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🌙 بأجمل النفحات، وأطيب

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🌙 بأجمل النفحات، وأطيب الكلمات، وأرقّ الأمنيات، أهنئكم بحلول عيد الأضحى المبارك، أعاده الله علينا وعليكم باليُمن والبركات.

🌿 تقبل الله طاعتكم، وأدام عليكم نعمة الصحة والسعادة، وجعل أيامكم أعيادًا وأفراحًا لا تنتهي.

🕊️ في عيد الأضحى، أسأل الله أن يرزقكم سكينة القلب، وصفاء الروح، وسعادة لا تزول.

🌸 كل عام وأنتم في أتمّ صحة وعافية، وأقرب إلى الله قربًا يملأ قلوبكم نورًا وطمأنينة.

🕋 عيدكم مبارك، تقبل الله منكم صالح الأعمال، وجعل أضحيتكم شاهدًا على إخلاصكم وإيمانكم.

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نقاط الامتحان الأول الصورة 02

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نقاط الامتحان الأول الصورة 02

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نقاط الامتحان الأول _2

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نقاط الامتحان الأول الصورة 01

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نقاط الامتحان الأول الصورة 01

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نقاط الامتحان الأول _1

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Table of Contents

1. Emancipation and Reconstruction

2. Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction

3. Radical Reconstruction

4. Reconstruction Comes to an End

Reconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into the United States. Under the administration of President Andrew Johnson in 1865 and 1866, new southern state legislatures passed restrictive " Black Codes " to control the labor and behavior of former enslaved people and other African Americans.

Outrage in the North over these codes eroded support for the approach known as Presidential Reconstruction and led to the triumph of the more radical wing of the Republican Party. During Radical Reconstruction, which began with the passage of the Reconstruction Act of 1867, newly enfranchised Black people gained a voice in government for the first time in American history, winning election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. Congress. In less than a decade, however, reactionary forces-including the Ku Klux Klan -would reverse the changes wrought by Radical Reconstruction in a violent backlash that restored white supremacy in the South.

Emancipation and Reconstruction

At the outset of the Civil War, to the dismay of the more radical abolitionists in the North, President Abraham Lincoln did not make abolition of slavery a goal of the Union war effort. To do so, he feared, would drive the border slave states still loyal to the Union into the Confederacy and anger more conservative northerners. By the summer of 1862, however, enslaved people, themselves had pushed the issue, heading by the thousands to the Union lines as Lincoln's troops marched through the South.

Their actions debunked one of the strongest myths underlying Southern devotion to the "peculiar institution"-that many enslaved people were truly content in bondage-and convinced Lincoln that emancipation had become a political and military necessity. In response to Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which freed more than 3 million enslaved people in the Confederate states by January 1, 1863, Black people enlisted in the Union Army in large numbers, reaching some 180,000 by war's end.

Did you know? During Reconstruction, the Republican Party in the South represented a coalition of Black people (who made up the overwhelming majority of Republican voters in the region) along with "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags," as white Republicans from the North and South, respectively, were known.

Emancipation changed the stakes of the Civil War, ensuring that a Union victory would mean large-scale social revolution in the South. It was still very unclear, however, what form this revolution would take. Over the next several years, Lincoln considered ideas about how to welcome the devastated South back into the Union, but as the war drew to a close in early 1865, he still had no clear plan.

In a speech delivered on April 11, while referring to plans for Reconstruction in Louisiana, Lincoln proposed that some Black people-including free Black people and those who had enlisted in the military-deserved the right to vote. He was assassinated three days later, however, and it would fall to his successor to put plans for Reconstruction in place.

Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction

At the end of May 1865, President Andrew Johnson announced his plans for Reconstruction, which reflected both his staunch Unionism and his firm belief in states' rights. In Johnson's view, the southern states had never given up their right to govern themselves, and the federal government had no right to determine voting requirements or other questions at the state level.

Under Johnson's Presidential Reconstruction, all land that had been confiscated by the Union Army and distributed to the formerly enslaved people by the army or the Freedmen's Bureau (established by Congress in 1865) reverted to its prewar owners. Apart from being required to uphold the abolition of slavery (in compliance with the 13th Amendment to the Constitution), swear loyalty to the Union and pay off war debt, southern state governments were given free rein to rebuild themselves.

As a result of Johnson's leniency, many southern states in 1865 and 1866 successfully enacted a series of laws known as the " black codes," which were designed to restrict freed Black peoples' activity and ensure their availability as a labor force. These repressive codes enraged many in the North, including numerous members of Congress, which refused to seat congressmen and senators elected from the southern states.

In early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. The first bill extended the life of the bureau, originally established as a temporary organization charged with assisting refugees and formerly enslaved people, while the second defined all persons born in the United States as national citizens who were to enjoy equality before the law. After Johnson vetoed the bills-causing a permanent rupture in his relationship with Congress that would culminate in his impeachment in 1868-the Civil Rights Act became the first major bill to become law over presidential veto.

