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A Virtual Field Trip to Historic St. Mary's City

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Location
The Spanish colonists settled modern-day Florida and southwestern parts of North America. This group of colonies became known as New Spain.

Motivation
Many of the explorations of the Spanish colonists were motivated by the search for gold.

Economic Activities
Spain established missions in St. Augustine and Santa Fe where Native Americans worked to make a profit for Spanish. The Spanish colonies also grew cash crops for exporting.

Religion
Religious emphasis often depended on the people and their motivations. The Spanish missionaries converted the native people and established Roman Catholic missions.

Government
The government of the "mother country" (Spain) determined the type of government the Spanish colonies would have in the new world. The Spanish kings were absolute monarchs, so they Spanish colonies weren't allowed to govern themselves.
Lifestyles
Lifestyles varied based on the colony's origin and location. Many of the settlers learned to trade available natural resources. The Spanish colonies established missions, forts, and ranches as their major lifestyle. They were very self-sufficient.

​
Location
The French colonists settled Quebec on the St. Lawrence River (Canada) and along the Mississippi River. They called this land New France. New France was sparsely settled, mainly by trapper/trader Frenchmen who occasionally visited trading posts or settlements.

Motivation
The French were motivated by economics. They wanted to trap and trade fur for a profit.

Economic Activities
The French colonist established fur trade with Native Americans so they could sell fur and pelts to Europe for a profit. New France also produced crops for themselves.

. The French government did not allow religious dissenters to settle in their colonies. Religion
Religious emphasis often depended on the people and their motivations. French settlers often converted the Native Americans to Catholicism

​
​ Government
The government of the "mother country" (France) determined the type of government the French colonies would have in the new world. The French kings were absolute monarchs, so they French colonies weren't allowed to govern themselves.

Lifestyles
Lifestyles varied based on the colony's origin and location. Many of the settlers learned to trade available natural resources. In the French colonies the settlers were welcomed by the Native Americans and developed fur trade.

The Dutch founded the colony of New Netherland, but didn't continue to settle. Eventually they were forced by the English to give up their colony and it became the English colonies of New York and New Jersey.

The New England Colonists
Location
The New England colonists settled on the northeastern coast of North America. These colonies included Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

Motivation
The New England colonists were motivated by religious freedom. The Pilgrims who settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 went there to establish a model of religious community. They named this region New England.

​Economic Activities
All of the English colonies grew cash crops for exporting. New England colonies had thick, rocky, soil and a cold climate. They exported lumber and built ships to support their economies. By importing natural resources that were plentiful in North America and exporting goods from the mother country to the colonies, the colonies and their mother countries became economically stronger than their European rivals.

Religion
The first settlers in New England went there to establish a model religious community. The Puritans were English Protestants who wanted to "purify" the Church of England by eliminating all aspects of Catholicism from their religious practices. They founded the colony of Plymouth in Massachusetts where they practiced their new form of Protestantism. They enforced religious conformity and the meetinghouse was the center of the religious activity in their colonies.

Government
The English had a tradition of legislative representations in Parliament. They allowed the colonists to create their own laws in the English colonies, which largely shared all responsibility of government with governors and other administrators.

​Lifestyles
Lifestyles varied based on the colony's origin and location. Many of the settlers learned to trade available natural resources such as lumber. Men worked as artisans or store owners in cities and towns. The children in the colonies enjoyed activities such as hopscotch, jump rope, tag, and swimming.

The Middle English Colonists
Location
The Middle English colonists settled on the central-eastern coast of North America. These colonies included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Motivation
They were motivated by religious freedom. William Penn gave Quakers and non-Quakers the opportunity to practice their religion freely and farm the land there.

Economic Activities
All of the English colonies grew cash crops for exporting. The English middle colonies exported foods to the Caribbean and other European countries. By importing natural resources that were plentiful in North America and exporting goods from the mother country to the colonies, the colonies and their mother countries became economically stronger than their European rivals.

Religion
Religious emphasis often depended on the people and their motivations. English settlers were mostly Protestants. Quakers who settled in Pennsylvania allowed others to practice their religion as they chose.

Government
The English had a tradition of legislative representations in Parliament. They allowed the colonists to create their own laws in the English colonies, which largely shared all responsibility of government with governors and other administrators.

Lifestyles
Lifestyles varied based on the colony's origin and location. Many of the settlers learned to trade available natural resources. Most of the men and women in the Middle colonies worked on family farms with servants or slaves working alongside them. The women were also responsible for daily chores such as cooking, cleaning, and sewing. Men worked as artisans or store owners in cities and towns. Children received enough education to learn to read and write, but most did not continue with further education. Instead young boys learned specific trades from their fathers by watching them work. The children in the colonies enjoyed activities such as hopscotch, jump rope, tag, and swimming.

The Southern English Colonists
Location
The Southern English colonists settled on the southern coast of North America. These colonies included Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.

Motivation
The English colonists who settled Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 were motivated by economics. They originally hoped to find gold, but soon began to plant cash crops such as tobacco.

Economic Activities
All of the English colonies grew cash crops for exporting. The English southern colonies exported tobacco, rice, and indigo. By importing natural resources that were plentiful in North America and exporting goods from the mother country to the colonies, the colonies and their mother countries became economically stronger than their European rivals.

Religion
Religious emphasis often depended on the people and their motivations. English settlers were mostly Protestants. The English southern colonists had established churches in their communities. Most were Anglican/Church of England. Maryland was Catholic. However, they were more concerned with profit than with religion. This allowed the colonists the freedom to make their own religious choices.

​Government
The English had a tradition of legislative representations in Parliament. They allowed the colonists to create their own laws in the English colonies, which largely shared all responsibility of government with governors and other administrators.

Lifestyles
Lifestyles varied based on the colony's origin and location. Many of the settlers learned to trade available natural resources. Most of the men and women in the southern colonies worked on family farms with servants or slaves working alongside them. The women were also responsible for daily chores such as cooking, cleaning, and sewing. Children received enough education to learn to read and write, but most did not continue with further education. Instead young boys learned specific trades from their fathers by watching them work. The children in the colonies enjoyed activities such as hopscotch, jump rope, tag, and swimming.

