constant internal enviroment.

G
R
E
N

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Movement | an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.

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Respiration | the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism.

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Sensitivity | the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses.

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Growth | a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both.

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Reproduction | the processes that make more of the same kind of organism

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Excretion | removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxicmaterials, and substances in excess of requirements.

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Nutrition | taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water.

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All living organisms can be classified into groups based on certain criteria.

One of the simplest forms of classification is to split all living things into 5 Kingdoms.

The 5 kingdoms are called animals, plants, fungi, protoctists and bacteria.

Viruses are non-living and therefore classified separately.

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Viruses are not considered living as they cannot reproduce on their own. They require another living cell, or “host.”

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-Plants
-Animals
-Fungi
-Protoctists
These 4 groups are eukaryotic organisms as their cells all possess a nucleus.

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Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms as their cells don’t have a nucleus.

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They are multicellular

They contain chloroplasts

Carry out photosynthesis therefore they are autotrophic (make their own food)

Have cellulose cell walls

Store sugar such as starch or sucrose

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They fall into two categories

Non-flowering plants

And
Flowering plants

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They are multicellular

They do not photosynthesise because they feed from other organisms (heterotrophic)

They are capable of moving from one place to another

They do not have cell walls or chloroplasts so they do not photosynthesise

They have nervous coordination (plants do not have a nervous system)

Store carbohydrates as glycogen

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Invertebrates

(do not have a spinal column, some still have spines)

And
Vertebrates

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They can be multicellular or unicellular (single celled)

They have a cell wall made of chitin (pronounced kytin) made of a network of fibres called mycelium of hyphae which have many nuclei

Feed by saprophytic nutrition using extracellular (they are heterotrophic). Using enzymes to feed from things around them which they absorb.

They live on dead and decomposing material, breaking it down.

Store carbohydrate as glycogen (like us)

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Both!
Single celled example- Yeast
Multicellular example- Mucor (bread mould)

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A strange collection of simple organisms that do not into the other groups therefore they are known as the “dustbin” kingdom.

Some are like animals some are more like plants

Most are single celled.

Most are microscopic

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More animal like- Amoeba
More plant like- Chlorella

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They are small, single celled organisms

They have a cell wall made of peptidogycan

Some of them have a capsule or slime layer

They are prokaryotic (no nucleus)

They do have genetic material, even without a nucleus

Some species have flagella for movement

Some contain plasmids (small loops of DNA)

Have one circular chromosome

Some can photosynthesise

Largest kingdom

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Rod shaped- Lactobacillus bulgaricus (Used in the production of yogurt from milk)
Spherical shaped- Pneumococcus (Causes the disease pneumonia)

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In biology, a pathogen in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ.
A variety of microorganisms can cause disease. Pathogenic organisms are of five main types: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms.

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Not made of cells,  and do not carry out any of the normal ‘characteristics’ of living organisms.

Much smaller than bacteria cells.

All are parasites (live and reproduce in a host causing it harm).

Made of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.

All natural viruses cause disease. They can infect every type of living organism.

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Tobacco mosaic virus-

Prevents the formation of chloroplasts in plants.

HIV-

Destroys the immune system causing AIDS

Influenza-

Causes the ‘flu’

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Cell wall-

Rigid outermost layer, provides support

Vacuole-

Stores toxic waste as well as useful products

Chloroplasts-

Contain green pigments that traps sunlight and turns it into sugars by the process of photosynthesis.

Ribosomes-

Produce proteins

Cell membrane-

Made of proteins. Separates cell from external environment.

Nucleus-

Control centre of cell. Contains DNA.

Cytoplasm-

Contains organelles

Mitochondria-

Powerhouse of cell. Contains energy stored in food into energy rich molecules that the cell can use.

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Why might some people not agree with the use of stem cells?

Some opponents of stem cell research argue that it offends human dignity or harms or destroys human life. Many religious groups and others oppose stem cell research involving the use and destruction of human embryos. - (The Case Against Embryonic Stem Cell Research)

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Cell differentiation is the process of stem cells becoming more specialized. Cell differentiation is important because it creates diversity in life on Earth, creates diversity within the cells of our body and allows cells to create unique structures that fit their individualized functions.