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Gregor Mendel, through his work with pea plants, discovers the fundamental laws of inheritance, laying the groundwork for understanding how traits are passed down, including mutations.

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1902: Chromosomes Identified as Gene Carriers

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1902: Chromosomes Identified as Gene Carriers

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Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri independently propose that chromosomes are the vehicles through which genes and thus mutations are passed down from parents to offspring.

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James Watson and Francis Crick unveil the double helix structure of DNA, highlighting the mechanism through which genetic information is stored and how mutations in DNA can lead to changes in organisms.

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Frederick Sanger develops the method for sequencing DNA, allowing scientists to read the exact order of nucleotides in DNA. This innovation enables the identification of specific genetic mutations.

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The completion of the Human Genome Project provides a comprehensive map of all human genes, including mutations that can cause diseases. This accomplishment revolutionizes the understanding of the genetic foundation of health and disease.

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Scientists develop CRISPR-Cas9, a technology that enables precise editing of DNA, including the ability to correct harmful mutations. This discovery has potential implications for treating genetic disorders.

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The ongoing development of personalized medicine, tailored to individual genetic makeups, shows promise in treating disorders by targeting specific genetic mutations. This represents a significant leap towards customizing healthcare based on genetic information.