Sources
Text: ed.sc.gov
​Image 1: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/db/fe/c3/dbfec353f12e4702105913137351f8e8.jpg
​Image 2: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Taos_mission_church.jpg
​Image 3: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Fur_traders_in_canada_1777.jpg
​Image 4: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/1280px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png
​Image 5: http://13colonies5th.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/4/7/1747356/1304693.jpg?359
​Image 6: http://www.danverslibrary.org/archive/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/22.jpg
​Image 7: http://media.showme.com/files/100831/pictures/thumbs/249014/last_thumb1341602437.jpg
​Image 8: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/The_Landing_of_William_Penn_cph.3g12141.jpg
​Image 9: http://media.showmeapp.com/files/712662/pictures/thumbs/1682418/last_thumb1412123206.jpg
​Image 10: ​http://mrsbordiershumanities.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/7/2/13720460/2625057_orig.jpg
Image 11: https://www.learner.org/series/biographyofamerica/prog03/maps/images/map_03_a.gif

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4-2.2 European Settlements in the New World

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Location The Spanish colonists settled modern-day Florida and southwestern parts of North America. This group of colonies became known as New Spain. Motivation Many of the explorations of the Spanish colonists were motivated by the search for gold. Economic Activities Spain established missions in St.

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The Birthplace of Religious Freedom

St. Mary's City in Southern Maryland was the first city in the U.S. government to institute religious freedom, the first city where an African American participated in the legislature, and the first place a woman petitioned for the right to vote. Saint Mary's is imbued with a spirit of freedom and high ideals and is set in a beautiful, natural place on St. Mary's River in Maryland.

St. Mary's County is on Maryland's lower Western Shore of the Chesapeake Bay near the confluence of the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay. It is quiet and peaceful, rich and fertile, with natural harbors and abundant seafood. It's easy to see why British immigrants settled here in 1634.

St. Mary's City is located within a two-hour drive of Washington D.C. and/or Baltimore on southern Maryland's western shore on Route 5. The St. Mary's River flows into the Potomac River just north of the confluence of the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay.

Everyone learns the stories of John Smith and the settlers in and around Jamestown, Virginia. You hear about William Penn and Roger Williams in Pennsylvania. You hear very little about the contributions of the Calvert family in Maryland, however, and the daring social experiment where they established the 4th English colony in North America and the first colony to guarantee religious freedom.

George Calvert's Radical Idea

In the 1620s, George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, set his sights on colonial development in the New World. Along with his family, a mixed group of Protestants and Catholics attempted to settle in Newfoundland. The harsh winter, an English war with the French, and religious discord, however, halted the experiment. The colony failed.

George Calvert hoped to locate a milder climate in the Chesapeake Bay region but died before making the actual attempt. His sons, Cecil and Leonard Calvert, gathered enough colonists by offering the opportunity to worship God, each according to his own conscience. The new colony would offer religious freedom with the then forward-thinking idea that religious harmony would offer better opportunities for peaceful living and commerce.

The Ark and the Dove

On November 22, 1633, the Ark and the Dove set sail from the Isle of Wright in England with 140 passengers. After first encountering heavy seas and storms, the ships found smooth sailing and arrived at St. Clement's Island on the St. Mary's River on March 25, 1634.

The land was granted to Cecil Calvert by King Charles I. But Cecil stayed in England to defend the land grant. The colonists were led by Cecil's brother, Leonard Calvert, who became Maryland's first governor. Originally named Terra Maria after the king's wife, St. Mary's was the first place in the English-speaking colonies where Roman Catholic Mass was celebrated.

The Calverts purchased some 30 miles of land from the king of the Yaocomico tribe in exchange for metal goods, hatchets, axes, hoes, and cloth. Today, we decry the seemingly ridiculously unfair trade. Yet, imagine how wonderful metal tools seemed to a stone-age culture. The Yaocomico had migrated to the area to avoid war with another tribe and welcomed new allies against their enemy.

Indigenous Americans in Maryland-The Yaocomico

The indigenous Americans of the area lived in longhouses. Poles were arched and a framework was built in a long, narrow design covered with bark or woven matting. Doors opened at either end with a woven mat closure. Support poles served as storage for hanging belongings.

Sleeping platforms that doubled as benches for seating lined the longhouse. Another tier of shelving above the benches was used as storage. Some longhouses had floors covered with woven matting.

The Yaocomico raised crops including corn, beans, and squash, which could be grown together in the same field as the corn plants used to support the beans. The tribe hunted deer, turkey, heron, and beaver, with deer being the primary target due to its many uses. Deer provided clothing, meat, and bone tools. The St. Mary's River provided excellent fishing and shellfish were plentiful.

Freedom of Religion

In 1644, the colonists set down laws including freedom of religion, the first English-speaking colony in America to do so-the government would not dictate the manner in which people addressed their creator. After years of persecution in England that often switched at the whim of the current monarch, the colonists established a separation of church and state.

St. Mary's City was the first British colony to allow a Catholic church to be built. Mathias de Sousa, who had been an indentured servant, was the first African American to participate in American legislature.

Margaret Brent was the first woman in British North America to petition the government for the right to vote. In 1676, a statehouse was built but freedom of religion was short-lived. The Maryland colonists invited Puritans to escape persecution in England. Protestants and Catholics attempted to live in harmony until

In 1676, a statehouse was built but freedom of religion was short-lived. The Maryland colonists invited Puritans to escape persecution in England. Protestants and Catholics attempted to live in harmony until 1654 when Anglicans took control of the government.

In 1692, England sent a new governor who made the Church of England the official religion. Catholics were forbidden to participate in government. Mass was outlawed and children were encouraged to rebel against their Catholic parents. Special taxes were levied against Catholics and in 1704, Catholic churches and schools were closed.

When Maryland Governor John Seymour enacted the Act Against Popery, the Catholic church at St. Mary's City was intentionally burned down.

The Capitol of Maryland was moved to Annapolis, a Protestant stronghold.

Archeological Interest in St. Mary's County, Maryland

At the time of religious persecution against them, the Catholics gradually moved away from the area. The importance of St. Mary's dwindled and there was little development. St. Mary's was a tobacco-producing, agrarian area.

In 1848, a novel called Rob of the Bowl, by John Pendleton Kennedy, set in historic St. Mary's City, sparked interest in St. Mary's and highlighted the colonial experiment that featured George Calvert's radical ideals. In 1840, Maryland legislators created St. Mary's Female Seminary, a boarding school for girls as a living monument to the state's intellectual and philosophical origins.

In the 1930s, archaeologists took an interest in the relatively undisturbed area of St. Mary's City, and in 1934, the original statehouse was reconstructed.

20th Century archaeological excavations have turned up 5 million artifacts including prehistoric items and 17th-century items including Facon de Venise glassware and a set of Kataya Turkish ceramics.

In 1983, archaeologists began to excavate the Catholic church and in 1990, three rare lead coffins were discovered by Doug Owsley of the Smithsonian Institute. A forensic anthropologist and team identified the remains of one-time Maryland Governor Philip Calvert (George's youngest son), his wife, Anne, and an unidentified small child.

