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Projet Interculturel / Intercultural Project

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Projet Interculturel / Intercultural Project

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Enseignement supérieur en France | Campus France

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L'enseignement supérieur français propose de nombreuses formations auxquelles peuvent s'inscrire les étudiants étrangers.

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Faculté de Droit Paris II Panthéon-Assas : le bâtiment principal sur la place du Panthéon.

L'amphi 1 du Centre Assas lors de la cérémonie de remise des diplômes des docteurs en Droit.

En France, l'accès au premier cycle d' études supérieures des universités est de droit pour tous les bacheliers ou titulaires d'un diplôme d'accès aux études supérieures : 98 % des bacheliers généraux, 90 % des bacheliers technologiques et 45 % des bacheliers professionnels poursuivent leurs études.

La dépense publique annuelle par étudiant en 2012 (chiffre provisoire) est de 11 739 € (en progression de 0,9 % par rapport à 2011). Entre 2008 et 2013, la dépense moyenne par étudiant est restée stable en France tandis qu'elle a augmenté de 5 % dans la moyenne des pays de l' Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE). Cette valeur moyenne de dépense masque en réalité une grande diversité puisque les chiffres varient de 10 942 € pour les universités à parfois plus de 20 000 € pour certains établissements. Toutefois, cette dépense est en progression constante et a augmenté de 50 % en 30 ans.

Le dispositif français est caractérisé par une double coupure. D'une part, le service public de l'enseignement supérieur est assuré par les universités ouvertes à tous (sauf les études de santé) et par les " grandes écoles " qui recrutent les étudiants par concours (à la différence des universités dont la sélection se fait en cours de cursus). D'autre part, la recherche est assurée à la fois par les établissements publics à caractère scientifique et technologique (EPST) spécialisés et par les universités qui assurent une double mission d'enseignement et de recherche. L'ensemble est complexe et nécessite des conseils tout au long du processus.

En 2014, selon l' OCDE, 44,7 % des Français âgés de 25 à 34 ans disposaient d'un niveau d'éducation supérieur, contre 28 % des Allemands de cette tranche d'âge.

Organisation

Les grades universitaires sont en France au nombre de quatre : le baccalauréat, la licence, le master et le doctorat. Le grade de master a été créé en 1999, en lien avec la réforme LMD, alors que les trois autres remontent à la création de l' Université de France par Napoléon Ier (décret du ).

Les grades universitaires français sont des grades d' État. L'État a le monopole de la collation des grades, ils sont validés par la signature d'un ministre ou d'une personne ayant reçu délégation de signature, en général le recteur d'académie sur délégation du ministre chargé de l'Enseignement supérieur.

Les grades sont conférés aux titulaires de diplômes nationaux de l'enseignement supérieur délivrés sous l'autorité et au nom de l'État par les universités et les établissements habilités à cet effet. Les grades peuvent être également conférés aux titulaires de certains diplômes propres à des établissements (cas du grade de master).

Le baccalauréat est préparé dans un lycée et obtenu après un examen national ;

Le grade de licence est généralement préparé dans une université ;

Le grade de master peut être obtenu par la préparation d'un diplôme national de master, généralement dans une université, mais également par la préparation d'un diplôme d'ingénieur ou bien celle d'un diplôme de fin d'études d'un institut d'études politiques ou de certaines écoles de commerce ;

Enfin, le doctorat est obtenu à la suite de la préparation d'une thèse de doctorat (à ne pas confondre avec les thèses d'exercice soutenues par les étudiants en santé et conférant également le titre de docteur, mais pas le grade correspondant) et sa soutenance devant un jury constitué au sein d'une université ou d'un établissement d'enseignement supérieur habilité.

À ces grades peuvent être associés une multitude de droits et de privilèges, pouvant varier suivant les disciplines et les finalités. Les formations de l'enseignement supérieur universitaire (hors certaines spécialités comme les professions médicales et des autres métiers de la santé) sont découpés en trois cycles.

Le premier cycle dure trois ans. Il est ouvert à tous les titulaires du baccalauréat (sauf certaines formations pouvant sélectionner les étudiants) sous réserve d'être passé par la procédure d'" orientation active " et se termine par l'obtention d'une licence, d'une double licence ou d'un bachelor universitaire de technologie.

Le deuxième cycle dure deux ans. Il peut y avoir une sélection des étudiants sur concours ou sur dossier. Ce cycle se termine par l'obtention d'un master.

Le troisième cycle dure trois ans et correspond à la formation doctorale.

Parallèlement, des diplômes de l'enseignement supérieur, notamment privé ou consulaire, peuvent obtenir un " visa " de l'État. Les diplômes visés par le ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation peuvent également délivrer un " grade universitaire " en complément. Il en existe quatre : le baccalauréat, la licence, le master et le doctorat. Ces grades, ainsi que l'attribution de crédits ECTS, induisent une harmonisation européenne. Cette nomenclature commune permet, en effet, aux étudiants de faire reconnaître à l'étranger leur formation par un système d'équivalence commun à chaque pays. Un effet secondaire est l'accroissement de la mobilité étudiante internationale : les élèves peuvent choisir de poursuivre leur formation ou carrière à l'étranger, sans pour autant perdre l'acquis de leur scolarité.

Cette liste qui classe les diplômes de niveau du moins élevé (niveau 1) au plus élevé (niveau 8),,. L'ancienne classification de 1969 allait du niveau V (CAP, BEP) au niveau I (Master). Elle a été remplacée début 2019. La nomenclature de 2019 va donc du niveau 1 (niveau maternelle) au niveau 8 (doctorat). Établie en 2019, elle vise à faciliter la lecture internationale des niveaux de formations. Elle est basée sur la classification internationale type de l'éducation de 2011 établi par l' Unesco et le Cadre européen des certifications établi par l' Union européenne. La nomenclature de 1969 (du niveau au niveau ) allait à l'encontre de nombreux systèmes étrangers.

La nomenclature des niveaux de formation est utilisée, notamment à des fins statistiques, pour mesurer les études accomplies par un individu. Elle est utilisée au sein de l' Éducation nationale, des autres ministères délivrant des diplômes d'État, mais aussi par Pôle emploi pour classer les demandeurs d'emploi par niveau de formation, par l' Insee dans le cadre du recensement, etc.

École maternelle
et élémentaire

-

Niveau 1 et 2

Le niveau 1 correspond à la maîtrise des savoirs de base. Il est l'équivalent de l'école maternelle.
Le niveau 2 atteste la capacité à effectuer des activités et résoudre des problèmes courants à l'aide de règles et d'outils mobilisant des savoir-faire professionnels. Il est l'équivalent de l'école élémentaire. L'activité s'exerce avec un niveau restreint d'autonomie. Les titulaires sont formés pour occuper des emplois de maîtrise ou d'ouvrier non qualifié.

-

Le niveau 3 atteste la capacité à effectuer des activités en appliquant des méthodes, des outils, des matériels et des informations de base, dans un contexte connu, et à adapter les moyens d'exécution et son comportement aux circonstances. Les diplômés du CAP, ou équivalent sont formés pour occuper des emplois de maîtrise ou d'ouvrier qualifié.

