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Most of the information was nothing new to me, but a few things were insightful. For example, what are wiretap laws? Do I have to be concerned about that for my study? The portion about collecting data from marginalized populations was helpful in reflecting the concern I have and how to best address those concerns. For example, the portion about Participants giving socially acceptable answers, resulting in unreliable data! (p. 144)

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I would love to see this study done at the Claremont Colleges. On one hand, I see how progressive we are compared to other colleges and their communities. On the other hand, as a BIPOC, first-gen woman, I see how NEED to do better and be better. But I am illuminated by this article when it discusses how scholarship has never discussed emotions and feelings--which makes sense because it's hard to quantify and our society prefers quantitative analysis over qualitative.

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I'm so glad that community-based participatory research was included in this chapter as I was thinking about it in previous chapters. There are SO many positives about this form of research. What are the negatives compared to other forms of qualitative research?

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The only con about interviews written in this chapter is finding a private space.

I fully disagree. Although private spaces to have vulnerable conversations is very important, that is NOT the only con about interviews. As researchers we need to also think about the space as a safe and/or brave/r space, as well as a space that is accessible and comfortable about participants: heating, lighting, furniture, odor, noises, possible interruptions, etc. And these are just a few of the factors I think about when conducting interviews.

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How Creswell & Creswell Báez Structure Qualitative Research

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How Creswell & Creswell Báez Structure Qualitative Research

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Creswell & Creswell Báez (2021) provide a systematic yet flexible approach to qualitative research, emphasizing the iterative and emergent nature of data collection. Their framework ensures rich, credible, and ethically sound research by incorporating multiple data sources, researcher reflexivity, and strategies for validity.

Core Components of Qualitative Research Design- Implications for Qualitative Inquiry

Encourages deep engagement with context, ensuring findings reflect cultural, social, and historical nuances.

Calls for transparency in data collection—acknowledging subjectivity rather than ignoring it.

Promotes inclusive and participant-centered research, ensuring voices are accurately represented and respected.

By structuring qualitative research as a dynamic and ethically grounded process, Creswell & Creswell Báez offer a powerful model for producing meaningful, impactful insights.

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“Unquestionably, qualitative research is used for exploration when we do not know the variables to measure or the questions to ask. It is also important when we need to listen to the actual words of a participant to obtain the best understanding of our central phenomenon. Because qualitative research takes place in a specific setting, often the setting where the research problem occurs, the context is most important.”

This is definitely a strong, blanket statement rationale. Especially when you're focusing on problems that exist in one space, understanding what those problems are can best be done through qualitative research. But that's not to say that because these group of people have this problem, these other people who share the same demographic is also probably experiencing the same problem. There are so many other factors (geography, colloquialism, culture, etc.) that changes the dynamic. So what you find in one space, may not exist in another space--and that other space might have other problems that don't even exist in the first space. So yes, qualitative research is vastly important, but the work is never done. Even when we think about the first space, there are other problems that need to be addressed.

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Steps in conducting a qualitative interview

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Steps in conducting a qualitative interview

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1. Decide whether interviews are appropriate

2. Choose the type of interview

3.  Invite participants

4.  Develop an interview protocol

5.  Arrange the audio equipment

6.  Arrange for a quiet setting for the interview

7.  Conduct the interview

8.  Follow up after the interview

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Within the culture and language section of Creswell's book, they shared how a lack of understanding and appreciation of the customs, beliefs, and values held by marginalized groups will jeopardize access to the groups of interest. This statement reminded me of Ibram X Kendi's work. He often talks about the lack of appreciation and understanding of beliefs, customs, and values. His statements challenged Brene Brown's research even though she is a respected author and researcher.

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I have been thinking of the topics raised in this chapter a lot. I am Central American and the daughter of immigrants. I have that connection with newcomer students. However, while I have Indigenous ancestry, I was not raised with Indigenous customs and knowledge, moreover, my family assimilated and prioritized their Ladino identities. I would like to work with Indigenous newcomer immigrants. Thus, I feel I'm somewhat connected but then I am also not and want to be sensitive to their indigineity.

I appreciated the authors suggestions of reflexitivity and community involvement. I am trying my best to reflect on these questions- and I am also involved with Maya community groups and I also have conversations with them to try to ensure I am being the most ethical and purposeful with my data collection.

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I am still not sure if I should run focus groups or individual interviews.

"In a one-on-one interview, the researcher can watch the body language of the participant, hear directly the inflections of his or her voice, and establish a personal connection with the participants that may enhance his or her willingness to open up."

I plan to interview newcomers, many who speak an Indigenous language. I wonder if one-on-one would allow them to open up more or if would be less intimidating to do it as a group together.

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I appreciated how this chapter shared how we can engage our participants and what rights they have via the IRB questions. As someone doing a pilot case study, I am relying on purposeful sampling and I hope I can be as clear to my youth participants. The setting will be their school - but I'm hoping since I am studying their club, it will feel safer or more comfortable.

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I thought the abstract could have been written in a way that would be a lightning rod for getting interest. Talk about race more explicitly.

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Research on marginalized populations can lead to profound outcomes (improved policies, greater awareness of imbalances). I concur and my pilot site will likely be at an inner-city school.