The Catholic church has been reconstructed based on archeological finds including roof tiles, bricks, window fragments, and plaster fragments. The chapel will display the lead coffins viewed through a glass floor in their original positions as well as a portion of the original foundation.

Historic Reenactment at St. Mary's City

St. Mary's Today

St. Mary's City is now a living history museum featuring a reconstructed tavern, farmhouse, and tobacco plantation as well as a replica of a longhouse. Actors in period costume guide tourists and school children through what seems to be a time warp. One can easily imagine life in the 1600s while studying 17th-century agricultural technology explained in Elizabethan English.

On one visit, Goodwife Spray showed me how to use herbs popular at the time and explained the old-time fear of bad night airs, suspected of causing the ague. Known today as malaria, ague was spread by malaria-carrying mosquitoes, which, of course, emerge at twilight.

Areas where archeological excavation located foundations hold replicated frames for the 17th-century homes so long neglected by history.

St. Mary's College of Maryland

Across Rt 5 from historic St. Mary's City is St. Mary's College of Maryland, America's top public honors college. U.S. News and World Reports rates St. Mary's College of Maryland the 84th (of 265) best liberal arts college, most of which are private colleges.

In 1927, St. Mary's Seminary became Maryland's first junior college. in 1964, it evolved to become a four-year liberal arts college.

The relatively isolated 319-acre campus offers students the opportunity to engage in archaeological excavation and historical study. Many outdoor activities feature sailing and kayaking with boats available at the boathouse on the St. Mary's River.

Without the commercial distractions of a larger and more urban college, St. Mary's students actively engage with nature and history. The spectacular setting offers magnificent river views, and the serenity of Church Point, a sandy stretch shaded by old cypress trees, the perfect spot for quiet contemplation and outdoor get-togethers that breeds a love for St. Mary's-the true birthplace of the ideal of American freedom and democracy.

Church Point at St. Mary's County, Maryland
© 2009 Dolores Monet

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St. Mary's City, Maryland: The Birthplace of Religious Freedom

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St. Mary's City in Southern Maryland was the first English colony in the U.S. to grant freedom of religion. Historic St. Mary's is a living history museum and the campus of St. Mary's College of MD.

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Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands established colonies in North America. Each country had different motivations for colonization and expectations about the potential benefits.

Subjects

Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography, Religion, Social Studies, Economics, U.S. History, World History

Image

Jamestown Colony Ferry

The opportunity to make money was one of the primary motivators for the colonization of the New World. The Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown colony to make a profit for its investors.

Painting by Richard Schlecht

Hundreds of years ago, Europe traded goods with Asia using a land route. It was called the Silk Road. New rulers in Europe and Asia began making that trip harder. It then became better to travel by sea. This led Europeans to explore more parts of the world. Soon, Europe began taking over lands in the Americas.

Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer. He wanted to find a faster way to get to Asia. He was hired by Spain's king and queen to do this. By mistake, he landed on an island in the Caribbean Sea, not far from North America. He thought he was in India, but he was wrong.

Other explorers heard about this and wanted to set sail as well. They said they were going to the "New World." Countries from Europe began to fight over these new lands. Spain, France, the Netherlands, and England all fought. Soon, colonies were settled and growing in the New World.

Money and Power in the New World

Spain wanted money and power. The country's explorers took over many empires and lands. They grew rich from the gold and silver they took. The Spanish also built many buildings. Today, we can still see some old buildings that the Spanish built. The oldest one in the United States was built in 1565. It is in Florida. Many others did not survive fights with Native Americans.

The Spanish wanted everyone in the New World to be Christian. They taught the native people Christian and European ways. The places where they settled began to grow from villages to cities. Many cities today started as these Spanish towns.

Fur Trading Was Good for France

The French began trading fur with the Native Americans in 1534. The land they took over in North America was mainly in Canada.

The Netherlands was a small but powerful country. The Dutch controlled trade with Asian islands in Indonesia. An explorer named Henry Hudson tried to find a faster way to get to Asia for the Dutch.

He did not find it, but he discovered a river that led to what is now New York City. Then the British took over the area in 1664.

England's Colonies

England had the most land in North America. The country wanted riches and a good way to travel by sea. Many of the English also wanted to be free to have their own church. In 1620, a group of settlers sailed to the New World. They wanted to get away from the Church of England. They were known as separatists.

Their ships landed in what is now Massachusetts. These were the first Pilgrims. They created many goods, which helped the British for many years. Colonies were built up and down the coast that made money for England.

Then, 200 years later, the colonies fought for their freedom from England and became a new country.

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Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands established colonies in North America. Each country had different motivations for colonization and expectations about the potential benefits. Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography, Religion, Social Studies, Economics, U.S. History, World History Image Jamestown Colony Ferry The opportunity to make money was one of the primary motivators for the colonization of the New World.

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Kids learn about the Jamestown Settlement of colonial America including the first settlers, John Smith, the Powhatan tribe, the Staving Time, interesting facts, and Pocahontas.

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Kids learn about the history of the Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony of Colonial America including the Mayflower voyage, establishing a Puritan settlement, their leaders, Squanto, the Native Americans, and Thanksgiving.

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The Founding of St. Augustine

St. Augustine is the oldest continually populated settlement in what is now the United States. It was first organized on September 8, 1565, by Spanish explorer Pedro Menendez de Aviles. The date was significant because it was the feast day of St. Augustine. Menendez named the day after the saint. He was also the first governor of Florida, the colony originally formed by Juan Ponce de Leon, the seeker of the Fountain of Youth.

The enterprising Menendez was in the New World at the direction of the King and Queen of Spain, who were pursuing twin interests of exploring new lands and trying to control colonization by other European powers. French explorers had built a settlement called Fort Caroline in 1564. Menendez and his men were specifically told to eliminate that French settlement, which they did a year after it was built. Also a target of Spanish occupation were the Timucua, a Native American tribe who lived in the area. The principal chief of the Timucua at that time was a man named Seloy. Menendez and his men had little trouble subduing the Timucua and took over Seloy's council house, using it for their first fort.

From that point on, the settlement of St. Augustine was interrupted, being owned by Spanish, then English, then Americans.

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The Founding of St. Augustine St. Augustine is the oldest continually populated settlement in what is now the United States. It was first organized on September 8, 1565, by Spanish explorer Pedro Menendez de Aviles. The date was significant because it was the feast day of St. Augustine.

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United States

St. Mary's City (also known as Historic St. Mary's City) is a former colonial town that was Maryland's first European settlement and capital. It is now a large, state-run historic area, which includes a reconstruction of the original colonial settlement, and a living history area and museum complex. Half of the area is occupied by the campus of the public honors college, St. Mary's College of Maryland.