Baccalauréat

Bac

Le niveau 4 atteste la capacité à effectuer des activités mobilisant un large éventail d'aptitudes, d'adapter des solutions existantes pour résoudre des problèmes précis, à organiser son travail de manière autonome dans des contextes prévisibles mais susceptibles de changer. Les diplômés du Bac sont formés pour occuper des emplois de maîtrise ou d'ouvrier qualifié.

Bac + 2

Le niveau 5 atteste la capacité à maîtriser des savoir-faire dans un champ d'activité, à élaborer des solutions à des problèmes nouveaux, à analyser et interpréter des informations en mobilisant des concepts, à transmettre un savoir-faire et des méthodes. Les diplômés du BTS ou équivalent sont formés pour occuper des emplois d'ouvrier ou de technicien qualifié.

Diplôme national de licence, BUT

Bac + 3

Le niveau 6 atteste la capacité à analyser et résoudre des problèmes complexes imprévus dans un domaine spécifique, à formaliser des savoir-faire et des méthodes et à les capitaliser. Les diplômés d'une licence sont formés pour occuper des emplois de technicien qualifié.

Diplôme national de master

Bac + 5

Le niveau 7 atteste la capacité à élaborer et mettre en œuvre des stratégies alternatives pour le développement de l'activité dans des contextes complexes, ainsi qu'à évaluer les risques et les conséquences de son activité. Les diplômés d'un master sont formés pour occuper des emplois de cadre.

Diplôme national de doctorat

Bac + 8

Le niveau 8 atteste la capacité à identifier et résoudre des problèmes complexes et nouveaux impliquant une pluralité de domaines, en mobilisant les connaissances et les savoir-faire les plus avancés, à concevoir et piloter des projets et des processus de recherche et d'innovation. Les diplômés d'un Diplôme national de doctorat sont formés pour occuper des emplois de cadre.

La licence est un diplôme généraliste s'obtenant après trois années d'études (bac + 3).

Le master qui conclut deux années d'études après la licence (bac + 5).

Le doctorat après un travail de recherche (une thèse) durant généralement trois ans (bac + 8).

Ces diplômes sont délivrés dans tous les domaines (Sciences, Lettres, Droit, Économie, Langues, Arts, Sciences Humaines...), généralement au sein des universités françaises.

Les sections de techniciens supérieurs, généralement situées dans les lycées, permettent de préparer en deux ans le brevet de technicien supérieur (BTS) dans un domaine spécialisé du tertiaire ou technologique. Il est tout autant possible d'intégrer une école d'ingénieur ou de commerce qui ouvrent de plus en plus leurs portes aux diplômés de bac +2. Néanmoins, il n'en reste pas moins que les établissements proposant ce type de formation (BTS) sont des lycées. En effet, le statut d'enseignement supérieur n'est pas revendiqué à cause du manque de professeurs diplômés d'État Universitaire.

Les instituts universitaires de technologies, composante d'une université, permettent de préparer en deux ans le bachelor universitaire de technologie (BUT), anciennement le diplôme universitaire de technologie (DUT), dans les secteurs tertiaires ou technologiques. Cette formation se veut aussi bien professionnalisante, avec souvent un stage obligatoire et la possibilité d'entrer directement dans la vie active, que théorique et permettant de rejoindre une licence professionnelle, générale ou encore une école d'ingénieur ou de commerce.

Les études en art recouvrent de nombreux domaines : les arts plastiques, l' architecture, le design industriel, la musique, le spectacle, le graphisme, l' audiovisuel. Les études peuvent donc s'effectuer dans des établissements très différents en fonction du domaine de spécialisation. Certains cursus multidisciplinaires de haut niveau sont possibles dans des grands établissements publics d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche comme le Conservatoire national des arts et métiers :

à l'université (licence, master) ;

dans un conservatoire national supérieur ou un pôle supérieur ;

en école publique (masters, DNMADE) ;

en école privée (bachelor, masters).

Commerce, économie et gestion

Les études dans le commerce ou la gestion peuvent s'effectuer en milieu universitaire, en BTS ( Brevet de Technicien Supérieur) ou en BUT (Bachelor Universitaire de Technologie). Cependant, il existe une autre voie pour faire carrière dans ces domaines, les écoles de commerce. Il est possible de les intégrer directement après le bac ou après deux années de classe préparatoire économique et commerciale, via des concours ou des banques d'épreuves.

L'Économie et la gestion sont, pour la majorité des cas, étudiée :

L'implantation au 391, rue de Vaugirard. L'ancien collège de l'Immaculée-Conception où le jeune Charles de Gaulle a été élève sert aujourd'hui de centre universitaire aux étudiants de première année.

Les études de droit se déroulent :

Après un diplôme bac +4, la professionnalisation se fait ensuite dans des établissements spécialisés comme les écoles d'avocats, les centres de formation professionnelle notariale ou l' École nationale de la magistrature.

La formation des enseignants se fait dans des universités, dans les masters d'enseignement des INSPE. Les professeurs de l'Éducation nationale sont ensuite recrutés par des concours. Les quatre écoles normales supérieures sont destinés à la formation des professeurs agrégés et enseignants-chercheurs.

Les études en lettres et langues peuvent s'effectuer :

Entrée arrière du Centre Panthéon depuis la rue Saint-Jacques.

Les études de médecine, de pharmacie, d'odontologie et de maïeutique se déroulent à l'université. Ces formations nécessitent de réussir un concours après la première année. Les études de médecine durent neuf ans au minimum, celles de pharmacie et d'odontologie six minimum, et celles de maïeutique cinq.

Les études de médecine vétérinaire se déroulent en classe préparatoire, à l'université, en BTS, en BTSA ou en BUT pour les deux premières années, puis, après le concours, dans une école vétérinaire pour les cinq années suivantes.

Les études en sciences humaines peuvent s'effectuer dans des disciplines variées : philosophie, histoire-géographie, sciences du langage, archéologie, psychologie, théologie, anthropologie, économie, sociologie, sciences de l'éducation et de la formation... La plupart des étudiants qui rejoignent ces filières sont des bacheliers généraux qui possèdent une bonne culture générale ainsi qu'une maîtrise correcte de la langue française. Par la suite, ils pourront poursuivre leur cursus en master, intégrer un Institut d'études politiques ou rejoindre une école spécialisée.

Les études en sciences de la mer et du littoral recouvrent des secteurs pluri-disciplinaires : biologie marine, écologie, environnement, chimie marine, droit, économie, géographie, géosciences, histoire, physique des océans, ingénierie. Ces formations sont dispensées dans les universités au niveau master comme doctorat.

Les carrières scientifiques ont la réputation d'être accessibles à tous et à toutes. Mais, particulièrement en France, ce n'est pas le cas. À la suite de la loi pour une école de la confiance en 2019, des enquêtes ont constaté une baisse de fréquentation surtout marquée pour les étudiantes en mathématique, et l'accroissement des inégalités dans les filières socio-économiques. Cette situation est ancienne : vers 2010, 37,5% des enfants de cadres supérieurs ou d'enseignants accédaient au baccalauréat scientifique, contre 12% seulement des enfants ouvriers. Les filières scientifiques sont difficiles d'accès aux milieux populaires et aux personnes issues d'origines migrantes. Les enquêtes du Programme international pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (Pisa) montrent que, si la situation est mauvaise dans la plupart des pays du monde, elle l'est aussi en France, avec des résultats défavorables surtout en science. -.

