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Discrimination Against Black Americans Through A Legal Lens

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Discrimination Against Black Americans Through A Legal Lens

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"Jim Crow laws were a collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation. Named after a Black minstrel show character, the laws—which existed for about 100 years, from the post-Civil War era until 1968—were meant to marginalize African Americans by denying them the right to vote, hold jobs, get an education or other opportunities. Those who attempted to defy Jim Crow laws often faced arrest, fines, jail sentences, violence and death." (History.com Editors)

Source: History.com Editors. Jim Crow Laws, A&E Television Networks, 2018.

https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws

Accessed 27 July 2024

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Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot during a peaceful protest and passed 8 days after the shooting. His death inspired the march that led to The Voting Rights Act of 1965 being passed. "On 7 March 1965, the day the march first set off from Selma, Sheriff Jim Clark’s deputies attacked demonstrators with tear gas, batons, and whips. Images of the attack were nationally televised and at least one network interrupted regular programming to broadcast the violence of “Bloody Sunday.” Two white civil rights workers, Viola Liuzzo and Reverend James Reeb, were later killed during the campaign.  In August, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into law." (Stanford University)

Source: Stanford University. Jackson, Jimmie Lee. https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/jackson-jimmie-lee. Accessed 27 July 2024

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Discrimination Against Asian Americans Through a  Social Lens 

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Discrimination Against Asian Americans Through a  Social Lens 

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Neil G. Ruiz, Carolyne Im amd Ziyao Tian. Decrimination Experiences Shape Most Asian American Lives. Pew Research Center 2023. https://www.pewresearch.org/2023/11/30/asian-americans-experiences-with-discrimination-in-their-daily-lives/

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Most Asian Americans experience discrimination in many parts of their day-to-day lives. In the survey, we asked Asian American adults if they have ever experienced discrimination or been treated unfairly because of their race or ethnicity.

In addition to this broad question, we also asked whether they have experienced specific discrimination incidents in their everyday life. These include incidents in interpersonal encounters with strangers; at security checkpoints; with the police; in the workplace; at restaurants or stores; and in their neighborhoods.

About six-in-ten Asian adults (58%) say they have ever experienced racial discrimination or been treated unfairly because of their race or ethnicity. This includes 53% of Asian adults who say they have experienced racial discrimination from time to time and 5% who say they experience it regularly.

Whether Asian adults say they have experienced racial discrimination varies across some demographic groups:

Ethnic origin: 67% of Korean adults say they have experienced racial discrimination, higher than the shares among Vietnamese (57%), Filipino (55%) and Indian (50%) adults.

Nativity: U.S.-born Asian adults are more likely than immigrants to say they have experienced racial discrimination, 65% versus 55%.

Immigrant generation: 69% of Asian immigrants who are 1.5 generation - those who came to the U.S before they were 18 years old - say they have ever experienced racial discrimination. About half of immigrants who traveled to the U.S. as adults (first generation) say the same.

Years in U.S.: 45% of immigrants who arrived in the U.S. in the last decade say they have experienced racial discrimination, compared with 60% of those who have been in the U.S. for more than 20 years.

Discrimination in interpersonal encounters with strangers

In the survey, we asked Asian adults whether they have experienced discrimination incidents in their daily interpersonal encounters with strangers.

37% of Asian adults say strangers have called them offensive names.

18% say strangers have acted as if they thought they were dishonest.

12% say people have acted as if they were afraid of them.

Experiences with offensive name-calling

About 37% of Asian adults say that in day-to-day encounters in the U.S., strangers have called them offensive names. Whether Asian adults say they have had this experience is associated with their experiences with immigration:

57% of U.S.-born Asian adults say strangers have called them offensive names. They are nearly twice as likely as Asian immigrants (30%) to say this.

Among immigrants, 54% of Asian adults who immigrated as children (1.5 generation) say they have been called offensive names by strangers, while 20% of those who immigrated as adults (first generation) say the same.

39% of immigrants who have been in the U.S. for more than two decades say they have been called offensive names. By contrast, 16% of those who immigrated 10 years ago or less say the same.

Responses also vary across other demographic groups:

Ethnic origin: 26% of Indian adults say strangers have called them offensive names, a lower share than other origin groups.