It is an unincorporated community under state law, and is located in southern St. Mary's County, which is the southernmost tip of the state of Maryland on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay. St. Mary's City is bordered by the St. Mary's River, a short, brackish water tidal tributary of the Potomac River, near where it empties into the Chesapeake.

St. Mary's City is the historic site of the founding of the Colony of Maryland (then called the Province of Maryland). The original settlement was also the fourth oldest permanent English settlement in the United States.

St. Mary's City is also considered the birthplace of religious freedom in the United States, with the earliest North American colonial settlement ever established with the specific mandate of being a haven for both Catholic and Protestant Christian faiths.

It is also an internationally recognized archaeological research area and training center for archaeologists, and is home to the Historical Archaeology Field School. There have been over 200 archeological digs in St. Mary's city over the last 30 years. Archaeological research continues in the city.

Historic St. Mary's City: Reconstructed colonial town and living history

Historic St. Mary's City is a large public access historic interpretation area with four public museums and is a re-creation of the original colonial capitol of Maryland and also the original settlers village.

It has several living history museums, and the entire complex is staffed by period dressed actors who recreate history theatrically, as well as archeologists and archeology students who provide scientific and historical interpretation, public archeological site displays, reconstructed colonial buildings, including ongoing year-round outdoor historical reenactments, a working colonial farm and the fully working replica of , which was one of the "two original settlers ships that established the first Maryland colony" (Maryland's historical equivalent of the Mayflower).

Historic St. Mary's City also provides presentations on different aspects of colonial era woodland Indian life. At special times of the year, members of the Piscataway Indian Nation also provide reenactments and other cultural demonstrations. The Piscataway people were the original inhabitants of St. Mary's City and also befriended and helped the early colonists.

The area also hosts summer stock theater productions (with historical themes) and other special events. Historic St. Mary's City is owned by the State of Maryland and runs under a registered nonprofit charter. In addition to general tourism, the organization hosts special tours for school children, handling more than 20,000 students on field trips per year.

Historic St. Mary's is under the administration of the "Historic St. Mary's City Commission", a government agency of the State of Maryland.

St. Mary's College of Maryland

Main page: St. Mary's College of Maryland

The public honors college, St. Mary's College of Maryland, is a state-funded coed undergraduate liberal arts college. It is only one of two "Public Honors Colleges" in the nation and one of only a handful of small public liberal arts colleges. It was specifically tasked by the state of Maryland to be modeled after far more expensive private elite liberal arts colleges with the intention of offering such an education in the public sector.

The school is secular (nonreligious); the name commemorates the original colonial settlement by that name, half of which was located where the college now stands.

In 2014, U.S. News & World Report, in its annual "Best College and Universities" report, ranked St. Mary's College as "5th" in the nation under the category "Top Public Schools" in the "Colleges" ranking.

History of St. Mary's City

Beginnings

George Calvert

Colonial St. Mary's City was first envisioned by an English Lord, George Calvert. Calvert had been born in Yorkshire to a Catholic family, but when he was twelve, the local authorities compelled his parents to send George and his brother Christopher to a Protestant tutor. From then on George conformed to the established religion and had a successful career in service to the crown. His first attempt at establishing a colony was in 1621 in the Province of Avalon on land he purchased in Newfoundland, but after a few years, Calvert decided a warmer climate would be a better location.

After his wife's death in 1622, and a shift in his political fortunes, in 1625 Calvert resigned his position as a secretary of state and returned to the religion of his childhood, at a time of continued religious persecution of the Roman Catholics in England. In 1631, Calvert obtained a grant from King Charles I in recognition of his services to king and country. It had been a dream of George Calvert to establish a colony in North America and to also make it a haven for persecuted Catholics.

Cecil Calvert

George Calvert died shortly before the Maryland charter received the royal seal; however, the King continued the grant to his eldest son and heir, Cecil. Cecil Calvert continued and expanded his father's plans. While their interest in providing a haven for fellow Catholics was genuine, it was imperative that the enterprise be profitable. Supporters in England of the Virginia colony opposed the Charter, as they had little interest in having a competing colony to the north. Rather than going to the colony himself, Baltimore stayed behind in England to deal with the political threat and sent his next younger brother Leonard in his stead. He never travelled to Maryland.

Leonard spent the rest of his life there, leading the settlers through many trials and tribulations, as well as to great successes in the farming and selling of tobacco back to Britain. Leonard, more than anyone else in his family, became the actual founder of colonial Maryland.

Led by Leonard Calvert, in November 1633, two ships, and , set sail from the Isle of Wight, loaded with settlers, Jesuit missionaries and indentured servants. After a long, rough sea voyage with a stopover to resupply in Barbados, they arrived in what is now Maryland in March 1634. They made their first permanent settlement in what is now St. Mary's County, Maryland choosing to settle on a bluff overlooking the St. Mary's River, a relatively calm, tidal tributary near the mouth of the Potomac River where it empties into the Chesapeake Bay.

The site had been occupied by members of the Yaocomico branch of the Piscataway Indian Nation, who had abandoned it as being vulnerable to attack by the Susquehanna. The settlers had with them a former Virginia colonist who was fluent in their language and they met quickly with the chief of the region. The Tayac Kittamaquund, paramount chief of the Piscataway Indian Nation, sold thirty miles of land there to the English newcomers. He wanted to develop them as allies and trading partners (especially because of their advanced technology, such as farming implements, metal-working, gunpowder and weapons, types of food and liquor, etc.). For some time, the Piscataway, their tributary tribes, and the English Marylanders coexisted peacefully.

Naming of St. Mary's City

St. Mary's City was officially named and founded on the site of the new settlement on March 27, 1634. "The name derived from the king's suggestion that the colony be named "Marianus" in honor of the queen, Henrietta Maria...They settled on "Terra Mariae". The original group of settlers numbered 300, mostly English and also some Irish. There may also have been at least one mixed race (African and European heritage) indentured servant who had been picked up on the way over in Barbados. There were also other indentured servants from England and Ireland.

The group was a mix of Catholics and Protestants during a time of religious persecution of Catholics in the British Isles. Leonard Calvert (1606-1647), himself a Roman Catholic, became the governor of the new colony and continued to lead the settlers. St. Mary's City became the capital of the new Maryland colony, and remained so for sixty one years until 1694.