À cela, des raisons historiques : en France l'accès de tous et de toutes à l'enseignement supérieur est plutot récent. Jusque dans les années 1930, peuples et élites suivaient des parcours séparés. C'est Jean Berthoin qui, en 1959, a mené les réformes pour que le grand nombre accède aux universités, puis la réforme Fouchet-Capelle en 1963 a créé le Collège d'enseignement secondaire (CES), enfin ce n'est qu'en 1975 que par la loi Haby l'enseignement n'est plus diversifié selon une zone géographique. -.

Mais les processus d'exclusion sont également actuels. Les scientifiques sont surtout des hommes blancs, qui fabriquent un savoir défavorable aux femmes et aux diversités ethniques. Ils sont représentés comme des héros faisant des exploits ; pour que d'autres personnalités accèdent à ces carrières, il vaudrait mieux favoriser la créativité, l'émotion, la participation. -.

Les sciences politiques s'étudient :

en licence ou master de sciences politiques à l'université (facultés de sciences politiques) ;

ou en institut d'études politiques (appelés Sciences Po), les plus prestigieux dans le domaine sont dix établissements publics d'enseignement supérieur français situés à Aix-en-Provence, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Paris, Rennes, Strasbourg, Saint-Germain-en-Laye et Toulouse. Leur vocation est de diffuser les savoirs et de développer la recherche sur les questions politiques contemporaines, l'adjectif " politique " étant entendu dans son acception la plus large, incluant les questions sociales, internationales et économiques. Le diplôme est délivré après au moins cinq années d'études supérieures avec le grade de master. Ces instituts pratiquent une sélection à leur entrée, sous la forme d'un concours, ou bien d'une sélection par dossiers. Certaines universités dispensent également des cursus de Licence et de Master intitulés " Science Politique ", dont certains sont sélectifs (tels que les universités de Lyon II, Lyon III, Paris I, Paris VIII...).

On trouve deux grandes familles.

Ces établissements sont essentiellement :

Établissements d'enseignement supérieur privés d'intérêt général

Depuis la loi relative à l'enseignement supérieur et à la recherche de 2013 (dite loi Fioraso), " des établissements d'enseignement supérieur privés à but non lucratif, concourant aux missions de service public de l'enseignement supérieur [...], peuvent, à leur demande, être reconnus par l'État en tant qu' établissements d'enseignement supérieur privés d'intérêt général, par arrêté du ministre chargé de l'enseignement supérieur, après avis du comité consultatif pour l'enseignement supérieur privé ",.

Ce label EESPIG regroupe au un total de 61 établissements de l'enseignement supérieur privé.

Classement des unités urbaines par population étudiante

La dépense moyenne par étudiant est beaucoup plus faible dans les universités que dans les classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles ou dans les sections de techniciens supérieurs. Cette situation a conduit le Conseil de l'emploi, des revenus et de la cohésion sociale à les qualifier de " parents pauvres de l'enseignement supérieur français ". Un rapport de la CNCDH publié en 2021 souligne la paupérisation des universités française, constatant les " biais " de Parcoursup, le manque de moyens et l'accroissement des inégalités.

Ces chiffres placent la France légèrement en dessous de la moyenne de l' OCDE.

En 2012-2013, 654 772 étudiants bénéficient d'une bourse sur critères sociaux, dont 465 690 sont inscrits à l'université.

Il existe sept échelons. L'échelon 0bis permet d'être exonéré de droits d'inscription (15 % des étudiants boursiers). L'échelon 7 correspond à une bourse de 4 019 euros par an (20 % des étudiants boursiers).

Le Conseil constitutionnel a consacré une exigence de gratuité de l'enseignement supérieur public, sur le fondement du Préambule de la Constitution de 1946 qui indique que la gratuité opère à " tous les degrés ".

Cette gratuité s'applique à l'ensemble des établissements publics d'enseignement supérieur. Le Conseil constitutionnel modère l'exigence de gratuité en indiquant que cette dernière ne fait pas obstacle, s'agissant de l'enseignement supérieur, à ce que des droits d'inscription soient perçus, ces derniers devant cependant être " modiques " et tenir compte des capacités financières des étudiants.

Olivier Lefebvre (dir.), Emmanuel Weisenburger (rédacteur en chef) , L'état de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche en France, Paris, Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, , éd., 116 p.

Olivier Lefebvre, Yann Caradec et Patrick Marchegay, Atlas régional, les effectifs d'étudiants, vol. 1, Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, , 200 p. .

Base de données (open data) des effectifs d'étudiants inscrits dans les établissements et les formations de l'enseignement supérieur en France, pour les années 2001-2002 à 2012-13 " dans les systèmes d'information et enquêtes du ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, des ministères chargés de l'Agriculture, de la Pêche, de la Culture, de la Santé et des Sports. Il décline les informations à tous les niveaux géographiques, de la commune jusqu'au national " (01/09/2001 à 31/08/2013)

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Enseignement supérieur en France - Wikipédia

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En France, l'accès au premier cycle d' études supérieures des universités est de droit pour tous les bacheliers ou titulaires d'un diplôme d'accès aux études supérieures : 98 % des bacheliers généraux, 90 % des bacheliers technologiques et 45 % des bacheliers professionnels poursuivent leurs études.

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Allons-y ! 🚀

Classement des systèmes éducatifs dans le monde (2021)

Sur la base des critères suivants, les pays ayant les meilleurs systèmes éducatifs sont classés chaque année par le site WorldTop20. 😋

Taux d'inscription à la petite enfance pour les enfants de 3 à 4 ans 👧🏻

Achèvement du primaire pour les 6 à 11 ans et du premier cycle du secondaire pour les 11 à 14 ans

Taux d'obtention d'un diplôme d'études secondaires pour les 14 à 18 ans et taux d'obtention d'un diplôme universitaire pour les 18 à 25 ans

Résultats des tests en primaire pour les 6 à 11 ans et celles des tests du secondaire inférieur pour les 11 à 14 ans

Niveaux de sécurité scolaire pour les 3 à 25 ans et le niveau d'analphabétisme des adultes de 15 ans et plus

🏆 On te présente les systèmes éducatifs les mieux classés en 2022 :

Les systèmes éducatifs dans le monde

Les différences internationales entre les systèmes éducatifs ne reposent pas uniquement sur la dimension financière. La valeur accordée à l'éducation, le temps qui lui est consacré et la répartition de l'éducation au sein d'un pays jouent également un rôle dans ces différences. 😎

Aperçu de certains systèmes éducatifs connus

💡 Les données sur les salaires par pays ont été trouvées via le site Glassdoor - un site spécialisé en ressources humaines.

Finlande 🇫🇮

Il n'y a pas de devoirs ni de tests standardisés jusqu'à ce qu'ils atteignent le lycée ou un établissement d'enseignement professionnel pendant trois ans 😍, ce qui signifie que les élèves n'ont pas de système de classement par classe ou par école. Une rêve, pas vrai ? 🤩

💰 Le salaire des enseignants en Finlande varie entre 35.760 et 38.000 EUR bruts par an.