Radical Reconstruction

After northern voters rejected Johnson's policies in the congressional elections in late 1866, Radical Republicans in Congress took firm hold of Reconstruction in the South. The following March, again over Johnson's veto, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which temporarily divided the South into five military districts and outlined how governments based on universal (male) suffrage were to be organized. The law also required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment, which broadened the definition of citizenship, granting "equal protection" of the Constitution to formerly enslaved people, before they could rejoin the Union. In February 1869, Congress approved the 15th Amendment (adopted in 1870), which guaranteed that a citizen's right to vote would not be denied "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

By 1870, all of the former Confederate states had been admitted to the Union, and the state constitutions during the years of Radical Reconstruction were the most progressive in the region's history. The participation of African Americans in southern public life after 1867 would be by far the most radical development of Reconstruction, which was essentially a large-scale experiment in interracial democracy unlike that of any other society following the abolition of slavery.

Southern Black people won election to southern state governments and even to the U.S. Congress during this period. Among the other achievements of Reconstruction were the South's first state-funded public school systems, more equitable taxation legislation, laws against racial discrimination in public transport and accommodations and ambitious economic development programs (including aid to railroads and other enterprises).

Reconstruction Comes to an End

After 1867, an increasing number of southern whites turned to violence in response to the revolutionary changes of Radical Reconstruction. The Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations targeted local Republican leaders, white and Black, and other African Americans who challenged white authority. Though federal legislation passed during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871 took aim at the Klan and others who attempted to interfere with Black suffrage and other political rights, white supremacy gradually reasserted its hold on the South after the early 1870s as support for Reconstruction waned.

Racism was still a potent force in both South and North, and Republicans became more conservative and less egalitarian as the decade continued. In 1874-after an economic depression plunged much of the South into poverty-the Democratic Party won control of the House of Representatives for the first time since the Civil War.

When Democrats waged a campaign of violence to take control of Mississippi in 1875, Grant refused to send federal troops, marking the end of federal support for Reconstruction-era state governments in the South. By 1876, only Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina were still in Republican hands. In the contested presidential election that year, Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes reached a compromise with Democrats in Congress: In exchange for certification of his election, he acknowledged Democratic control of the entire South.

The Compromise of 1876 marked the end of Reconstruction as a distinct period, but the struggle to deal with the revolution ushered in by slavery's eradication would continue in the South and elsewhere long after that date.

A century later, the legacy of Reconstruction would be revived during the civil rights movement of the 1960s, as African Americans fought for the political, economic and social equality that had long been denied them.

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Reconstruction - Civil War End, Changes & Act of 1867

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Reconstruction, the turbulent era following the U.S. Civil War, was an effort to reunify the divided nation, address and integrate African Americans into society by rewriting the nation's laws and Constitution. The steps taken gave rise to the Ku Klux Klan and other divisive groups.

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Students, I am pleased to inform you that, Insha’Allah, I will be back this week. I look forward to seeing you all on Wednesday, February 26th.

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Dear students,

"As this semester is about to end, I hope you take this vacation to relax, recharge, and enjoy time with your loved ones. Thank you for your hard work and dedication. Have a wonderful and fulfilling break!"

Please make time for revision, and good luck with the exams inch'Allah.

Dr. Aissani

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4 The American Civil War (1861–1865) The report

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Understanding Abraham Lincoln and the question of the American slavery

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Understanding Abraham Lincoln and the question of the American slavery

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University of California Television (UCTV)

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Conversations with History: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery with Eric Foner

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MOOC | The Fugitive Slave Question | The Civil War and Reconstruction, 1850-1861 | 1.4.5

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the civil war and the story of the American freedom

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When Abraham Lincoln said "a house divided against itself cannot stand," he wasn't talking about the kind of political divisions common today. Americans may differ sharply on issues like immigration and abortion, but there is no single issue that geographically and economically divides the country in the same way that slavery did in the 1850s. Back then, the U.S. was so divided that many feared it would break out in civil war-a fear that Lincoln unwittingly stoked.

Lincoln's now-famous "house divided" line, which is drawn from the Bible, was actually part of a campaign speech he delivered at the 1858 Illinois Republican State Convention. Lincoln, then a relatively unknown politician, had just won the nomination to run for U.S. Senate against one of the most important politicians in the country, Stephen A. Douglas.

In general, Democrats then were the party of the slave-holding south and Republicans were the party of the free north that opposed slavery's expansion. Yet Republicans weren't too concerned about Lincoln's race because they thought Senator Douglas, a Democrat, might be open to working with them against expanding slavery.

"Douglas had been seeking a middle ground between North and South, some way of comprising on the slavery issue," says Eric Foner, a history professor at Columbia University who has written several books about slavery and the Civil War.

In his "house divided" speech, Lincoln countered that the Dred Scott decision the previous year had already opened the doors for slavery to be legal in the north, as well as all territories that the U.S. expanded into. If the U.S. wanted to be a free country, he argued, it had to act now before it was too late.

"Lincoln's saying, 'No, there is no compromise,'" Foner explains. "'You've got to be on one side or the other.' In effect, he's saying, 'I'm on the side of freedom and Douglas ... is on the side of slavery.'" Or, to quote the man himself: "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved-I do not expect the house to fall-but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other."