1634-1635: First Maryland legislative assembly

The first Maryland assembly, the first session of a non-native legislative body in Maryland, convened in 1634 and met periodically through 1635. The assembly quickly began to challenge a number of Cecil Calvert's edicts (sent in a letter along with the settlers), although they did not challenge his proprietorship over the new colony or his requirement for religious tolerance. Nevertheless, they pushed successfully for more personal freedoms and to adapt Calvert's edicts to the realities on the ground in the colony, which were not always the same as his expectations. For example, he wanted them to live in regimented fashion within the newly constructed fort in St. Mary's City but the greatest need perceived by the assembly was to allow for more spread-out farming. Leonard Calvert diplomatically lent support to the assembly's wishes in letters to his brother, and Cecil Calvert largely acceded.

Mathias de Sousa was a settler in the colony who was described in historical records by one witness as being "mulatto" (mixed African and European heritage, although sometimes this meant anyone who was dark skinned). He originally arrived in the new colony as an indentured servant working for the Jesuit missionaries who had come with the settlers. He later gained his freedom and went on to become an assemblyman, making him (possibly) the first person of African heritage to participate in a legislative body in North America.

Early mandates for religious tolerance

Instructions from George Calvert, the First Lord Baltimore, and the holder of the grant to the new Maryland Colony colony specified in 1633 that the new governor and all settlers were to practice religious tolerance. Upon the death of George Calvert, additional instructions written by his son Cecil Calvert, the new Lord Baltimore, also required religious tolerance in the new colony. They were sent along with his younger brother Leonard Calvert who accompanied the first settlers to Maryland in 1634 and who was appointed the first governor of the Maryland Colony, although they also encouraged Catholics to be reserved about expressions of their faith in order not to antagonize Protestants. These instructions became the first laws of Maryland.

This intent was carried forward and expanded upon by the majority of early settlers of the time, who upon forming their first legislative assembly, called "The Assembly of the Province of Maryland", passed the Maryland Toleration Act in 1649, further codifying the protection of religious freedom.

First colonial town

The original St. Mary's settlement was laid out according to a Baroque town plan, with the settlers living closely in a town with church, stores and homes close by and outlying farms, fields, woods and orchards laid out in a grid or strips of land. However, most residents of St. Mary's City later preferred to live on their tobacco plantations in the surrounding countryside. The settlement was meant to be the capital of the new Maryland Colony and Province of Maryland.

Tobacco successes and the expansion of slavery

St. Mary's City experienced an economic boom due to successful tobacco farming, which was the most important export commodity. Tobacco became an extremely valuable cash crop in the colony. This also drove the expansion of African chattel slavery. Older practices of allowing chattel slaves to gain freedom by converting to Catholicism or by eventually grandfathering indentured rights to them after many years of servitude were abolished. The character of the colony began to change more and more to a slave-based economy and slavery began to embed itself into the culture.

An increasing town population contributed to the desire for constructing public buildings, some of which were a state house, a Jesuit chapel, a jail, and an inn.

Growing religious tensions

During and after the English Civil War, fights between Protestants and Catholics developed in the colony. Often this tension went in long cycles, with extended periods where the tension was more repressed followed by acute periods where religious divisions would flare up, sometimes driving change in St. Mary's City and Maryland in the process.

Margaret Brent

Margaret Brent was a business-savvy and successful Catholic settler in St. Mary's City, who, contrary to the mores of the time that discouraged women from managing their own estates, although this was legal, insisted on managing her own business affairs. She had also traveled to the colony as a single, unmarried woman which was contrary to expectations of the time.

The law, in writing, had always been on Brent's side, but the common practices and beliefs of the day did not always guarantee enforcement, especially in the male-dominated frontier environment of the colonies, far away from the courts of England. As a woman, she had to defend her legal rights in order to be sure they were respected.

Brent defended her right to run her own estate in common law court before the assembly in St. Mary's City, making a spirited case, and won, making her the first woman in English North America to stand for herself in a court of law and before an assembly. She also demanded the right to vote in the assembly.

Brent also served as an attorney before the colonial court, mostly representing women of the colony. She is considered to have been very legally astute. Surviving records indicate that she pleaded at least 134 cases. Although she did not explicitly campaign for women's rights in general, she is credited for having done so implicitly.

The Plundering Time

1644-46: Plundering Time

Main page: Plundering Time

The violence stemming from the English civil war eventually spread to the colonies and a Protestant raiding party attacked St. Mary's City, driving off many settlers and burning several structures. After the attack there were only about 100 people still living in the town. The raiders took control of the city and added further fortifications.

The raiders plundered the homes of all the Catholic residents of the city who refused to renounce their faith and anyone who professed friendship to a Catholic. This would later be called the Plundering Time by the colonists.

1647: Leonard Calvert retakes St. Mary's City

Leonard Calvert had spent a few years in exile from St. Mary's City but remained in the colonies. During this time he married Margaret Brent's sister which also brought Margaret Brent into the Calvert family as an in-law, advancing her in some ways to her advantage and in other ways to her detriment. Nearly two years later, Leonard Calvert managed to raise a militia and led an attack to retake St. Mary's City. They succeeded in driving off the Protestant militia and regained control of the town.

Then Calvert and his men carried out successful raids on Kent Island in the Chesapeake, which had become a stronghold of his foes, defeating the force there. At this point Calvert had the upper hand, although the threat still remained. However, within a year, Leonard Calvert became sick and died, creating a temporary power vacuum in the colony and also worryingly for the residents of St. Mary's City, leaving Calvert's militia, which had been protecting the city, unpaid.

Margaret Brent intervenes at a personal cost

Margaret Brent had been named by Leonard Calvert as the executor of his last will and testament, a very unusual designation for a woman of her time. She therefore handled the liquidation of Leonard Calvert's estate. However at the same time, Calvert's still-unpaid militia had become a security issue for St. Mary's City. Even if the militia simply disbanded due to the soldiers remaining unpaid, the City would then be vulnerable again to attack. And so Brent successfully petitioned the Maryland Assembly to grant her power of attorney over the holdings of Cecil Calvert, the Lord Baltimore, who was Leonard's brother living in England. She then used proceeds from liquidating some of these holdings to pay the militiamen.

Although her actions were later defended by the Maryland assembly as necessary in an emergency, a strain emerged between the Calvert family in England and Brent. Even though the assembly stated that Brent's actions may have in fact, helped to save the colony, the Calverts did not approve of Brent making a decision to spend money raised from Cecil Calvert's assets.

In defense of Brent, the Maryland Assembly issued the following proclamation about her:

...the Colony was safer in her hands than any man's in the Province,
and she rather deserves favor and thanks for her so much concerning
[herself] for the public safety.

However this did not sway Cecil Calvert.