Canada 🇨🇦

Le Canada est également apprécié pour ses établissements d'enseignement post-secondaire (comme le collège) plus accessibles et moins coûteux. 👛

Leur système est très simple. Il se concentre sur trois éléments principaux :

l'alphabétisation,

les mathématiques

l'obtention d'un diplôme d'études secondaires (genre le bac)

Comme en Finlande, les éducateurs sont encouragés à repérer les élèves les plus en difficulté et à leur fournir des ressources et des examens supplémentaires.

💰 En Canada, le salaire des enseignants est 61.114 Dollar (57.929,35 Euro) bruts par an.

Autriche 🇦🇹 et Allemagne 🇩🇪

À Vienne, les parents insistent beaucoup pour que leurs enfants aillent au "Gymnasium". Pourquoi ? La réputation d'une Haupt/Mittelschule est souvent mauvaise - le niveau d'éducation dans un Gymnasium est aussi beaucoup plus exigeant.

Après 8 ans, ou 9 ans dans les établissements d'enseignement supérieur professionnels, l'élève doit passer le Matura en Autriche ou l'Abitur en Allemagne (qui équivalent tous deux au baccalauréat). Ce n'est qu'après avoir obtenu le baccalauréat que les élèves peuvent aller à l'université. 🎓

Une différence majeure est qu'en Autriche, les élèves reçoivent une formation après la huitième année scolaire, qui est nettement plus spécifique à un métier qu'en Allemagne.

Par exemple, en Autriche il y a ce que l'on appelle les HTL (Höhere Technische Bildungslehr- und Versuchsanstalt) qui sont spécialisés dans la technologie. Il y a aussi les HAK (Handelsakademie - équivalentes aux écoles de commerce) où on commence à se plonger dans la vie économique dès 14 ans. En comparaison, au Gymnasium, on apprend plutôt un peu de tout et on ne se spécialise pas complètement dans un domaine. 👩🏻‍🔧

💰 Le salaire des enseignants en Allemagne varie entre 57.300 - 59.600 EUR bruts, et en Autriche entre 37.000 - 39.000 EUR bruts.

États-Unis 🇺🇸

Le système scolaire américain comprend trois niveaux : l'école primaire (Elementary School), le secondaire (High School), l' université (college). La pré-école commence (Primary School) à trois ans et l' école maternelle à cinq ans.

Les élèves de la 9e à la 12e année sont respectivement appelés Freshman, Junior et Senior. C'est pour ça que, dans les films, on dit souvent "Freshmen"🕺🏻 pour désigner les petits nouveaux !

Les universités vérifient que tous les critères sont remplis et qu'un nombre suffisant de cours ont été suivis dans chaque matière. Presque toutes les universités exigent quatre ans de cours d'anglais, trois ans de cours de mathématiques, deux ou trois ans de cours de sciences (physique, chimie, biologie), un an de cours d'histoire et deux ans de cours d'au moins une langue étrangère.

La fameuse 'prom' et la remise de diplôme ne sont pas des mythes que tu vois seulement dans High School Musical ou des films à l'eau de rose - il y a encore beaucoup d'universités qui fêtent la fin de la formation en lancent leurs chapeaux 🎓
💰 Aux États-Unis, le salaire moyen d'un prof est environ ​​de 44 970 Dollars par an.

Royaume-Uni 🇬🇧

Toutes ces écoles et universités demandent des frais de scolarité considérables. La plupart des parents d'élèves privés dépensent jusqu'à un quart de leurs revenus pour offrir une éducation à leurs enfants. 💸
💰 Le salaire moyen d'un enseignant est 34 201 £GB (39 942,77 EUR) par an.

Japon/Hong Kong/ Singapour

L'éducation de Singapour est très populaire et a catapulté le système éducatif de ce pays parmi les meilleurs au monde.

💰 Le salaire moyen à Hong Kong est de $32,000 (30.340 EUR), au Japon de ¥ 3 050 964 (26 049€), à Singapour de £33,530 (39.238 EUR).

Quelle est la contribution de la politique dans l'éducation ?

1. Faire de la formation tout au long de la vie une réalité ☘️

2. Améliorer la qualité des systèmes de formation

3. Promouvoir l'équité, la cohésion sociale et la citoyenneté active

4. Encourager la créativité et l'innovation, y compris l'esprit d'entreprise, à tous les niveaux de l'éducation et de la formation. ✨

Concernant la politique d'un seul pays, les états peuvent augmenter des taux à investir dans le système éducatif pour améliorer l'enseignement et la qualité des instituts éducatifs. ⭐️

Ce que les écoles produisent aujourd'hui affectera l'économie du pays demain. Il est donc non seulement important mais aussi nécessaire d'accorder de l'importance aux réformes de l'éducation dans notre pays. De plus, la formation est l' un des points les plus importants pour trouver un travail, et ainsi de vivre sans problèmes financiers. 💸

À bientôt ! 🥳

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Une comparaison des systèmes éducatifs dans le monde

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Allons-y ! 🚀 Sur la base des critères suivants, les pays ayant les meilleurs systèmes éducatifs sont classés chaque année par le site WorldTop20.

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Ah, l'Espagne. Vous rêvez d'y passer vos prochaines vacances, mais si vous partiez y étudier ? Au-delà de son attrait festif, environnemental... et météorologique, il faut bien se l'avouer, la péninsule ibérique présente également des atouts éducatifs non négligeables, qui en font depuis cinq ans consécutifs la destination préférée des Français pour partir dans le cadre d'un échange Erasmus. De là à éclipser notre douce France ? C'est ce qu'il s'agit de définir maintenant. À vous de vous faire votre propre idée !

Le calendrier scolaire

Le calendrier scolaire en Espagne est très proche de celui en France. L'année est divisée en deux semestres, entrecoupés de périodes de vacances et de périodes d'examens. Dans les deux pays, les étudiants commencent les cours aux alentours de mi-septembre et les finissent vers mi-mai. Une période d'examen est fixée généralement fin décembre, puis une autre fin mai.

En ce qui concerne les jours fériés (car oui, c'est important), il en existe 11 par an en France contre 14 en Espagne.

Le système scolaire : rythme, spécificités...

Au niveau du rythme scolaire, en Espagne, les élèves vont à l'école 175 jours par an, soit 35 semaines de 5 jours. La durée moyenne d'un cours est d'environ une heure. Les étudiants ont cours le matin et l'après-midi, et commencent en moyenne à 9 h pour finir vers 17 h. La situation est plutôt comparable en France, si ce n'est que les semaines scolaires durent quatre jours et demi et que les élèves ont moins de jours d'école par an, et par conséquent généralement des journées plus chargées. À noter que ces chiffres concernent les élèves de primaire et secondaire et non les étudiants du supérieur, mais qu'ils peuvent donner des indications sur le système scolaire de chaque pays.

Une dissonance entre les deux pays réside dans la méthodologie appliquée en cours : en France, elle est rigoureuse et très spécifique, et les élèves sont tenus de la suivre à la lettre (par exemple pour les dissertations, les devoirs à rendre etc.) Ce n'est pas le cas en Espagne où l'organisation et les façons de faire sont moins bien définies et donc plus libres.

D'autre part, il est souvent dit que le degré d'autonomie est un autre point de différentiation entre la France et l'Espagne. Dans le premier pays, les élèves sont moins accompagnés par l'institution et le corps professoral, et doivent donc se débrouiller davantage seuls que dans le second.