The speech certainly got Republicans' attention. Many thought it had done too much, says Allen Guelzo, director of Civil War era studies at Gettysburg College and author of multiple books about Lincoln.

"As soon as he used those words 'house divided,' he articulated the fear that everybody had at that point that the slavery controversy was indeed going to lead to some kind of civil war," Guelzo says. "And you could almost hear a collective gasp from people that he would actually come right out and say we're going to have a civil war."

To be clear, this wasn't what Lincoln was saying. He thought the country couldn't remain half-free, and that it would end up becoming one or the other. But in the very next sentence, he clarified that he didn't think this would necessarily happen through the dissolution of the Union.

"Of course, nobody paid attention to the second sentence," Guelzo says. "All they heard was the 'house divided' part and they immediately assumed that what Lincoln was calling for was civil war, that the only way to resolve the slavery injustice was going to be civil conflict." On the campaign trail, Douglas used the perception that Lincoln was advocating for war against him.

"I think that there's a fairly good argument to be made that the 'house divided' speech ended up hurting Lincoln in the 1858 election and was one reason why he lost," Guelzo says. "Because it made him sound too unacceptably radical on the subject of slavery, even to people who were opposed to the extension of slavery ... but they really didn't wanna have a civil war over it."

Still, Lincoln emerged from the campaign as a prominent political figure. Not many people heard about his "house divided" address when he first gave it, but over the next several months, he publicly spread his argument through campaign speeches and his famous series of debates with Douglas.

The national attention Lincoln gained from that campaign earned him the Republican presidential nomination and then the presidency in 1860. Soon after this victory, his "house divided" speech became strangely prophetic as southern states seceded from and waged war on the Union. In 1865, the U.S. accomplished Lincoln's goal of abolishing slavery -but not without fighting a civil war over it first.

Abraham Lincoln's Inner Circle: Family, Friends, Cabinet and Others

Fact Check

We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate.

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Why Lincoln's 'House Divided' Speech Was So Important | HISTORY

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At a time when many white politicians wanted to compromise on slavery, Abraham Lincoln said that wasn't possible.

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This portrait of a solitary African-American soldier brings the personal suffering and the deeper meaning of the Civil War into focus.

The most destructive war in America's history was fought among its own people.

The Civil War was a tragedy of unimaginable proportions. For four long and bloody years, Americans were killed at the hands of other Americans. One of every 25 American men perished in the war. Over 640,000 soldiers were killed. Many civilians also died - in numbers often unrecorded.

At the battle of Antietam, more Americans were killed than on any other single day in all of American history. On that day, 22,719 soldiers fell to their deaths - four times the number of Americans lost during the D-Day assault on Normandy in WWII. In fact, more American soldiers died in the Civil War than in all other American wars combined.

The naval battle between the Monitor and the Virginia (also known as the Merrimac) was one of the most famous of the Civil War, even though it was not a decisive victory for either side.

The war was fought in American fields, on American roads, and in American cities with a ferocity that could be evoked only in terrible nightmares. Nearly every family in the nation was touched by this war. Scarcely a family in the South did not lose a son, brother, or father.

Four long years of battle changed everything. No other event since the Revolutionary War altered the political, social, economic, and cultural fabric of the United States. In the end, a predominantly industrial society triumphed over an agricultural one. The Old South was forever changed. The blemish of slavery was finally removed from American life, though its legacy would long linger.

Southern states began to leave the Union beginning with South Carolina in late 1860. The secession ceased when Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the C.S.A. following the skirmish at Fort Sumter.

In 1861, everyone predicted a short war. Most believed that one battle of enormous proportion would settle a dispute at least 90 years in the making. But history dictated a far more destructive course.

Lincoln's House Divided Speech
"A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. " Read the full text of Lincoln's House Divided speech, delivered June 16, 1858, at the Illinois Republican convention.

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Though we are fare apart at present my heart is with you every moment ...
-William F. Testerman. Read this and other love letters home from Civil War soldiers.

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Robert E. Lee once said that without music there would be no army. Click the music icon and listen to a tear jerker from Ken Burns' series The Civil War.

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Tensions over the issue of slavery that had been building for 90 years increased as the nation expanded and, in 1861, finally tore the country apart.

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ماذا تعلمت من دراسة ال

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ماذا تعلمت من دراسة التاريخ الأمريكي العام الماضي؟

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هل تغيرت نظرتك لدراسة 

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هل تغيرت نظرتك لدراسة التاريخ بصفة عامة والتاريخ الأمريكي بصفة خاصة؟

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هل تعتقد أن دراسة التا

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هل تعتقد أن دراسة التاريخ الأمريكي تساهم في صناعة أستاذ متمكن في ميدان تخصصه؟

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ما الذي تريد أن تتعلم من دراسة التاريخ الأمريكي هذا العام هذا العام؟

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ما الذي تريد أن تتعلم من دراسة التاريخ الأمريكي هذا العام هذا العام؟