This dispute also set off racial tensions between the Brent family and Cecil Calvert in England, because Brent's brother, who had also been in St. Mary's City, had married a Native American princess. In the same letter accusing Margaret Brent of mishandling Leonard Calvert's estate, Cecil Calvert also disparaged her brother, Giles Brent, for having married a Native American woman. At the end of the letter, Cecil Calvert ordered Brent and her brother and sisters to leave the Maryland Colony.

Although the assembly was largely supportive of Brent and largely took her side in the dispute with the surviving Calvert family in England, during this time she also petitioned for the right to vote in the assembly. However the assembly denied her that right because she was a woman. This was the first known attempt by a woman in English North America to gain the right to vote.

Despite appeals on her behalf by the Maryland assembly, Cecil Calvert had demanded by letter that she and her brother and sisters leave the Maryland colony. Consequently, Brent left the colony with her sister. They lived for a year on an island in the Potomac River and then moved to the Virginia colony. Other relatives moved directly to Virginia. Brent established a new estate there which she called "Peace". She eventually became very successful and stayed in Virginia for the rest of her life.

1649: Maryland assembly ratifies the "Maryland Toleration Act"

The Maryland Toleration Act, crafted and passed by the reinstated Maryland assembly in St. Mary's City, was the first law codified to mandate religious tolerance among Christians of various sects (especially Catholics and Protestants). It was approved not only to carry out the wishes of George Calvert and his son and Cecil Calvert that the colony be a place of religious toleration between Catholics and Protestants. More urgently, the act, which applied to all of the Maryland Colony, sought to settle once and for all the religious divisions that had triggered the recent fighting. The assembly at the time was majority Protestant, and the aristocratic leadership, including the governorship of the colony was Catholic.

The act remained in effect for 40 years, and contributed to relative peace in the colony during that time.

Stagnation

1660s: Problems in the tobacco economy

In the 1660s tobacco, which had long been a lucrative boom crop, began to experience price declines. This was likely due to increased production and competition in other colonies. The problem was then aggravated by Maryland planters cutting their tobacco product with other leaves in order to make up for the decrease in the price of a tobacco barrel. Although helpful in the very short run, in the longer run this cutting practice hurt the reputation of Maryland tobacco in England and further devalued the yearly tobacco crops. All of this began, in stages, to have a destabilizing effect on the Maryland Colony, which then further aggravated latent religious tensions between the majority Protestant planters and the Catholic aristocratic leadership.

All of this further intensified reliance on slavery in St. Mary's City, as plantation owners sought to eliminate the cost of paid labor in producing tobacco.

1676: Original brick Maryland Statehouse constructed

In 1676, the original Maryland Statehouse, the home of the Maryland colonial assembly, was finished. The current reconstructed statehouse is not in the original location, which today lies under the churchyard of the adjacent Trinity Episcopal Church. When the original statehouse was dismantled in 1829, Trinity was built out of the statehouse bricks.

1678: First printing house in southern colonies opens in St. Mary's City

Moving to St. Mary's City in 1678, William and Dinah Nuthead became the first printers in Maryland. While Dinah Nuthead was illiterate, she would often help her husband in operating the printing press. By copying the letters and the processes of her husband, Dinah was able to continue the printing business following her husband's death in 1695. After gaining a license to print from the colonial government, Dinah became the first female printer in the colony. When Dinah moved to Annapolis, Maryland in 1695, she was able to continue their printing business in the new location.

1689: Watershed eruption of religious conflict

In 1689, about forty years after the passage of the Maryland Toleration Act, sectarian tensions between Protestants and Catholics became so great that Protestant settlers revolted against the Lords Baltimore in the Protestant uprising in Maryland. The English Crown took over the Maryland colony and appointed royal governors, replacing the Calverts.

Legally mandated religious tolerance was abolished, first by Royal decree and then later by a law passed by a now majority-Protestant state assembly, in the new capital in Annapolis.

1690s: Catholics lost right to vote, other anti-Catholic policies implemented

In 1692 Catholics in the Maryland Colony lost the right to vote. Catholics were also no longer allowed to worship in public and could only worship in their private homes. Laws were also passed limiting new Roman Catholic immigration to the colony.

Although a Catholic person's right to vote in Maryland would be reinstated by the state assembly some decades later, other forms of discrimination against Catholics would continue through most of the next century and would leave lasting religious tensions in Maryland felt all the way through to the election of John F. Kennedy just past the mid-20th century.

Relocation of Maryland Capital

The new Protestant Maryland governor Sir Francis Nicholson relocated the capital from St. Mary's City to the more central Annapolis (then called "Anne Arundel Town") in 1695. The colonial statehouse in St. Mary's was turned into a Protestant church the same year.

In 1695 St. Peters freehold, the former home of Maryland governors in St. Mary's City, was destroyed in an explosion. Whether this was an intentional act or an accident is not known, as a large gunpowder magazine had been stored in its basement. The freehold had briefly been the home of the new Protestant Governor Francis Nicholson until he ordered the colonial capital moved to Annapolis. Prior to this the freehold had been the home of Philip Calvert, the former Catholic Governor of the Maryland colony and Cecil Calvert's half-brother until his death in 1682.

Anti-Catholic policies and discrimination in the 18th century

During the 18th century, Catholics became a persecuted minority group in Maryland, including St. Mary's county. Catholics were denied the right to serve in the militia, taxed double when money had to be raised for the military, and continued to be discouraged from immigrating. Wealthy Catholics often became crypto-Catholics (practicing their religion in secret and sending their children abroad to get Catholic educations), but poor Catholics could not afford this and were more vulnerable to discrimination practices. Consequently, over the generations, many converted to Protestantism in order to avoid discrimination. By the late 18th century, the Catholic population had dropped to 9%.

Abandonment of the city

With the seat of government gone, the town lost its reason to exist. Remaining inhabitants were mostly farmers. The former town center was converted to agricultural land, and archaeological remains from the colonial town were undisturbed in the ground.

1700-1865: Antebellum slave plantation era

Early 18th century: Consolidation of farms

The small remaining farms in St. Mary's City were consolidated into a large antebellum-style slave plantation by the Brome-Howard family, which operated through a majority of the 19th century. The main plantation house was built over the ruins of one of the Calvert residences.

During the Civil War, Union troops occupied St. Mary's County, which like a large part of Maryland at the time, had Southern sympathies. Piers and wharfs in St. Mary's County were burned by Union forces in order to stop trade with the confederacy which was only across the Potomac River. Brome's Wharf in St. Mary's City was also burned, as it was a part of what was by then the Brome-Howard Plantation, owned by Doctor Brome, a slave-owner and a likely confederate sympathizer. There is archeological evidence that the Union Army may have occupied the plantation for some time. Records show that Brome later complained that Union troops had damaged his piano while ransacking the main plantation house.