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Interviews can be 1:1 or 1:many (focus groups). I am giving serious consideration to modify part of my study to include a focus group interview.

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When they are talking about the different parts of data collection, there is a reciprocity part that talks about thanking participants. They suggest a modest gift card. I feel a handwritten thank you note is almost always appreciated.

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The title of the article could be more effective if less wordy. A suggestion: “But I’m oppressed too,” says white males. Fact or fiction?

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Analyzing Cabrera’s Qualitative Approach in “But I’m Oppressed Too”

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Analyzing Cabrera’s Qualitative Approach in “But I’m Oppressed Too”

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Nolan Cabrera’s study exemplifies critical qualitative research, using in-depth interviews and critical race theory (CRT) to examine how white male college students construct racial emotions as objective facts. His work highlights how emotional responses are not neutral but rather serve to maintain racial hierarchies.

By structuring his research through critical discourse analysis, CRT, and a deep engagement with emotional narratives, Cabrera’s work exemplifies how qualitative methods can reveal the hidden mechanisms of racial power in everyday discourse.

This all makes me wonder... What are your thoughts on the role of emotions in shaping racial narratives? How might qualitative research further explore these themes?

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The authors mention that using monetary reimbursement for socioeconomically marginalized participants could be coercive. Other forms of reimbursement could be coercive too: i.e. food. What other coercive reimbursements can you all think of/warn about?

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"As more people have become more and more familiar with qualitative inquiry, a rationale is needed less and less."

Should we continue to include this in our papers or is it something we should think about, but omit in writing?

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Ok folks, how do open-ended internet interviews really differ from a survey? I image that one will get longer responses from internet interviews and more multiple choice/short response from surveys. But, what else?

Maybe the analysis -- quant v coding?

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This morning, I stumbled upon a doodle my cousin drew while studying abroad in China 20 years ago. I am always amazed at how some people can be so aware of themselves and the world (to the point that he repeatedly got in trouble at school - as a student and later as a teacher - for highlighting social issues). Meanwhile, others, including some of the students in Cabrera's study, are almost insistently blind, deny their privilege, and perpetuate oppressive systems of power.

This also brings to mind a comment from Dr. Linda Perkins, during a Magic Monday in Fall 2023, about how she was proud of the progress the world has made, but profoundly disappointed at the lack of progress.

My cousin still draws and became a physics teacher at a rural high school in an agricultural community.

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Overall, be a good partner to the participants in the research and interview process. Create an environment where they feel comfortable to talk. Follow up with participants after the fact with a thank you note, etc.

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Collecting data entails receiving permission and sometimes on multiple levels. Permission in qualitative research is not just about compliance—it’s about creating a safe, ethical, and respectful environment.

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When I read this article I found myself focussing on how the article was presented and structured. Qualitative research emphasizes understanding the context in which the data is situated. Cabrera highlighted this well at the two distinct universities (SWU and WU) that participated in the study. I thought the methodology section of this article was strong and clear.

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The students being angry about race-conscious admissions (when their university did not practice affirmative action) show how individuals can be quick to react in anger without willingness to acknowledge facts. This article left me with more questions about how society will move forward and progress with current federal DEI bans.

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Maintaining a dual professional role as both an expert and a learner seems like a valuable skill that can be utilized in both research and practice. Lifelong learning can help us continue learning in a respectful way that contributes towards equitable outcomes

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Although Zoom interviews can increase access to participants in different areas, I wonder if online interviews have any impact on the quality of data collected. Does it significantly inhibit the researcher’s ability to pick up on nonverbal cues or build rapport?

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Maximal variation sampling seems like a helpful way to capture diverse perspectives within a select population. For example, maximal variation among students with psychiatric disabilities could include capturing the narratives of students with different types of mental health diagnoses and then analyzing their similarities and differences as it relates to the RQ

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I am thinking a lot about the researchers positionality in this study. I am interested in how he changed his approach in the middle of the study. He began with a self identification then decided to omit this self identification. I really like the recognition of his own proximity to whiteness in this case which seemed to "[provide] me with access to a group of students who are frequently inaccessible to researchers of color." (p775) This offered a unique ability to hear students readily offer "continuous microaggression". Provided the current context post '24 election the media discourse attempted to capture the role of the Latine vote as a way of explaining the election outcome.

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After last week's discussion of titles and intros, I felt this article definitely had a provocative start.

"...the US was originally a totalitarian regime of White supremacy that was challenged in the 1960s. Subsequently, White supremacy remained intact, but its nature changed to a more malleable form of social stratification: hegemony." - which is taught not only in college but K-12, as well.

When one thinks of the current attacks on DEI, Ethnic Studies, books - and just any type of counternarrative, it is pretty clear that people are feeling their personal selves attacked. For example, "White students feeling threatened as the class disrupted their historical narratives regarding the “heroism” of White settlers." And thus, as the writer shares, they need "ego maintenance."

I also appreciated how clear he was with his theoretical framework, research process, data collection , coding, independent review, and also being mindful of his own position.

"Being a man of color studying Whiteness did pose another methodological issue. The interviews frequently read like a continuous microaggression."