Par ailleurs, le système français est généralement considéré comme plus stressant que celui en Espagne, où la pression subie et la compétition entre les élèves sont moindres.

Les examens

Comme dans tous les pays européens, en Espagne comme en France, un étudiant doit valider 60 crédits par années d'études (30 par semestre).

La grande différence entre les deux pays réside dans le système de notation : en Espagne, les élèves sont notés sur 10 alors qu'ils sont notés sur 20 en France. De plus, la plupart du temps, les notes attribuées sont plus sévères dans l'Hexagone, où obtenir un 15/20 est souvent déjà difficile, que dans la péninsule ibérique, où il n'est pas si rare d'obtenir un 10/10.

Les formations dispensées

Les deux pays comptent sensiblement le même nombre d'universités : 75 universités en France contre 84 en Espagne (50 publiques et 34 privées).

Vous pourrez préparer les mêmes diplômes dans les deux pays : la péninsule ibérique fait partie du système universitaire européen, ayant pour but d'harmoniser les certificats délivrés dans les pays de l'UE : BTS, licence, master, doctorat ... Seule différence, l'équivalent de la licence en Espagne dure quatre ans et parfois même cinq dans des disciplines médicales, contre trois ans en France.

Outre la faculté, l'offre de formation en Espagne est relativement aussi variée qu'en France. On y trouve notamment des écoles de commerce et de management prestigieuses et très prisées par les étudiants étrangers pour y préparer un MBA (IESE, IE et Esade). Mais aussi des écoles d'art (Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando), de numérique (The Valley Digital Business School), nombre de formations professionnelles continues...

À noter que les filières médicales et vétérinaires sont très prisées en Espagne dans le but de contourner la sélection à l'entrée trop forte dans les formations françaises. Du côté des étudiants espagnols, les filières en sciences sociales sont largement plébiscitées (59 % en master et 46 % en licence).

Le prix à payer...

...pour les études

Concernant l'université, les choses se compliquent côté espagnol. En effet, les frais de scolarité de la fac sont fixés librement par chaque établissement : pour une université publique, ils s'élèvent en moyenne à 600 € pour une première année de licence et 2300 € pour une première année de master. Dans un établissement privé, vos études vous coûteront en moyenne 10 000 € par an ! On comprend mieux pourquoi presque 90 % des Espagnols sont inscrits dans le public. À noter tout de même que ce prix varie beaucoup entre les régions.

Le coût des études en France, quant à lui, est l'un des plus faibles au monde car la plupart des frais de scolarité sont pris en charge par l'État. Pour une année de licence, vous devrez débourser 184 € pour une année de licence, et 256 € pour une année de master.

...pour le logement

Pour ce qui est du logement, nul doute qu'il vous coûtera moins cher d'habiter en Espagne qu'en France. Pour faire le comparatif entre les deux capitales, un appartement de 20m² dans le centre-ville de Madrid aura un loyer d'environ 400€ par mois, quand le même bien dans un arrondissement prisé de Paris vous fera dépenser plus de 600€ par mois.

...et pour le reste

Si l'Espagne ne brille pas par le prix de ses formations à l'université, elle se démarque grâce au coût global de la vie nettement moins élevé qu'en France : en effet, tout y est moins cher. La nourriture, les boissons, les sorties... À titre indicatif, un demi de bière en bar coûte en moyenne 3€ à Madrid contre 5€ à Paris.

Le taux de réussite

Au classement PISA (Programme international pour le suivi des acquis des élèves) 2016, une étude annuelle menée par OCDE visant à mesurer les performances des systèmes éducatifs des pays européens, l'Espagne se classe 28e quand la France est 26e. À savoir que ces chiffres concernent les élèves âgés de 15 ans.

Concernant les étudiants dans le supérieur, on note que les Espagnols sont légèrement en retard par rapport à la moyenne européenne des diplômés : parmi ceux ayant débuté leurs études en 2010, moins d'un sur eux est parvenu à obtenir son diplôme.

Bonus : petits chiffres clés

Le nombre d'étudiants inscrits dans le supérieur ? Ils sont au nombre de 1,5 million en Espagne (pour une population de 46,4 millions d'habitants) et 2,6 millions en France (pour 67,2 millions d'habitants).

Le nombre d'étudiants en mobilité internationale ? 33 225 jeunes Espagnols étudient à l'étranger chaque année, contre 62 416 Français. Pour ce qui est de la mobilité entre les deux pays, 3865 élèves d'Espagne viennent étudier en France (2e pays d'origine), et 7042 Français viennent suivre des études en Espagne (4e pays d'origine).

La plus vieille université ? En Espagne, il s'agit de l'université de Salamanque, fondée en 1218. 18 ans plus tôt était fondée la plus ancienne faculté française, l'Université de Paris.

Le nombre d'élèves apprenant l'espagnol/le français ? En Espagne, un peu plus d'1 million d'élèves apprennent la langue française. En France, ce sont plus de 2,5 jeunes qui ont choisi d'étudier l'espagnol.

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Le match des études supérieures #1 : France VS Espagne

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Chaque semaine, Diplomeo vous dresse un comparatif aux couleurs internationales : les différences entre étudier en France et dans un autre pays. On commence notre série avec le pays qui, clichés tenaces obliges, fleure bon le soleil, le flamenco et la paella... l'Espagne. Que le match commence (¡Olé!)