Records show that one quarter of the 66 people living under slavery at Doctor Brome's plantation in St. Mary's City escaped during the Civil War and at least two of them then joined the Union Army. Even before slavery was legally abolished, the Union Army had a policy allowing enslaved men to gain their freedom if they became Union soldiers. Other records show that the total number of people living under slavery there during this time was 59.

One escaped slave from the Brome-Howard Plantation in St. Mary's City served in the famed 38th U.S. Colored Infantry, which received unit citations for service in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm. He survived the war and settled in Baltimore. Another African American soldier in this same unit, also from St. Mary's County, although not St. Mary's City, received the Medal of Honor for his actions during this battle.

Two men who had escaped slavery from the St. Mary's City area, Alexander Gough and William Gross, joined the famed 38th United States Colored Infantry Regiment of the Union Army, which won unit citations for valor in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm (also known as the "Battle of New Market Heights") in the American Civil War. Gough is known to have survived the war and lived the rest of his life in Baltimore. Two other African American men from the area, William H. Barnes and James H. Harris both from Great Mills (which is just to the north of St. Mary's City), who had been free tenant farmers before the war, also served in the same regiment. Harris and Barnes each received the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm. There is evidence suggesting that additional slaves from the Brome plantation fought in the war as well. In total, over 700 African Americans from St. Mary's County served in the Union Army during the Civil War.

The United States Colored Troops Memorial Statue, in Lexington Park, Maryland, seven miles north of St. Mary's City, honors and memorializes African American soldiers from St. Mary's County, including the men of the 38th United States Colored Troops Regiment, who served as soldiers or sailors in the Union cause during the American Civil War. An educational plaque at the site specifically mentions Barnes and Harris and how they received the Medal of Honor.

Post-Civil War farming

The Civil War ended slavery on the plantation and the area remained mostly under a large farm, worked by tenant farmers and owned by descendants of the original owners until the 20th century. By the mid-20th century, few 17th-century buildings still stood. The town center site appeared to be farmland with the exception of a few private residences, and also after 1840, a slowly expanding female seminary school that began with just a small part of the total area.

Writings about the decline of St. Mary's City

In 1838 the novel Rob of the Bowl was published; it was a story about the struggle for religious tolerance in Maryland and was written by John Pendleton Kennedy, and was set in St. Mary's City and also neighboring St. Inigoes, Maryland. The book opens with a poem that Kennedy selected as a re-attribution to describe St. Mary's City long after its abandonment as the capitol of Maryland.

This also refers to part of the 19th-century history and mythology of St. Mary's City (in the State of Maryland) as a place where great things happened (such as the founding of the Colonial Government of Maryland and the birthplace of religious freedom in the United States) but which eventually became a ghost town.

No more thy glassy brook reflects the day,

But choked with sedges, works its weedy way;
Along thy glades a solitary guest,
The hollow-sounding bittern guards its nest;
Amidst thy desert walks the lapwing flies,
And tires their echoes with unvaried cries.
Sunk are thy bowers in shapeless ruin all,
And the long grass o'ertops the mould'ring wall

The Deserted Village

St. Mary's City's resurgence

1840: Establishment of St. Mary's Female Seminary

The book Rob of the Bowl tells a somewhat fictionalized story of the original St. Mary's City. The author, after the book became popular, publicly lamented that there was no monument to memorialize the original St. Mary's City and what happened there.

A few years later, in 1840, a women's nondenominational seminary high school was established on the grounds of old St. Mary's City, in response to Kennedy's call for a monument. Its founders described it as a "living monument" to the beginnings of religious tolerance and established it to meet the educational needs of young women in the county and the state. The school was called St. Mary's Seminary.

The school was intentionally made nondenominational, to honor, promote and memorialize religious tolerance, and also to help heal Protestant-Catholic tensions that still haunted St. Mary's County at the time.

The name was changed to St. Mary's Female Seminary, to clarify the school's already existing female student-only mission.

Early 1900s

In 1926, the former St. Mary's women's Catholic seminary school (a boarding high school within the proper of old St. Mary's City that was founded in 1840) was expanded to a two-year seminary female junior college combined with the last two years of high school (four years total). This was seen as a natural outgrowth of its former role as a now elite, state-funded women's high school.

Through an act of the Maryland Legislature, St. Mary's gender limitation was removed, and the word "female" was consequently dropped from the school's name. However, although males may enroll, they are not offered housing. The name of the school was changed to St. Mary's Seminary Junior College.

The St. Mary's City Commission was chartered in 1966 by the State Assembly of Maryland and the Governor, Millard Tawes. The charter created the commission as "a new, independent state agency" reporting directly to the Governor of Maryland "to preserve, develop and maintain" St. Mary's City as a state "monument", and also to oversee ongoing archeological work.

The Junior College was ordered to be expanded to a four-year institution in 1966 (effective in 1968) and renamed "St. Mary's College of Maryland". It was chartered as a four-year public liberal arts college. Its mission was to provide a liberal arts college in the public sector to students who could not afford to attend elite private colleges. Reorganization was completed in 1967.

1969: St. Mary's City declared a National Landmark

St. Mary's was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1969.

The plan "recommends acquisition of 1200 acres" and suggests a museum, visitor center, working tobacco farm, public transportation, and reconstruction of the Ark and Dove as first steps in the reconstruction of the historic city.

1976: World premiere of Wings of the Morning, by Kermit Hunter

Commissioned to celebrate the founding of St. Mary's City, Hunter's outdoor drama prominently featured the characters of Leonard Calvert, William Claiborne, Ann Arundel, Richard Ingel, Mathias de Sousa and others, and launched the career of two-time Academy Award winner, Denzel Washington, who made his stage debut as DeSousa. Also in the cast were Tony winner Debra Monk as Ann Arundel), and actor/writer/director Jackson Heath as Ingel. On July 4, 1976, a Washington Post review of the play was read aloud on the floor of Congress and permanently entered in the Congressional Record.

1980-present

After years of exploratory test digs and historical detective work, and with the possible original key town locations having been narrowed down, archeological dig activity was increased significantly in a determined effort to finish uncovering the original layout of the colonial settlement.

In 1984, Lord Baltimore's World was a large-scale, months-long colonial reenactment that was staffed by professional actors and also included live Shakespearean theater. It occurred within St. Mary's City proper and celebrated the 350th anniversary of the arrival of Maryland's first colonists.