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DEI Attack... Varying Themes to be Coded.

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DEI Attack... Varying Themes to be Coded.

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"Cabrera (2011) found that White male undergraduates had significantly elevated, hierarchy-enhancing racial ideologies relative to their non-White and female peers, and they were the most immune to changing their racial ideologies during the first year of college."

"The missing component of this equation is what White people feel about race/racism and its relationship to racial stratification. "

These quotes remind me especially of the current political climate with the attack on DEI pointing towards a result of how white men and associated members think and feel about race – marginalized communities. This may also shed light on how a sample of a group may have diverse perspectives leading to a multi-review of the data to be coded.

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Community Advisory Boards (CAB) can aid researchers on ethical concerns on working with marginalized communities especially on research design and implementation of the qualitative project.

How does a researcher find or establish such a board for a project?

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"Qualitative interviews occur in various settings from workplaces to homes of those participating."

What makes the best setting for an interview? I could not imagine the workplace being ideal if the topic surrounds occurrences at the workplace or with those individuals especially members of the leadership team.

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Omi and Winant: Shift from Totalitarian Regime to Hegemony

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Omi and Winant: Shift from Totalitarian Regime to Hegemony

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"The US was originally a totalitarian regime of White supremacy that was challenged in the 1960's. Subsequently, White supremacy remained intact, but its nature changed to amore malleable form of social stratification: hegemony. Within hegemonic structuring domination is created and maintained through a combination of coercion" This argument aligns with the belief that the police state as it stands is working exactly how it was intended to work. Policing as we know it today was created to protect capital including maintaining slavery by ensuring black bondage through force. Thus, reform becomes impossible because the system is working just as it was meant to work, to protect wealth and target people of color. Hegemony exists in every system in the US, but most notably our current economic system, which can only exist with an exploited class, which through white supremacy has always been people of color. This is where the argument between libearls and leftists arise. If systems are working as they were intended to work, can they truly be reformed? Can goals change? Or is a complete dismanteling and rebirth required?

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Creswell and Baez point out the importance of the social components of interviewing including dressing appropriately, acting natural, not reading directly from a prompt, allowing for pauses to occur, withholding stating your evaluation too soon, and maintain eye contact. These components can only be acquired through practice.

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"Reciprocity involves the researcher giving back to the research subjects in some form. (115)"

Does anyone have any resources they would like to share on how we can obtain funding in order to compensate our participants, wheter it be cash or gift cards? Is there any organizations that donate or any fund through CGU we can apply to?

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"The sample size is determined by several factors: the complexity of the phenomenon being studied, the type of qualitative design you are using, the richness and extensive use of data, and the resources being used.(p.113)" This is why literature reviews are so important, it allows you to get a better grasp of the content that has been produced on the phenomenon you are studying but also provides realistic expectations for sample size. I also found the idea of "saturation" to be helpful, there is no use in having a large sample size for the sake of having a large sample size if the answers become repetitive.

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Chapter 16 examines how qualitative researchers engage within-group diversity, challenging the reductive tendency and perpetuation of stereotypes. The chapter highlights the consequences of improperly collected data, including misrepresentation, and failing to serve the communities we claim to uplift. This reaffirms my commitment to intersectional analysis, triangulated data sources, and participant-centered methodologies as critical tools in my examination of Black Women's experiences.

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My background interviewing and collecting data as a therapist, administrator, and through my oral history project, has provided me with a foundation for designing and conducting interviews.  The use of probes such as, "tell me more” or “can you give an example?” is something I have instinctively used in professional practice but now recognize as a critical tool in qualitative research for eliciting rich, meaningful data (pp. 135).

The role of the interviewer as a learner rather than an expert, is a mindset that resonates deeply with my work, and I appreciate the reminder from Creswell (pp. 130). Whether in therapeutic settings, student affairs, or historical research, effective interviewing requires active listening, the ability to create psychological safety, and a commitment to honoring the participant’s voice.

Moving forward, I will refine my approach within a qualitative research framework, ensuring I   integrate best practices from all three of my professional domains—blending the deep listening skills of a therapist, the structural clarity of an education administrator, and the narrative depth of an oral historian. This intersection will allow me to design an approach that is methodologically sound, ethically responsible, and deeply human-centered.

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Creswell & Poth (2018) argue that qualitative research no longer requires extensive justification as a legitimate methodology, as its value in uncovering complex human experiences is widely accepted.

Chapter 13 reinforced the importance of rigorous methods, structured protocols, and deep listening as tools for capturing nuanced perspectives central to my research phenomenon. My engagement with this chapter prompted reflection on the intention behind site selection, recruitment strategies, and matters of reciprocity—key considerations I plan to further discuss with peers and colleagues.

A critical area of reflection for me was the role of purposeful sampling in shaping the depth and breadth of my study. By identifying participants who have directly experienced the phenomenon under investigation while ensuring diverse perspectives is an essential balance I want to maintain for research credibility.

This chapter encouraged me to be more strategic in my approach—carefully selecting participants who contribute to a richer understanding of the topic. I plan to further develop responses in anticipation of the questions participants may have regarding the use of their data.