Regional origin: This pattern is also echoed among regional origin groups. Among South Asian adults overall, 29% say they have been called offensive names, compared with higher shares of East (41%) and Southeast (39%) Asian adults.

Age: About four-in-ten Asian adults under 50 years old say they have been called offensive names, compared with 33% of those 50 to 64 and 25% of those 65 and older.

Race: 50% of Asian adults who identify with two or more races - that is, those who identify as Asian in addition to at least one other race - say they have been called offensive names by strangers during day-to-day encounters. In comparison, 36% of those who are single race - those who identify as Asian and no other race - say the same.

In the survey, we also asked Asian Americans whether they have ever hidden part of their heritage - including cultural customs, food, clothing or religious practices - from non-Asians. Whether Asian Americans have hidden their culture is associated with their experiences of being called offensive names:

60% of Asian adults who have hidden their heritage say they have also been called offensive names by strangers, compared with 32% of those who have not hidden part of their heritage.

In their own words: Asian Americans' experiences of being called slurs and offensive names

A note to readers

This section contains racial slurs and other terms that may be offensive to readers. Quotations have been lightly edited for grammar, spelling and clarity, but we have chosen not to censor language out of respect to those who agreed to share their personal experiences.

In the 2021 focus groups of Asian Americans, many participants talked about their experiences being bullied, harassed or called offensive names because of their race or ethnicity:

Experiences with people treating them like they are dishonest or afraid of them

About a quarter of Asian adults (23%) say they have had at least one encounter in which a stranger acted like they were dishonest or afraid of them. This includes 18% who say strangers have acted as if they were dishonest and 12% who say people have acted as if they were afraid of them.

There are differences across some Asian origin groups:

Ethnic origin: 37% of those who collectively belong to less populous Asian origin groups (those categorized as some "other" origin in this report) say they have had at least one of these experiences. This is higher than the shares among the six largest Asian origin groups.

Regional origin: 26% each of South and Southeast Asian adults say strangers have treated them at least one of these ways, compared with 18% of East Asian adults.

Racial discrimination at security checkpoints

Among Asian adults overall, 20% say they have been held back at a security checkpoint for a secondary screening because of their race or ethnicity.

Across regional origin groups, South Asian adults are the most likely to have this experience, with 35% saying so. This is about twice the shares among Southeast (15%) and East (14%) Asian adults who say the same.

Among South Asian adults, those born in the U.S. are more likely than immigrants to say they have had this experience.

There are also key findings by religion among Asian Americans:

Asian American Muslims are more likely than some other religious groups - including Asian Hindus, those who are religiously unaffiliated, Christians and Buddhists - to say that they have been stopped at a security checkpoint for a secondary screening because of their race or ethnicity.

About a quarter of Asian Hindus also say they have had this experience.

Notably, South Asian adults make up a higher share of Asian Muslims and Hindus in the U.S. than other regional Asian origin groups.

In their own words: Asian Americans' experiences with racial profiling at airports and other post-9/11 discrimination experiences

Some participants of South Asian origin in our 2021 focus groups of Asian Americans talked about facing discriminatory backlash after the events of Sept. 11, 2001.

Some participants talked about their experiences with being racially profiled by airport security:

Other participants talked about other physical attacks or ways they and their family had to change their behavior:

Backlash against Muslims, Sikhs, Arabs and South Asians post-9/11

Following the Sept. 11 attacks, discrimination against Muslims, Sikhs, Arabs, South Asians and others perceived to be part of these groups in the U.S. increased. Amid concern about national security among government officials and the general public alike, there were significant changes in immigration law and policy, including the formation the Department of Homeland Security, the creation of the National Security Entry-Exit Registration System and the passage of the USA/PATRIOT Act, among others.

Muslim Americans faced increased scrutiny and surveillance. Other religious and ethnic groups also became targets of discrimination incidents and hate crimes, including the 2012 mass shooting at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin.

Anti-Muslim sentiment and scrutiny has continued in recent years and continues to touch the lives of Muslims, Sikhs, Arabs and South Asians living in the U.S. Previous Pew Research Center surveys have found that from 2007 to 2017, increasing shares of Muslim Americans said they have personally experienced discrimination. And among the American public, people held more negative views of Muslims and Islam after the Sept. 11 attacks.