After four years of intensified archeological digging, most of the original town layout had been discovered. It had been originally expected that the layout would be chaotic, but instead it was revealed that the town was actually carefully planned in a Baroque style, similar to Williamsburg, Virginia and Annapolis Maryland. Old St. Mary's City, Annapolis and Williamsburg are the only three towns in North America planned and built in a Baroque layout.

The St. Mary's City Commission, which had evolved through a variety of roles and slight name variations assigned to its historical research, reconstruction and preservation charter charter, was assigned a new name in 1991 by the State of Maryland: the Historic St. Mary's Commission. This commission still has administrative authority over about half of St. Mary's City; it is responsible for the preservation of more than 800 acres of land and 3 miles of shoreline.

Historic St. Mary's City is now a significant tourist attraction in the state of Maryland, visited by approximately 20,000 students per year, in addition to approximately 25,000 other tourists per year (a rough yearly total of 45,000 people). Expansion and development of the historic area continues, including reconstruction and replica creation of additional period sites. Historic St. Mary's City is operated as an outdoor living history museum, and includes costumed actors portraying colonial-era life, museum exhibitions, and numerous reconstructed buildings.

St. Mary's College of Maryland is now a nationally recognized elite educational institution in the public sector. In 2014, U.S. News & World Report, in its annual report, ranked St. Mary's College as 5th in the nation under the category "Top Public Schools" in the "Colleges" category.

Archaeological research in St. Mary's City

The National Park Service has described St. Mary's City as "probably the most intact 17th-century English town surviving in our nation represented entirely by archaeological resources." Numerous archaeological digs and research projects continue in St. Mary's City. In the last 30 years, there have been more than 200 archaeological digs in the city.

First excavations

After explorations by Henry Chandlee Forman in the 1940s, excavations began in 1971 with the creation of the St. Mary's City Historic Commission, a state institution tasked with discovering and preserving archaeological remains in St. Mary's City, establishing a museum on the site, and conducting related historical research. Since then, much of the original colonial St. Mary's City has been found. The Historic St. Mary's City Commission continues to excavate the area today.

The Historical Archaeology Field School

In conjunction with St. Mary's College of Maryland, the Historic St. Mary's Commission (formerly the "St. Mary's City Commission") runs the Historic Archeological Field School every summer that is attended by students from all over the United States and other countries as well. Many of its graduates now hold prominent positions in the field. The students not only study, but also work in many of the active archeological dig sites in St. Mary's City. Providing extensive hands-on experience, the school teaches all aspects of professional archeological work, including working in real archeological digs, analyzing and conserving artifacts, as well as cataloging, archiving and related historical research. The school has been in existence for more than 40 years.

Current work

St. Mary's City has numerous active archeological dig sites, focusing on precolonial, colonial and antebellum (slavery era) history.

Notable discoveries

Some important archeological discoveries in St. Mary's City include:

The site of the first printing house in the Southern colonies; a quantity of lead print type (for printing words), indicating that the site where it was found was the documented William Nuthead Printing House

A 1645 fort with a surrounding moat, claimed to be the only structural remains of the English Civil War in the American Colonies

Discovery of the site of St. John's Freehold, where Maryland's citizen government was instituted

Façon de Venise glassware

A set of Kütahya ceramics, one of only two known examples found in the United States

19th-century slave quarters from St. Mary's City's later plantation period

Three 17th-century lead coffins. One of these is suspected of being the coffin of the former colonial chancellor and also judge, Philip Calvert.

The foundation of a Jesuit chapel

Discovery of the site of St. Peters Freehold, the former home of Maryland Chancellor Philip Calvert. St. Peters freehold was destroyed in a violent explosion in 1695 when 900 pounds of gunpowder stored in its cellar were set off. Whether the explosion was intentional or an accident is unknown. The discovery was made by a team of visiting British scientists, and was featured in a British Time Team documentary that aired on The Learning Channel.

Garret Van Sweringen's Inn, a 17th-century inn founded by Garret Van Sweringen an Innkeeper and a leader in St. Mary's City's development

Extensive artifacts from successive Native American occupations

The 18th-century house of merchant and planter John Hicks, with an extensive ceramic assemblage

These findings come along with thousands of artifacts and bone fragments that have been cataloged and processed into St. Mary's City historical museums and storage archives. These artifacts continue to be analyzed, and continue to advance period research in various fields.

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St. Mary's City, Maryland Facts for Kids

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Learn St. Mary's City, Maryland facts for kids

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Jamestown was the first permanent English colony in North America. It was located on a piece of land in the James River, near what is now Williamsburg, Virginia. The people...

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Plymouth Colony was the first lasting English settlement in New England. It was located on the site of the modern-day city of Plymouth, Massachusetts. The city lies on Plymouth Bay, 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of Boston.

Plymouth was founded by people called Puritans. The Puritans were an English religious group that practiced a strict form of Protestant Christianity. They disagreed with some practices of the Church of England. Some Puritans were called Separatists because they wanted to separate themselves from the Church of England. The Separatists who left England and founded Plymouth are now known as the Pilgrims.

The Pilgrims crossed the Atlantic Ocean on a ship called the . They reached Cape Cod in November 1620. It took them until December 21 to decide where to settle. They named the chosen site Plymouth because the Mayflower 's voyage had started in Plymouth, England. According to tradition, the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock on December 26.

Winter had already set in when the Pilgrims landed. They were short of food. Many became ill. More than half the Pilgrims did not survive the first winter. The Pilgrims who did survive got help from Native Americans who lived nearby. The Wampanoag people taught the Pilgrims how to plant crops, fish, and hunt.

Between 1630 and 1640 the Plymouth colonists made a good living by trading with the new Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1691 Plymouth Colony became a part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

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Plymouth Colony was the first lasting English settlement in New England. It was located on the site of the modern-day city of Plymouth, Massachusetts. The city lies on Plymouth Bay, 37 miles (60 kilometers) southeast of Boston. Plymouth was founded by people called Puritans.

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Saint Augustine is a city in northeastern Florida, near the Atlantic Ocean. Settled in 1565, it is the oldest city in the United States. It was named for the Catholic leader Saint Augustine of Hippo.

Saint Augustine has kept many historical features. Many buildings still look like they did when Spain ruled Florida as a colony hundreds of years ago. The Spanish fortress Castillo de San Marcos is a national monument. It is the oldest fort in the country....

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Saint Augustine is a city in northeastern Florida, near the Atlantic Ocean. Settled in 1565, it is the oldest city in the United States. It was named for the Catholic leader Saint Augustine of Hippo.Saint Augustine has kept many historical features. Many buildings still look like they did when Spain ruled Florida as a colony hundreds of years ago.

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Jamestown Settlement | Jamestown Colony | Educational Story for Kids | Kids Academy