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L'enseignement supérieur français s'articule autour de trois grandes catégories de formations : l'enseignement universitaire, la filière professionnelle, et un système très spécifique, celui des classes préparatoires, ouvrant la voie des grandes écoles d'ingénieurs et de commerce. En France, tout commence après le baccalauréat (le " bac "), sésame incontournable pour entrer dans le monde du supérieur. Ensuite, il s'agit de se déterminer soit pour une filière longue (4 à 5 ans d'études et au delà), soit pour une filière courte (2 à 3 ans d'études), voire une filière spécialisée qui prépare à un secteur professionnel particulier (hôtellerie-restauration, transport-logistique...). La plupart des écoles dépendent du ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (ou autre ministère de rattachement, comme la Défense, l'Industrie, la Culture...), l'enseignement agricole dépendant, lui, du ministère de l'Agriculture, par exemple. Opter pour l'enseignement universitaire... L' université française est entrée de plain-pied dans le " Processus de Bologne ", et toutes les universités offrent un cursus baptisé LMD, soit un premier niveau de sortie à bac+3 (L1, L2, L3 correspondant au bachelor), à bac+5 (M 1 et M2 pour master 1 et 2) et à bac+8 (D pour doctorat). L'année de licence 3 (3e année de licence) marque un tournant vers la poursuite en master professionnel ou un master recherche. Mais à l'université, il est également possible de suivre de nombreux cursus professionnalisés différents et à des niveaux d'études variés, notamment à travers le DUT (diplôme universitaire de technologie) (post-bac+2), ou la licence professionnelle, qui se prépare après une L2, un DUT ou un BTS (brevet de technicien supérieur).
Les formations universitaires se décomptent en semestres, eux-mêmes découpés en UE (unités d'enseignement) : regroupements de cours, travaux dirigés... Une licence s'organise sur 6 semestres et un master sur 4 semestres après la licence. Chaque semestre, les étudiants doivent valider 30 crédits ECTS. Il faut donc 180 crédits pour obtenir une licence et 120 crédits supplémentaires pour le master. Intérêt des crédits : ils sont capitalisables, mais surtout transférables d'une université européenne à l'autre.
Toutes les disciplines s'enseignent à l'université. Le droit et les études médicales (médecine, pharmacie, odontologie) sont des filières universitaires par excellence. ... ou choisir une grande école L' enseignement des grandes écoles couvre de nombreux domaines. Privées ou publiques, elles forment des managers (écoles de management), des ingénieurs (écoles d'ingénieurs) mais aussi des spécialistes des arts, des lettres et des sciences humaines (Écoles normales supérieures, ENS). Toutes recrutent sur concours sélectif, notamment après une classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles (CPGE), une particularité bien française. Il existe trois catégories de CPGE : économiques et commerciales, scientifiques et technologiques, littéraires et artistiques.
Certaines grandes écoles recrutent dès le bac pour une durée de 4 ou 5 ans. Vous pouvez également tenter de les intégrer par le biais des admissions parallèles, ouvertes aux bac+2/+3 pour une intégration en 1re année ou aux bac+4/+5 pour une intégration en 2e année d'un cursus de 3 ans.
Certains concours ont été organisés à destination des candidats titulaires de diplômes étrangers. C'est notamment le cas de certaines écoles de management qui recrutent en commun via les concours Universa/Écricome, le SAI, quand d'autres choisissent de faire cavalier seul en organisant les épreuves de sélection spécifiques pour les titulaires de diplômes non français obtenus hors de France. La plupart des écoles de management et d'ingénieurs délivrant un diplôme revêtu du grade de master. Les écoles et formations spécifiques D'autres écoles recrutent par voie de concours, comme les Instituts d'études politiques (IEP, également appelés " Sciences Po ") qui proposent aussi des parcours de spécialisation en relations internationales. C'est aussi le cas des écoles nationales supérieures d'art comme l'ENSBA (beaux-arts), l'ENSAD (arts décoratifs), l'ENSCI (création industrielle) et près d'une cinquantaine d'écoles d'art ou d'arts appliqués (Boulle, Estienne, Duperré...), ou bien encore les écoles d'architecture, qui opèrent une sévère sélection. De même, et dans un tout autre domaine, les écoles préparant à une profession paramédicale et sociale. Stages, formations professionnalisantes, alternance Autre particularité française : le brevet de technicien supérieur (BTS). Cette formation courte, qui relève de l' enseignement professionnel , forme en 2 ans des techniciens dans divers domaines (tourisme, commerce, industrie, arts appliqués...). Comme nombre de formations, le BTS prévoit une période de stage en entreprise. En France, les formations par apprentissage ou en alternance, qui combinent périodes passées à l'école et périodes en entreprise, sont assez répandues car elles vous permettent de vous professionnaliser tout en commençant à gagner votre vie. Pour en savoir plus sur l'enseignement supérieur en France, rendez-vous sur Studyrama.com, rubrique "Formation" .

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Les études supérieures en France : mode d'emploi

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L'enseignement supérieur français s'articule autour de trois grandes catégories de formations : l'enseignement universitaire, la filière professionnelle, et un système très spécifique, celui des classes préparatoires, ouvrant la voie des grandes écoles d'ingénieurs et de commerce. En France, tout commence après le baccalauréat (le " bac "), sésame incontournable pour entrer dans le monde du supérieur.

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L’enseignement privé gagne du terrain dans le supérieur

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Après des premiers jalons posés dans les années 80, l’enseignement privé prend aujourd’hui de l’ampleur dans le supérieur.

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An academic term (or simply term) is a portion of an academic year during which an educational institution holds classes. The schedules adopted vary widely. Specific synonyms are commonly used to denote the duration or a term. In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer.

An academic year is the time during which an educational institution holds classes. An academic term is a portion the academic year. The schedules adopted vary widely.

Semester, trimester and quarter are all synonyms for an academic term (the last two being mainly confined to American English), which refer to terms of specific periods as described below:

Semester (Latin: sēmestris, 'six monthly') originally German, where it referred to a university session of six months, adopted into American usage in the early 19th century as a half-year term of typically 15 to 18 weeks. Used in the US and other countries to refer to the two main periods into which the academic year is divided at some universities.

Trimester (Latin: trimestris, 'of three months') used in the US and Canada to refer to one of the three terms into which the academic year is divided at some universities.

Quarter (Latin: quartarius, 'fourth part of a measure') used in American English to refer to one of four terms into which the academic year is divided at some universities.

In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer. In Northern Hemisphere countries, this means that the academic year lasts from August, September, or October to May, June, or July. In Southern Hemisphere countries, the academic year aligns with the calendar year, lasting from February or March to November or December. The summer may or may not be part of the term system.

In most of Australia, the primary and secondary school year lasts about 200 days, from late January or early February to early or mid-December, and is split into four terms:

Term 1 starts in late January or early February and ends in late March or early April (often in close proximity to Easter).

Term 2 starts in late April or early May and ends in late June or early July.

Term 3 starts in mid-to-late July and ends mid-to-late September.

Term 4 starts in early-to-mid October and ends typically in mid-to-late December.

Terms 4 & 1 (rolled over) and 2 & 3 are respectively usually deemed 'summer' and 'winter' respectively for purposes of sports participation and uniform standards. Australian states and territories vary their approach to Easter when determining the dates for the holiday at the end of Term 1.

The exact dates vary from year to year, as well as between states, and for public and private school. In Tasmania until and including 2012, the school year was split into three terms, the first one being the longest and including an extended Easter holiday (which was also the practice of mainland Australia until the mid-1980s). However, in 2013 Tasmania introduced a four-term year, to conform to the rest of the country. The exact start and finish date of the academic year varies between jurisdictions; in 2023 Queensland will start earliest on 23 January (the only jurisdiction to begin the academic year before Australia Day) and finish earliest on 8 December, while Tasmania will start latest on 8 February and finish latest on 21 December. There is typically a break of two weeks between each term, followed by a 1-2 month summer break after term 4 which ends just before Christmas. This occasionally varies in different jurisdictions/school systems (i.e. some independent schools have a break of three week between terms 1 & 2 and between terms 3 & 4). In the year 2000, due to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the state of New South Wales extended the break after Term 3 to three weeks.

Most Australian universities have two semesters a year, but Bond University, Deakin University, CQUniversity, Griffith University, the University of New South Wales and the University of Canberra have three trimesters. Unusually, Macquarie University officially uses the word "session" and CQUniversity uses the word "term" in place of "semester". Many universities offer an optional short summer semester.

The Austrian school year for primary and secondary schools is split into two terms, the first one starts on the first Monday in September in the states of Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland and on the second Monday of September in Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Most schools have holidays between the national holiday on October 26 and All Souls Day on November 2, but those are unofficial holidays not observed by all schools in Austria. Christmas holidays start on December 24 and end on the first weekday after January 6. The first term ends in Vienna and Lower Austria on the first Friday of February, in Burgenland, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the second Friday of February and in Upper Austria and Styria on the third Friday of February.

