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4 Confederate States that joined after the attack on Fort Sumter

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4 Confederate States that joined after the attack on Fort Sumter

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Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina

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Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Nevada, and Oregon.

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Delaware, maryland, kentucky, missouri, and west virginia.

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The Battle of Gettysburg was fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point. The Union army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, halting Lee's invasion of the North.

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The Mississippi River was a major transportation and supply route, making it a critical strategic target during the Civil War.

The Union's victory at Vicksburg in 1863 gave them control of the river, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two and cutting off crucial supply lines. The river was vital for commerce and troop movements, and its control played a major role in the Union’s successful execution of the Anaconda Plan.

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Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

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1863 Draft riots

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The Mississippi River was a major transportation and supply route, making it a critical strategic target during the Civil War. The Union's victory at Vicksburg in 1863 gave them control of the river, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two and cutting off crucial supply lines. The river was vital for commerce and troop movements, and its control played a major role in the Union’s successful execution of the Anaconda Plan.

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Kentucky was a border state with divided loyalties, officially remaining in the Union but with strong Confederate sympathies. Its strategic location made it a battleground for key conflicts like the Battle of Perryville, which helped secure Union control of the state.

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Chesapeake Bay was crucial for Union naval operations, serving as a supply and staging area for campaigns in Virginia and Maryland. The bay played a key role in supporting the Union blockade, cutting off Confederate access to critical trade routes. It was also significant in the Peninsula Campaign, where Union forces attempted to capture Richmond via the waterways.

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Tennessee was a key battleground in the Civil War, with both the Union and Confederacy fighting for control over its rivers and railways. Major battles such as Shiloh, Chattanooga, and Franklin shaped the war’s outcome and demonstrated the intensity of combat in the Western Theater. Tennessee was the last state to secede and the first to be readmitted to the Union, reflecting its contested position in the conflict.

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The James River was a major waterway in Virginia that played a crucial role in the movement of troops and supplies during the war. The Union Army used the river in its Peninsula Campaign as it advanced toward Richmond in 1862. Control of the river was essential for both sides, as it connected Richmond, the Confederate capital, to the Atlantic.

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The Rappahannock River was the site of multiple Civil War battles, including Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. The river served as a natural defensive barrier for Confederate forces, allowing them to hold off Union advances. Crossing the river was a major challenge for Union armies, often leading to costly delays and tactical disadvantages.

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The Potomac River served as a natural border between the Union capital, Washington, D.C., and the Confederate state of Virginia. It played a significant role in the movement of troops, with Confederate forces using it during invasions of the North, including the Antietam and Gettysburg campaigns. The river was heavily patrolled to prevent Confederate attacks on Washington, and its crossings were key points of contention.

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The Ohio River was a major transportation route and a symbolic divide between free and slave states before and during the Civil War. It served as a key supply line for Union forces, allowing them to move troops and resources efficiently. The river’s strategic importance made it a focal point for Union efforts to secure border states like Kentucky and West Virginia.

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Fort Sumter, located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, was where the first shots of the Civil War were fired on April 12, 1861. The Confederate attack on the Union-held fort marked the beginning of open hostilities between North and South. The fort remained a symbol of Confederate resistance throughout the war, with Union forces recapturing it near the war’s end.

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Harper’s Ferry was the site of John Brown’s 1859 raid, which heightened tensions between the North and South before the Civil War. During the war, its location at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers made it a strategic target for both sides. The town changed hands multiple times, illustrating the contested nature of the border region between the Union and Confederacy.

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The First and Second Battles of Bull Run (Manassas) were early Confederate victories that shattered Union hopes of a short war. The battles demonstrated the importance of leadership and training, with Confederate forces under Generals Beauregard and Jackson gaining a reputation for resilience. The defeats forced the Union to reevaluate its strategy, leading to the eventual adoption of total war tactics.

