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Colonizers land on James Town.

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This is an era of French, Spanish and British involvement along with Indian’s struggle on the continent fully filled with temporary peace and long-lasting wars, including Pequot War,King Philip’s War with Indian,King William’s War between France and England ,Queen Anne’s War between France and England,Yamasee War,War of Jerkin’s Ear against Spain, King George’s War with France. And eventually, French and Indian War serves as a turning point to end the chaotic situation, in which British won the east of Mississippi, and Spain won Louisiana.

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1754 Early conformation of diplomatic agency

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1754 Early conformation of diplomatic agency

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Benjamin Franklin proposes the Albany Plan of Union, which would establish a federal government for eleven of the colonies in British North America to adjudicate colonial territorial disputes and diplomatic policy towards Native Americans; it is rejected by most of the colonial governments and never goes into effect.

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Thirteen Colonies convene the First Continental Congress and adopt a boycott of British goods and embargo on American exports in protest of the Intolerable Act.

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1777 First African country that recognize American independence 

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1777 First African country that recognize American independence 

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Morocco recognized American independence .

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American revolution war

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Department of Foreign Affairs was established

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Treaty of Paris ended Revolutionary War. England recognized American independence.

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New York–based merchants open trade with China, followed by Salem,Boston and Philadelphia merchant.

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1786 First Treaty between US and a Arabian,African  and Muslim country

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1786 First Treaty between US and a Arabian,African  and Muslim country

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Moroccan-American Treaty was signed in the US agrees to pay tribute to Morocco in exchange for a promise that Moroccan corsairs will not attack American ships. It becomes the longest unbroken treaty of America.

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1791 First U.S. involvement in a foreign nation

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1791 First U.S. involvement in a foreign nation

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In response to the beginning of the Haitian Revolution,Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson  proposes limited aid to help suppress the revolt, also pressures the French government to reach a settlement with the Haitian revolutionaries.

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President George Washington preparing to leave office and troubled by the French Revolutionary Wars in Europe, issues his famous Farewell Adresss urging Americans to avoid involvement in foreign wars, beginning a century of isolationism as the predominant foreign policy of the United States.

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It aimed to prevent piracy by securing peace between the United States and Tripoli, involving payments of tribute from the U.S. to protect American shipping. It formalized diplomatic relations and included legal provisions typical for the era, ensuring non-conflict due to religious differences by clarifying that the U.S. government was not founded on Christianity. This treaty primarily served to safeguard American maritime interests in the Mediterranean against Barbary pirates.

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1798-1800 Quasi War against American former ally

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1798-1800 Quasi War against American former ally

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After the end of the French monarchy in September 1792, the United States refused to continue to repay France's large debts, which had played a huge role in the American Revolutionary War, on the grounds that the Americans claimed that the creditor of the debt was the previous regime. At the same time, France was also angry about the Jay Treaty and trade practices between the United States and Britain. In response, France began attacking American shipping, sinking or capturing many American ships.

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April Tripoli threatens war if the US does not pay more tribute.

— July The Tripolitan warship Tripolino takes the American Catherine and  enslaves the crew.Much outrage in the US

— September 30 Convention of 1800  with France ends the Quasi-War and ends alliance of 1778. The treaty frees up the US Navy for operations against the Barbary pirates

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The First Barbary War (1801-1805) marked the United States' first significant naval conflict, establishing its naval power and demonstrating its willingness to protect American commerce against North African Barbary pirates. The war enhanced U.S. independence on the global stage, showing that it could uphold its interests without European assistance. It concluded with the Treaty of Peace and Amity in 1805, which reduced tribute demands and set a precedent for American action against overseas threats.

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Louisiana Purchase from France for $15,000,000; financed by sale of American bonds in London, and shipment of gold from London to Paris.

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1805 first American effort at regime change 

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1805 first American effort at regime change 

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The United States supported an effort to reinstate Hamet Karamanli, the rightful ruler of Tripoli, who had been deposed by his brother Yusuf Karamanli. This was part of a broader military strategy by the U.S. aimed at ending the piracy threats from the Barbary pirates and reducing the tributes demanded by these states.

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War of 1812 - Focused on asserting sovereignty and trade rights against British interference.

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This was a significant early statement of U.S. foreign policy, asserting that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the nations of the Americas. The U.S. proclaimed itself the protector of the Western Hemisphere, laying the groundwork for future American intervention in regional affairs

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Siam (Thailand), The Roberts Treaty of 1833; stipulates free trade with few limitations, most favored nation  status, and relief for US citizens in cases of shipwreck, piracy, or bankruptcy.

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Annexation of Republic of Texas; Mexico breaks relations in retaliation

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Mexican-American War - Manifestation of "Manifest Destiny," the belief in U.S. expansion across North America.The United States acquiring vast territories including California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

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1854 Start Influence in East Asia -Japan 

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1854 Start Influence in East Asia -Japan 

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Kanagawa Treaty; Mathew Perry to Tokyo in 1853; returning 1854 with seven warships; treaty opened two Japanese ports and guaranteeing the safety of shipwrecked American seamen.

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Harris Treaty was  signed between the United States and Tokugawa Shogunate , which opened the ports of Kanagawa and four other Japanese cities to trade and granted extraterriorility  to foreigners.Japan starts to westernize after this. With Meiji Restoration, it later became the only one imperial power in Asia.

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Purchase of Alaska - Expansion of U.S. territory and influence

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1868 Establish friendly relations with China

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1868 Establish friendly relations with China

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Burlingame Treaty established formal friendly relations with China and placed them on most favored nation status, Chinese immigration encouraged; reversed in 1882 Chinese Exclusion Law.

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Spanish-American War - Marked the U.S. as a global power; acquisition of overseas territories (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico).

