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Duke Ellington: “Music is my mistress, and she plays second fiddle to no one.”

During a career that spanned more than 50 years, Ellington almost single handedly changed the way people throughout the world regarded the uniquely American form of music known as jazz. In his hands, jazz became serious art, as lyrical and as complex as any symphony. Ellington is regarded as a jazz virtuoso by the many admirers of his vast and exciting repertoire.

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"Charlie Parker." In Contemporary Black Biography. Vol. 20. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1999. Gale In Context: Biography (accessed June 19, 2024). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1606000204/BIC?u=mlin_n_saugushs&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=3853173b.

"Duke Ellington." In Contemporary Heroes and Heroines. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2024. Gale In Context: Biography (accessed June 19, 2024). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1607000087/BIC?u=mlin_n_saugushs&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=929966af.

Fripp, Matt. "What Are the Different Styles and Types of Jazz Music?" Jazzfuel. Last modified February 26, 2024. https://jazzfuel.com/types-of-jazz-music-styles/.

Hill, Ian. "Fletcher Henderson." New Georgia Encyclopedia, last modified Jul 16, 2018. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/fletcher-henderson-1897-1952/

"Louis Daniel Armstrong." In Gale Biography Online Collection. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2010. Gale In Context: Biography (accessed June 19, 2024). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/PC4295801658/BIC?u=mlin_n_saugushs&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=d98edec4.

"Miles Davis." In Contemporary Black Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit, MI: Gale, 1993. Gale In Context: Biography (accessed June 19, 2024). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1606000809/BIC?u=mlin_n_saugushs&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=5a5ecd0a.

National Public Radio. "Louis Armstrong's Dazzling Archive Has a New Home — His." National Public Radio. Last modified July 6, 2023. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1186099303.

Smithsonian Institution. "What is Jazz?" National Museum of American History. Last modified June 13, 2023. https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/projects/smithsonian-jazz/education/what-jazz.

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4. Modern Jazz & Contemporary Jazz Today

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4. Modern Jazz & Contemporary Jazz Today

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Modern or Contemporary Jazz is a rather vague term that covers a range of sub-genres, but generally refers to music that is more current than styles like swing, bebop and modal jazz. More current but still influenced by those previous Jazz styles. Modern Jazz artists include: Esperanza Spalding, Brad Mehldau, and Vijay Iyer.

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Big Band or Swing began around 1920 and was at its height during the Second World War. Because Big Band was often instrumental it became a world wide phenomenon. The Big Band line up usually included seventeen musicians. This was typically five saxophones, four trombones, four trumpets, and a rhythm section composed of: piano, double bass, and drums.

Vocalist of note: Ella Fitzgerald, and early Frank Sinatra.

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Fletcher Henderson: 'Architect of Swing'

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Fletcher Henderson: 'Architect of Swing'

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Bebop was a musical rebellion, and reaction, to Big Band and Swing. A radical musical departure marked by a more close relationship with the music and the audience. Bebop featured a quartet and contained complex rhythms with a focus on improvisation and musical artistry versus prior dance centered music. Bebop Jazz Musicians of note are: Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, and John Coltrane.

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Mehldau original compositions [work in} elliptical lines, volatile rhythmic figures and unexpected bursts of color and dissonance ... prove that Mehldau writes as cleverly as he plays. The originality of these compositions is startling to behold. With his roots in classical music, and a repertoire that included an array of standards, Mehldau had proven from the beginning that his music represented a deeper commitment to more than commercial popularity.

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Renowned trumpet player Miles Davis was a great inspiration not only to musicians the world over, but to music scribes and theorists as well; admirers and critics alike have written so much on Davis's place in the history of music that they have amply ensured their occasionally embattled subject's position as a bona fide cultural icon. To some he was a near-mythic maverick who in his more than 40-year career in jazz flamboyantly blazed a trail of musical innovation.

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Early Jazz was also known as "Dixieland"

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Early Jazz was also known as "Dixieland"

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Dixieland's trademark sound was typically a trumpet, clarinet, trombone, and a rhythm section

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Charlie Parker had a tremendous impact on a new generation of jazz musicians. In cities across the country, jazz instrumentalists sought to play in the Parker-style. Known to fellow musicians as by his nickname Yardbird, Yard, or Bird, Parker expanded the musical horizons of jazz and influenced various instrumentalists with his unique phrasing and harmonic conception. While Parker's blues-based compositions elevated the form to a new creative level, his deep interest in the modern symphonic works of composers such as Igor Stravinsky and Bela Bartok inspired countless other jazzmen to study classical music.

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Louis Daniel Armstrong

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Jazz was born in the early part of the twentieth century in New Orleans. New Orleans had a profound impact on birthing Jazz because of its multicultural and diverse nature in a segregated Jim Crow south. New Orleans was a true American (E Pluribus Unum) melting pot reflecting the city's diverse population “whereby people of African, French, Caribbean, Italian, German, Mexican, and American Indian, as well as English, descent interacted with one another.”

Notable musicians of this era are Louis Daniel Armstrong, Bix Beiderbecke, Jelly Roll Morton, and Buddy Bolden.