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A large area with specific climate, plants, and animals.

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The tundra is located 60°N and 75°N in the Northern Hemisphere and in parts of Antarctica. It is found in northern Canada, Alaska, Antarctica, and Russia.

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The tundra has cold winters, cool short summers, and experiences very little rainfall and snow. The ground remains frozen throughout the year, a thin layer of snow is present but does thaw out in the summer. Plants have a small survival rate because of this.

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The tundra has thin, nutrient-poor soil due to the cold climate. Permafrost is permanently frozen ground, and it prevents water from draining and stops plant roots from growing deep. The top layer of soil somewhat thaws in the summer, which allows small plants like mosses and shrubs to grow. Due to the cold, decomposition is slow, so the soil is compact and acidic, with very few nutrients available.

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The tundra is home to plants and animals with adaptations to survive the cold. Mosses, lichens, and low shrubs are small and are able to grow close to the ground to stay warm. They have waxy coatings to protect against the cold and dryness. Animals like Arctic foxes, polar bears, reindeer, and snowy owls have thick fur or feathers for insulation. Some animals,(Arctic hare), change color to blend in with the snow, while others, like tend to migrate to find food. The lemmings burrow under the snow for warmth, and many animals hibernate to conserve energy during the winter. By growing close to the ground, developing thick fur, using camouflage, and hibernating, these plants and animals are able to survive the harsh conditions of the tundra.

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There are many threats within the tundra, both naturally and human-made. Climate change is one of the threats that most biomes face, rising temperatures are causing the permafrost to melt, which disrupts this biome and releases harmful gases like carbon and methane. This will worsen global warming. Companies that deal with oil and gas exploration, and mining also cause threats. We induce habitat destruction and pollution. Tourism and development to fit tourists visits disrupt the tundra. Extreme weather events and wildfires (that have been appearing more frequently),ruin the balance of the tundra. There have been efforts to protect the tundra by making it a protected area and surrounding areas agreeing to reduce emissions. Responsible resource extraction being practiced helps benefit this biome. All these practices help reduce human impact and preserve the tundra.

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How tundra plants respond to climate change and what it means for future ecosystems

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The reindeer tends to compete with plants like mosses and lichens for food, especially during the toughest time, the winter. Lichens have a symbiotic relationship where algae make food and fungi provide shelter. All plants and animals with the tundra are adapted to the cold. There's always a connection between the organisms and their environment, the polar bear is endangered because the tundra is getting warmer and the ice is melting. Another relationship would be how the Arctic fox controls lemming populations, which has an affect on plant life. All these interactions affect the tundra's balance.

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Community Connections: Churchill's Relationship with Polar Bears | Tundra Connections

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. It's known as the coldest place on earth.

. Some parts of the tundra experience midnight sun, which is 24 hours of sunlight.

. The tundra is technically a desert.

. There's no trees within the tundra

. Get's less than 10 inches of rain.

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University of California Museum of Paleontology. (n.d.). https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/tundra.php

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2025, February 7). Tundra. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/tundra

Tundras explained. Education. (n.d.). https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/tundras-explained/

Carnegie, F. (2024, August 16). The tundra biome: Climate, characteristics, and Wildlife. Churchill Northern Studies Centre. https://churchillscience.ca/the-tundra-biome/

Biomes, B. P. (n.d.). Tundra biome. Blue Planet Biomes - Tundra Biome. https://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/tundra.php