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The resolution to WWI that squarely blamed Germany by demanding billions in reparations and destroying German military infrastructure

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Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation

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The campaign to allow female voters

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The practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price and borrow the rest at high interest rates.

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The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest.

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The political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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The traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders

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Negative term for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age who made fortunes by monopolizing huge industries through unethical business practices

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The idea that extremely wealthy Americans had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good.

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Positive name for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age, implying that they helped the United States become strong through their business pursuits

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An organized group of workers that use collective bargaining to improve working conditions

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A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation

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The age between the Civil War and WWI when the American economy grew rapidly and individuals were able to use monopolies to amass great wealth

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A man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States

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The idea that the wealthy and powerful were naturally superior and deserved their success

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Known as the steel king; he integrated every phase of his steel-making operation.He pioneered "Vertical Integration" to improve efficiency by controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production and eliminating the middleman

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Patterns of movement across the country, including waves of new immigrants and formerly enslaved people moving toward urban centers

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The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical

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When writers sought to expose corruption in big business and government

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A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money

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The fight for the suffrage (voting) for half of the population

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Opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies, but promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

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Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention that dramatically improved the speed for processing cotton, changing the trajectory of cotton production in the United States

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Pro Slavery, favored secession from Union, States' rights, agrarian-oriented, opposed gold standard, supported lowering tariff, and opposed imperialism in 1890s

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Machine invented by Samuel Morse that used a system of dots and dashes to send messages across long distances electronically through a wire. It connected the different hemispheres of the world, allowing for more communication between people.

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Campaign to end slavery

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Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

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Movement dedicated to promoting moderation and, more often, complete abstinence in the use of alcohol

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Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

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Human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, very important for early travel

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Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of Judicial Review, which grants the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional

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The British forcibly enlisted thousands of American men into the Royal Navy from passing ships, and refused to recognize that Americans had renounced their British citizenship

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Manufacturing businesses first created in the late eighteenth century that concentrated all aspects of production under one roof, reorganized production and divided work. The key aspect was that it was under one roof and had specialized tasks. Made the production faster and more efficient.

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Group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power

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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion

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An eighteenth-century philosophical movement that began in Western Europe with roots in the Scientific Revolution

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation.

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A colonist who supported British rule

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A colonist who rebelled against British rule

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Near the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army had not received pay for many years and threatened to abandon the fight, if they were not compensated

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One of the biggest accomplishments of the Articles of Confederation. This established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union

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Before the American constitution, this established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes

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Supporters of the new Constitution and a strong federal government. They fear a weak government. Generally very wealthy.

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The decision to have a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, and one house with an equal number of representatives for every state.

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the (British) Crown

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Supporters of the Articles of Confederation, not the Constitution. They fear a tyrannical national government with too much power and strongly advocate for the Bill of Rights.

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A period from the early 1600s to the mid 1700s where British Parliamentary Laws were not enforced on the colonists

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England.

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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Colonies founded by the Puritans for religious purposes. Goal was to create a society as God intended.

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An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. These new landlords were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. The system was rife with abuse, however. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

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The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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State of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached.