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"The U.S. Supreme Court declared that segregation was unconstitutional in the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954, and ruled a year later that southern schools must desegregate “with all deliberate speed. Georgia passed a series of laws prohibiting or inhibiting enactment of the Court’s ruling." (Mewborn, 2004)

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1957: Sputnik Launch Transforms Science Education

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1957: Sputnik Launch Transforms Science Education

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The Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik 1 sparked a revolution in American science education. This event led to the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958, which provided substantial funding for science education reform and emphasized the need for improved science and mathematics education in U.S. schools. (Powell, 2007)

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1963: National Science Foundation Initiatives

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1963: National Science Foundation Initiatives

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The National Science Foundation began developing major science curriculum projects, including the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) and Chemical Education Materials Study (CHEM Study) . These initiatives marked the first coordinated effort to standardize and improve science education nationwide (Nickerson, 2013).

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1970 : National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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1970 : National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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In reference to the trend of Environmental Sustainability, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was established in the year 1970. NEPA requires all executive federal agencies to perform environmental assessments and environmental impact statements. The major push for sustainability sparked the trend in Science education (Council on Environmental Quality, 1997).

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"The Quality Basic Education Act of 1985 established the Quality Core Curriculum (QCC), which was the state’s official curriculum for public schools, grades K-12, for nearly two decades." (Mewborn, 2004)

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1996: National Science Education Standards

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1996: National Science Education Standards

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The National Research Council published the National Science Education Standards, providing the first comprehensive guidelines for K-12 science education. These standards emphasized inquiry-based learning and scientific literacy for all students (National Research Council, 2012).

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The No Child Left Behind Act was signed into law, requiring states to develop assessment and accountability systems for their schools. This legislation significantly impacted science education by emphasizing standardized testing and accountability measures (Klein, 2015).

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2010: Development of Next Generation Science Standards Begins

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2010: Development of Next Generation Science Standards Begins

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The National Research Council, National Science Teachers Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science began collaborating to develop the framework for what would become the Next Generation Science Standards (Next Generation Science Standards, n.d.)

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2011: The National Research Council publishes A Framework for K-12 Science Education.

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2011: The National Research Council publishes A Framework for K-12 Science Education.

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The NRC publishes Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas which laid the foundation for the NGSS standards (Ames, 2014). This publication later influenced the GSE adoption.

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Juan-Carlos Aguilar, Science Program Manager under State School Superintendent John Barge, showed a strong interest in adopting the NGSS when the Georgia Performance Standards were up for revision. This revision period would align with the release of the NGSS. (Lead State: Georgia, n.d.)

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The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) were officially released, representing a significant shift in science education. The standards integrated three dimensions: Science and Engineering Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Disciplinary Core Ideas (Next Generation Science Standards, n.d.).

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Georgia declines to adopt NGSS but incorporates aspects of three-dimensional learning in future revisions of its state science standards (Georgia Department of Education, 2014).

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February 2015: Georgia Science Teachers Association Gets Involved 

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February 2015: Georgia Science Teachers Association Gets Involved 

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GSTA formally called for a review and revision of the existing Georgia Performance Standards in Science. (Peacock, 2015).

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2015: Georgia Standards of Excellence Development

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2015: Georgia Standards of Excellence Development

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Georgia began developing its own Georgia Standards of Excellence (GSE) for Science, building upon the foundation of NGSS while tailoring standards to meet state-specific needs and goals (Peacock, 2015).

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Georgia fully implemented the Georgia Standards of Excellence in Science, providing teachers with new frameworks for science instruction that emphasized phenomena-based teaching and learning, along with three-dimensional learning similar to NGSS (Georgia Department of Education, n.d.).

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2018: Federal STEM Education Strategic Plan

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2018: Federal STEM Education Strategic Plan

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This national initiative further promoted the three-dimensional learning approach set by the NGSS by fostering a STEM-focused education plan (Centers, Balazs, & Ogunyale 2024). This initiative further reinforces the adoption and implementation of NGSS and GSE standards.

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The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the integration of digital tools and virtual laboratories in science education, leading to innovations in how NGSS and GSE are implemented in both remote and hybrid learning environments. This period has seen increased emphasis on digital literacy and virtual scientific investigations. (National Science Board, 2021)

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Georgia Science Teachers Association (GSTA) develops Strategic Goals for Building Georgia's Next Generation of Science Education. This includes professional resources like developing a Georgia Standards of Excellence Phenomena Bank. ("Strategic Goals", n.d.)