Encounters with police because of race or ethnicity

About one-in-ten Asian adults (11%) say they have been stopped, searched or questioned by the police because of their race or ethnicity.

Whether Asian Americans say they have had this experience varies somewhat across demographic groups:

Ethnic origin: 17% of Asian adults who belong to less populous origin groups say they have had an encounter with the police because of their race or ethnicity. This is higher than the shares among Korean (8%), Vietnamese (7%), Chinese (7%) and Japanese (7%) adults who say the same.

Regional origin: 14% of South and 13% of Southeast Asian adults say they have had this experience, while about half that share of East Asian adults (7%) say the same.

Income: 17% of Asian adults who have a family income under $30,000 say they have been stopped, searched or questioned by the police because of their race or ethnicity, compared with about one-in-ten adults with higher incomes.

Race: 18% of Asian adults who identify with two or more races say they have had this experience, compared with 10% of Asian adults who are single race.

There are also some findings based on how others perceive Asian Americans' racial or ethnic identity:

About one-in-ten Asian adults who are perceived as Chinese or Asian say they have been stopped, searched or questioned by the police because of their race or ethnicity.

A somewhat larger share of Asian adults who are perceived as some other non-White and non-Asian race or ethnicity say the same.

Racial discrimination in the workplace

About one-in-five Asian adults (22%) say they have experienced at least one of three forms of workplace discrimination because of their race or ethnicity:

15% of Asian Americans say they have been turned down for a job.

14% say they have been denied a promotion.

5% say they have been fired from a job.

Asian Americans' experiences with race-based workplace discrimination vary across some demographic groups:

Ethnic origin: Japanese adults are the least likely to say they have experienced at least one of these three incidents of racial discrimination in the workplace. Compared with other origin groups, they are less likely to say they have been turned down for a job (5%) or denied a promotion (4%).

Immigrant generation: Among those born in the U.S., 27% of third- or higher-generation Asian Americans say they have experienced at least one of three incidents of workplace discrimination, while 17% among the second generation say the same. About 13% of those in third or higher generations say they have been fired from a job because of their race or ethnicity, compared with 5% of second-generation Asian adults who say the same.

Gender: Asian men are slightly more likely than Asian women to say they have been denied a promotion because of their race or ethnicity (16% vs. 11%). On the other two measures, nearly identical shares of men and women say they have had the experience.

In a December 2022 Pew Research Center report, we explored Asian immigrants' experiences with navigating language barriers in the United States. The following findings are related to some of the survey findings on Asian immigrants' experiences of discrimination in the workplace:

Many participants pointed to their difficulties speaking in English as a major reason they struggled to find employment. For example, many discussed struggling in interviews or feeling like they did not receive callbacks due to their language ability.

Some participants shared that once employed, language barriers slowed their professional success and advancement.

Participants also noted that their accents when speaking English affected how they were treated at work, including having their co-workers or customers treat them differently or missing out on opportunities.

Quality of service in restaurants and stores

Four-in-ten Asian adults say they have received poorer service than other people at restaurants or stores. This varies somewhat across demographic groups:

Ethnic origin: 48% of those who belong to less populous origin groups say they have had this experience, compared with smaller shares of Chinese (37%) and Vietnamese (31%) adults.

Nativity: 48% of U.S.-born adults say they have received poorer service, while 37% of immigrants say the same.

Immigrant generation: 49% of Asian adults who are the children of immigrant parents (second generation) and 46% of Asian adults who immigrated as children (1.5 generation) say they have received poorer service at restaurants or stores. Among third- or higher-generation Asian Americans, 42% have had this experience, as have 34% of the first generation.

Language: 46% of Asian adults who primarily speak English say they have had this experience, compared with 39% those who are bilingual and 26% of those who primarily speak their Asian origin language.

Party: 45% of Asian adults who identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party say they have received poorer service, higher than the share among Republicans and Republican leaners (32%).

Education: More than four-in-ten Asian adults with a bachelor's degree or higher say this has happened to them, compared with roughly one-third of those with some college experience or less.