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The Union’s victory at Vicksburg in July 1863 gave them full control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in half. The siege of Vicksburg was a turning point in the war, marking the success of General Ulysses S. Grant’s campaign in the West. The fall of Vicksburg, combined with Gettysburg, shifted momentum firmly in favor of the Union.

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The Union’s victory at Vicksburg in July 1863 gave them full control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in half. The siege of Vicksburg was a turning point in the war, marking the success of General Ulysses S. Grant’s campaign in the West. The fall of Vicksburg, combined with Gettysburg, shifted momentum firmly in favor of the Union.

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The Battle of Chancellorsville (1863) was a major Confederate victory, with Robert E. Lee defeated a larger Union force. The battle is famous for Lee’s bold tactics and for the accidental mortal wounding of General Stonewall Jackson. Despite the Confederate success, the loss of Jackson weakened Southern leadership for future battles.

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The Battle of Antietam (1862) was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with over 22,000 casualties. The Union victory gave Abraham Lincoln the confidence to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. The battle halted Lee’s first invasion of the North and discouraged European support for the Confederacy.

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The Battle of Shiloh (1862) was one of the first major battles in the Western Theater, showing the war’s brutal nature. Union forces, led by Grant, ultimately won after intense fighting, but both sides suffered heavy casualties. The battle emphasized the need for stronger Union fortifications and more aggressive strategies.

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Baltimore, Maryland, was a city with deep divisions, as many of its residents sympathized with the Confederacy despite the state remaining in the Union. The Pratt Street Riot in April 1861 highlighted these tensions when Confederate sympathizers attacked Union troops passing through the city, prompting the Union to impose martial law. Due to its proximity to Washington, D.C., Baltimore was heavily guarded by Union forces to prevent it from falling under Confederate influence.

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New Orleans, Louisiana, was the largest city in the Confederacy and a vital port for trade, supplies, and military operations. The city was captured early in the war (April 1862) by Union Admiral David Farragut, securing the mouth of the Mississippi River and cutting off Confederate supply lines. Its occupation by Union forces for most of the war made it a critical base for operations in the South and helped enforce the Union blockade.

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The Battle of Chickamauga (September 1863) was one of the bloodiest battles in the Western Theater, ending in a Confederate victory that temporarily halted Union advances. However, the Union Army later regrouped and, after the Battle of Chattanooga in November 1863, drove the Confederates out of Tennessee. These battles were significant because they secured control of key railroads and opened the way for Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign.

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Richmond, Virginia, was the capital of the Confederacy and one of the most heavily defended cities during the Civil War. It was a major industrial and transportation hub, supplying Confederate forces with weapons, ammunition, and other war materials. The city fell to Union forces in April 1865, just days before General Robert E. Lee’s surrender, signaling the imminent end of the war.

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Savannah, Georgia, was a crucial Confederate port city that played a key role in trade and supply chains. General William Tecumseh Sherman captured the city in December 1864 during his infamous "March to the Sea," offering it as a "Christmas gift" to President Lincoln. Unlike other Southern cities, Savannah was spared widespread destruction, as its surrender was negotiated without significant resistance.

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Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, National Park Drive, Appomattox, VA

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Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, National Park Drive, Appomattox, VA

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Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, National Park Drive, Appomattox, VA

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Appomattox Court House, Virginia, was the site of General Robert E. Lee’s surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the Civil War. Grant offered generous terms, allowing Confederate soldiers to return home instead of being imprisoned, which helped begin the process of reconciliation. The surrender at Appomattox symbolized the collapse of the Confederacy and the start of the country’s long path toward Reconstruction.

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Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, National Park Drive, Appomattox, VA

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Washington, D.C., was the Union capital and a primary target of Confederate military strategy throughout the war. The city was heavily fortified and was the site of an attempted Confederate attack during General Jubal Early’s 1864 raid. As the political center of the Union, Washington housed key government leaders, including President Abraham Lincoln, whose assassination in 1865 shocked the nation.

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Original Capital of the Confederacy

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Second Capital of the Confederacy

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Where Abraham Lincoln is from

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Where Jefferson Davis is from