There is a one-week break between the two terms. In the second term there are the Easter holidays, the Mayday Holiday on May 1 and the long weekends of Pentecost, Ascension and Corpus Christi. The school year ends in Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland on the last Friday of June, in Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vorarlberg on the first Friday in July.

The Barbadian school year is fashioned after the British system, and as such, it follows a scheduling with three terms per school year.

First term begins in the second week of September and continues for 15 weeks, ending in mid-December, excluding one week for mid-term break in mid-October.

Second term begins in the first week of January and continues for 12 weeks, ending at the end of March.

Third term begins mid-April and continues for 11 weeks until the end of June.

The long school holiday period is 9 to 10 weeks from the end of June until the first week of September.

In Brazil, due to the Law of Directives and Bases of Brazilian Education, the academic year must have 200 days, both at schools and at universities. The school year usually begins during the first week of February. There is a 2-week/4-week long winter break in July. The Brazilian school year ends the first week of December, summer in Brazil.

Most schools use the 4 term system, called "unidades" or "bimestres" ( units, bimesters), although there is a minority of schools that utilize a 3 term system instead, composed of trimesters ( trimestres).

In Brazilian universities academic terms are defined as periods or semesters ( período, semestre). There are two semesters: February to June and August to December. The majority of academic degrees courses are 8 semesters (four years) long or 10 semesters (five years) long.

In Bangladesh, the kindergarten, elementary and schools follow the semester system. Most of the universities follow the semester system although for some particular subjects such as Law they follow a yearly system. Business schools of all public and private universities follow a semester or trimester system.

Some of the universities using a two-semester system (using "Term 1" and "Term 2" designations) include: Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Khulna University, Jagannath University, Jessore University of Science and Technology, International Islamic University Chittagong and Sylhet Agricultural University.

Some of the universities following a trimester system (using "Spring", "Summer" and "Fall" designations) include: Northern University Bangladesh, American International University - Bangladesh, BRAC University, Daffodil International University, East West University, Fareast International University, North South University, Presidency University, Prime University, Stamford University, Military Institute of Science and Technology, University of Information Technology and Sciences, University of Development Alternative (UODA), Bangladesh University of Business and Technology and United International University.

In Belgium, kindergarten, elementary and secondary schools begin on September 1 and end on June 30.

Schools also take breaks/holidays:

Autumn break: One week at the start of November

Christmas break: Two weeks around Christmas and New Year

Carnival break: One week in February.

Easter break: Two weeks around Easter.

Summer break: is always the break from 1 July until 31 August

Ascension break: Thursday and Friday in early May to mid June

Labor Day: May 1

Whitsun: Monday in mid May to late June

Armistice Day: November 11

Universities and colleges in Belgium use the semester system, dividing the academic year in two equal parts of fourteen weeks of courses. Universities start the first semester in the third week of September, and no 'autumn break'. Colleges start one week earlier, in the second week of September, giving them right to the 'autumn break' of one week. After 13 weeks of courses the 'Christmas break' starts (around December 20), which is used to study for the 3-4 weeks of examinations in January.

After these examinations the universities have one week of vacation, the so-called 'semestrial vacation', while the colleges start the classes of the second semester at the end of January, immediately after the examinations, which week they reclaim with the 'spring break' at the end of February, which the universities do not have. The universities start the second semester in the beginning of February.

Both universities and colleges have the 'Easter break', which again is used to study for the examinations in June. After Easter, the classes start again until the end of May, followed by four weeks of examinations in June, after which three months of vacation is given. The students who failed in passing some of the courses in their curriculum in January and June, the so-called 'first session', have to do the examinations again in the second session at the end of August.

In Cambodia the school year kindergarten sectors in public schools consists of 10 months with a two-month vacation, while in primary, and secondary sectors, it is divided into two semesters and each semester is divided into 2 quarters. The first of November is the start of the academic term. After the 1st semester, a small vacation when the school is halted and at the end of the Second Semester, a 2-month vacation until the start of the new year. In universities, it is divided into 4 years.

Education being a provincial responsibility, there is no Canadian national standard. In Canada, the school year for elementary and high school consists of 178 to 200 days, depending on the jurisdiction, but several days may be deducted from this total for professional development and administrative duties, resulting in approximately 187 teaching days per year for most jurisdictions. Elementary students receive approximately 950 hours of instruction and secondary students receive approximately 1000 hours per year.

Generally in English Canada, secondary schools run on a two-semester arrangement, also known as fall and spring semester, the first semester running from the day after Labour Day in September to January and the second running from February until the Thursday before the last Friday in June. The semesters are often divided into two terms each.

Most universities and colleges usually run from early September until the end of April or early May. Often, this winter session is split into two terms running September to December and January to April. Various forms of summer studies may be offered May to August. Some, such as University of Waterloo and Simon Fraser University, run a full tri-semester system, providing full courses during summer. There are a few school boards in Canada experimenting with year-round schooling.

In elementary school, high school, as well as in universities, Chilean education is divided into two semesters. The first one starts early March and lasts until late June and the second starts in early August and finishes in mid-December; also, some universities offer a summer period from early January to mid-February but just for exceptional courses. These semesters have breaks for public festivities, such as Easter, independence commemoration (from two days to two weeks in September depending on year and place) and some public holidays like labour day, among others.

In the People's Republic of China, elementary, middle and high schools from the public education have two semesters, the first from September to January, and the second from February or March, depending on the date of Chinese New Year, to July.

Most universities and colleges in China also uses the two-semesters system, while a small portion of Chinese universities, such as Shanghai University, are experimenting with the quarter system.

From January to February or March is the Winter break or Lunar New Year break. Summer break is normally from July to the end of August.

In Northern China, the winter break is longer and the summer break is shorter; the opposite applies in Southern China.

There are some casual holiday breaks:

New year holiday: from 1 Jan. to 3 Jan.

Lunar New year holiday: In Jan. or Feb. It lasts for around four weeks.

Qingming Festival: Set according to the solar term. Usually on April 4 or 5.

Labor's Day: 1 May to 3 May.

Dragon Boat Festival: Set according to Lunar Calendar. Usually about May and June.

Mid-autumn Festival: Set according to Lunar Calendar. Usually about middle of September.

National Day: From 1st Oct. to 7 Oct for Chinese students.

In Costa Rica the school year runs for ten months. It starts in the first week of February and ends in the last week of November. There is a mid-term vacation of approximately 2 weeks in July, and most schools also observe "Easter Week" in March or April.

In the elementary and high schools in the Czech Republic, the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 30 of the following year.

It is divided into two semesters with breaks on public holidays such as St. Vaclav (September 28), Independence day (October 28, two days break), Velvet Revolution (November 17), Christmas (9-12 days break), Spring break (1 week break), Easter (three days break on Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Easter Monday) and finally Labour day (May 1) and Liberation day (May 8). After the end of school year on June 30, the Summer holidays follow until September 1 when a new school year starts. Sole exception to this is the final year at high schools, which ends with Graduation of students at the end of May.

Universities have two mid-terms. The academic year starts usually in the second half of September or in the beginning of October. (It depends on university.) Bachelor's degree is normally obtained by students after 3 years and masters after another 2 years of study. Still, there are some exceptions (e.g. medicine takes 6 years, no bachelor's degree).