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Philippine-American War - Controversial and brutal assertion of U.S. control over the Philippines.

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U.S. businessman overthrew the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893, and congress annexed it in 1898.

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Open Door Policy for equal trading rights inside China; accepted by Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Russia and Japan

1900 – US forces participate in international rescue in Peking, in Boxer Rebellion

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Theodore Roosevelt; "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far".The idea is negotiating peacefully but also having strength in case things go wrong. Simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military.

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President Wilson’s decision to enter World War I marked the U.S.s first major involvement in European conflicts and signaled a shift towards more interventionist foreign policies.

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Wilsonianism refers to the foreign policy approach of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, advocating for liberal internationalism and the spread of American democratic values to ensure global peace. Key principles include the promotion of democracy and self-determination, allowing nations to choose their own governments without external interference. Wilson also supported international law and collective security, leading to his proposal for the League of Nations to resolve conflicts through diplomacy. His advocacy for open diplomacy opposed secret treaties and influenced future international relations and institutions, like the United Nations.

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U.S. decides against joining, reflecting isolationist tendencies.

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1941-1945 America Joined the World War II 

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1941-1945 America Joined the World War II 

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Japan, with a growing ambition of conquering Asia and excluding western influence in Asia, attacked U.S naval base in Hawaii and dragged America into the war.

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After World War II, the United States led the effort to establish the United Nations, aiming to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. This was part of a broader strategy to spread democratic values and contain communism.

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The communists military won the civil war, and started its rule in mainland China until today. American supported national government retreated to Taiwan, which caused the separation and confrontation of mainland China and Taiwan for 75 years. Today Taiwan’s relation with mainland China becomes the decisive factor of a peaceful pacific as China becomes more and more aggressive and ambitious towards the reunification. Although the United States has consistently stated its support for the One-China policy, it has continued to provide military aid to Taiwan.

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Beginning of containment policy against Soviet communism.

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Massive aid program to rebuild and stabilize Europe after World War II, which symbolized the rising power of America and the decay of European countries like UK and France.

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A Military alliance to counter Soviet influence in Europe. And it still plays an important role later in Balkan Conflicts and Middle East, as well as Ukraine.

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It involved direct military engagement between U.S.-led United Nations forces supporting South Korea and Chinese forces supporting North Korea, with the Soviet Union providing support to the North. The war started with northern invasion in South Korea, ends with similar boundaries between two countries, which continues to create tensions and cause instability today.

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1961 Involvement in Central America:Bay of Pigs Invasion 

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1961 Involvement in Central America:Bay of Pigs Invasion 

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A Failed U.S. attempt to overthrow the communist Cuban government and eventually led to the Cuban Missile crisis in 1962.

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It was a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The crisis lasted from 16 to 28 October 1962. The confrontation is widely considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into full-scale nuclear war.

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American intervened Vietnam war by supporting South Vietnam against the North Vietnam under communist rule. Vietnam became unified after American retreated from Saigon.

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1979 US switches diplomatic recognition from the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the People's Republic of China 

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1979 US switches diplomatic recognition from the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the People's Republic of China 

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The act allows the U.S. to provide Taiwan with defensive arms but does not officially recognize Taiwan as an independent state, adhering to the U.S.'s "One China" policy.

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1979 Iran hostage crisis-a low in U.S.—Middle East relations

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1979 Iran hostage crisis-a low in U.S.—Middle East relations

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The Iran Hostage Crisis was a diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States that lasted from November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981. It began when Iranian militants seized the United States Embassy in Tehran, taking 52 American diplomats and citizens hostage. The militants demanded the extradition of the deposed Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was receiving medical treatment in the United States, to stand trial in Iran.The crisis came to an end on January 20, 1981, when, moments after Ronald Reagan's presidential inauguration, the hostages were released as part of a negotiated agreement between the United States and Iran.

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1981 Memorandum of Understanding on Strategic Cooperation 

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1981 Memorandum of Understanding on Strategic Cooperation 

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This agreement marked a formal basis for military cooperation between the U.S. and Israel, facilitating joint military exercises and establishing a framework for U.S. military aid and strategic collaboration.

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U.S.-led coalition expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait.

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It prohibited Russia, the United States and the United Kingdom from threatening or using military force or economic coercion against Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan, "except in self-defense or otherwise in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations ." As a result of other agreements and the memorandum, between 1993 and 1996, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine gave up their nuclear weapons. It was broken by Russia since 2014 when Russia annexed Crimea and started a total invasion of Ukraine in 2022

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U.S. and NATO Intervention in Bosnia and Kosovo under humanitarian pretexts.

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It led to the Global War on Terror, and Afghanistan War(2001-2021).

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The Bush Doctrine, established during George W. Bush's presidency, advocated preemptive military action to counter perceived threats to the United States. It emphasized the promotion of democracy and regime change in countries deemed hostile, notably leading to the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. The doctrine prioritized American national security and global leadership, often bypassing international organizations like the United Nations. It framed terrorism as a global struggle and influenced U.S. foreign policy, sparking debate over its effectiveness and consequences.

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A Controversial invasion based on WMD allegations.

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Intervention in Libya - NATO-led operation against Gaddafi.

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A continuing from of isolationism and nationalism, which leads to today’s controversy on whether America should continue to support Ukraine and Taiwan.

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President Trump issues a series of tariffs on goods from countries such as China, India, Canada, Mexico, and the European Union. The trade partners in turn issue retaliatory tariffs. A  trade war with China begins.

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U.S. and NATO continuously aid Ukraine with weapons.

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Though controversial debates on American stance are really polarizing, U.S government and some European allies solidly support Israeli military operation in Gaza after Hamas committed terrorist attack in October 2023.