Discrimination in neighborhoods

About one-in-ten Asian adults (12%) say neighbors have made life difficult for them or their family because of their race or ethnicity. And 4% say they have been prevented from moving into a neighborhood by a landlord or realtor for the same reason.

Asian Americans' experiences of housing and social discrimination in neighborhoods differs across some demographic factors:

Nativity: 16% of U.S.-born Asian adults say neighbors have made life difficult for them or their family, compared with 10% of Asian immigrants.

Immigrant generation: Third-generation Asian Americans (9%) are more likely than the second generation and all Asian immigrants to say they have been prevented from moving into a neighborhood by a landlord or realtor because of their race or ethnicity.

Income: 9% of Asian adults with family incomes of less than $30,000 say they have been prevented from moving into a neighborhood by a landlord or realtor due to their race or ethnicity, compared with about 5% or fewer among those who make $30,000 or more.

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1. Asian Americans' experiences with discrimination in their daily lives

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Most Asian Americans experience discrimination in many parts of their day-to-day lives. In the survey, we asked Asian American adults if they have ever

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            Analyzing the commonalities between different lenses of racial discrimination and their influence on Modern America

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            Analyzing the commonalities between different lenses of racial discrimination and their influence on Modern America

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Descrimmination Against Arab Americans Through A Relgious Lens

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Descrimmination Against Arab Americans Through A Relgious Lens

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Arabs in the U.S. are often assumed to be Muslims. A common misconception in the U.S. is that Muslims, Persians, and Arabs are all the same. This feeds into stereotypes and ropes "Muslims" into the race category. Similar to how people who follow Christianity are called Christians, the people who follow Islam are called Muslims. The following is a quote from news covering Arab Heritage Month, “Muslim and Arab identities have long been conflated, particularly by those who seek to villainize both, making anti-Muslim hate part and parcel of anti-Arab” racism, according to the organization." (Anti-Arab Hate, Harassment and Threats Loom Over This Year’s Arab American Heritage Month, 2024)

There are two major points of discrimination I aim to highlight

1. Arabs are discriminated against (not hired, cap levels of promotions, etc.) because people either assume they are Muslim or hold prejudice that they are a person of color.

2. Discrimination against someone because they are assumed to be Muslim is discrimination based on the religion as well as the person.

Anti-Arab hate, harassment and threats loom over this year’s Arab American Heritage Month. (2024, April 13). NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/arab-american-history-month-2024-rcna146874

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Although each race was paired with one form of discrimination, they are not limited to the ones associated with them here. Discrimination against Asian Americans through a social lens can be applied to Black or Arab Americans. Slurs, derogatory words, and comments can and are also something those groups face. Each group of people discussed has stereotypes that bleed from culture to religion and race. Until people open their eyes enough to learn that Muslim is a religious term and not a race, black people are not inherently violent, and the Asian population in America is comprised of more than Chinese backgrounds/ancestry, the bias against these people in America will not go anywhere.

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The most common criticisms on this topic involve the denial of its existence. People who refuse to acknowledge the issue typically do so because they don't see one present. They argue that everyone is equal in the law and any other form of discrimination is rare or "will die off with the oldest living generation"

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Discrimination is relevant today in America because it is still prevalent. While laws like Jim Crow don't exist anymore, their effects impact modern-day America. Prejudice is passed through generations. Protests for black equality have probably been the most frequently talked about in the media. It's an undeniably important issue and when discussing it, one should think about all the races that slip through the cracks of inequality.

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Sources: History.com Editors. Jim Crow Laws, A&E Television Networks, 2018.

https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws

Accessed 27 July 2024

Neil G. Ruiz, Carolyne Im amd Ziyao Tian. Decrimination Experiences Shape Most Asian American Lives. Pew Research Center 2023. https://www.pewresearch.org/2023/11/30/asian-americans-experiences-with-discrimination-in-their-daily-lives/

Stanford University. Jackson, Jimmie Lee. https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/jackson-jimmie-lee. Accessed 27 July 2024

Jim Crow Laws. PBS, https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws

Anti-Arab hate, harassment and threats loom over this year’s Arab American Heritage Month. (2024, April 13). NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/arab-american-history-month-2024-rcna146874