In schools in Denmark, the school year runs from August to June. In universities, the academic year runs from around September 1 to June 30, and is often divided into an autumn semester (with January set aside for exams) and a spring semester (with June set aside for exams). Since 2004, some Danish universities and faculties divide the academic year into four quarters, each of which may consist of eight weeks and an exam week, and being separated from the next quarter by a one-week break.

In Estonia, elementary and high schools begin on 1 September and end in the beginning of June. The school year is divided into trimesters (or quarters) that last about three months. Summer is usually counted as a term break, although the beginning of June is still part of the third trimester. Universities start on the first Monday of September and usually end in the middle of May or in the beginning of June; though in reality, exam periods may continue until the end of June (e.g. University of Tartu).

In Ethiopia, almost all elementary, secondary, and college classes are conducted on a two-semester timetable. The first semester of the year is from September to late January or mid February. The second semester usually begins some two weeks after the end of the first and ends in late May or mid June.

In the elementary and secondary schools and college, the academic year is divided in semesters. The autumn semester begins in mid-August and is suspended a few days before Christmas. The classes continue after the Epiphany with the spring semester which finishes at the beginning of June.

In primary and secondary schools, the school year begins the first Monday of September, unless September 1 is on Sunday. The school year is divided into three trimesters. The first from September to December, the second from January to March, and the third is from April to June.

School Breaks Breaks are scattered throughout the school year every 6, 7 or 8 weeks and last 2 weeks each.

All Saint Break The first break is around All Saints' Day on November 1.

Christmas Break Christmas Break starts the Saturday before Christmas.

Winter Break Winter Break dates differ of the Academia's location, which could be in Zone A, B, or C, to avoid high traffic on the road. It usually starts in February, ends late February or early March.

Easter Break Easter Break depends on the location of Academia. It starts in April, and ends late April or early May.

End of Academic term - Summer Break In primary school, end of Academic term is early July. In secondary school (middle school or high school) end of Academic term is before Middle School Exam in late June, or Baccalaureat, in mid-June.

On Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, pupils have a full day of teaching from around 8:30 a.m. until around 4:30 p.m. On Wednesday mornings, some pupils may have supplementary classes. French pupils used to attend school on Saturdays, but the so-called "four-days week" has been implemented since September 2008, reducing the teaching year from 936 to 864 hours (above the European average of 800 hours, but below the UK minimum of 950 hours for state schools). Additional holidays include Veterans Day on November 11, May 8, Ascension Day, May Day on May 1, and Easter Monday.

Due to Germany's federal structure, all breaks may differ depending on the state. The exact dates for the beginning and the end of school breaks are kept different state by state and changed every year. This is meant to keep holiday traffic as low as possible.

The school year is divided into two parts (September to February & February to July). There is not necessarily any break between those two parts, but pupils get a semi-year school report (it only displays their current level and is not relevant for promotion).

German universities run two semesters with the start and end dates depending on the university. The Wintersemester (WiSe or WS), during which most students start university, often goes from 1 October until 31 March, with lectures starting around 15 October and lasting 14 weeks. There is usually a two-week break around Christmas and New Year (which is not counted in the 14 weeks). The Sommersemester (SoSe or SS) consequently usually goes from 1 April until 30 September with lectures starting some time after Easter and lasting 12 weeks. The two lecture-free periods of 12 to 14 weeks between the semesters are for taking exams, doing internships, lab courses, and employment.

The University of Mannheim changed its schedule to conform with US standards in Fall of 2006. The semesters there are now from August 1 to January 31 ( Herbst-/Wintersemester) and from February 1 to July 31 (Frühjahrs-/Sommersemester).

Fachhochschulen start both semesters one month earlier than other universities.

Berufsakademien [de] have four quarters, January to March and so on. In alternating quarters, the students attend the university and intern at the employer (the latter being the "Praxisphase"). The number of lessons per week is significantly higher than at normal universities (equivalent to a full-time job) and the exams cannot be during the "free time" of the year, as that time is spent in the company. Vacation is given according to labor laws, i.e. half of 20-30 days (because only half of the year is worked).

The school year in Guyana usually begins in September and ends in July of the following year. It has three terms: Christmas (First), Easter (Second) and August (Third), with two to three weeks break for Christmas and Easter and 6 to 7 weeks during the August term.

The school year in Honduras runs from the first week of February to the end of November, with a one-week break during Easter, and a week break in October. Depending on the university, some do trimester and others in quarters. Breaks may vary.

In Hong Kong, the academic year usually runs from September 1 to mid-July for most primary and secondary schools. For senior secondary student, they usually start their academic year from mid of August or late August. Some secondary schools have two terms, but most have three terms. For universities and other tertiary institutions the academic year usually runs from September or October to April or May, sometimes with an extra summer term roughly from May to July.

Kindergartens often operate a semester (two-term) system, divided by the lengthy (e.g. two-week) break for Chinese New Year, typically in early February.

In the elementary and high schools in Hungary, the school year usually runs from September 1 to June 15 of the next year, with variation if these dates fall on Saturday or Sunday. The school year (tanév) is usually split into two semesters (félév). These semesters are also divided, with some schools holding examinations each half-semester. The first semester runs from September 1 until the middle of January and is divided by the fall vacation, which is around All Saints' Day and lasts for a week. The second semester is closed at the end of the school year. It is divided by the Easter holiday, which usually consist of the weekend before Easter and the holiday itself. Apart from these vacations and national celebrations, a few schools have 'skiing holidays' (síszünet), the date of which varies from the middle of January until February, though some schools hold it in December. Its length also varies from one school to another. It is made so that the students of the school who partake in the skiing camp of the school need no verification of absence. In the last school year of secondary education, the Matura examinations (school-leaving exam and entrance exam for university admissions; similar to A-level exams in the UK) are administered from May through July.

Hungarian universities run two semesters. They are typically from the first or second week of September to the middle of December (fall semester (őszi félév)) and from February to the middle of May (spring semester (tavaszi félév)). Both semesters are followed by an examination period. During the winter exam period, a break of 1-2 weeks is administered between Christmas and the beginning of the new year. In addition to the break between the semesters in summer, there is typically a break including Christmas and New Year. Some universities also have a fall and an Easter vacation.

In elementary and secondary schools, the academic year in some part is April to March and others June to May. The summer vacations start from the beginning of May and last up to the middle or end of June. There is also a winter vacation of 1-2 weeks at the beginning of the year. However, in the Eastern and southern states like West Bengal and Karnataka there will be two breaks, one for Dussehra or Diwali in October which ranges from 7 to 15 days and another for Christmas and New Year in late December and early January which ranges from 7 to 15 days. The entire academic year lasts for around 30 weeks.

A semester system is being implemented in most of the universities in India as directed by the University Grants Commission. In universities the academic year is from July to May. There is a mid-year break during summer, usually from the end of May to the start of July. Some universities also have an autumn break or Diwali break around October/November. This is generally right before the second semester exam in November or in the middle of the second semester.

All students move from old to the new academic year after the completion of the final examinations for the previous year with a small break of 1-3 weeks for compilation of results.

An academic year in Indonesia is divided to two terms, running from mid-July to December and January to mid-June. For universities, however, the terms are much shorter, running from September to December and February to May. Some universities provide a summer semester (called the short semester) from June to August. During president Abdurrahman Wahid's term, schools are closed for Ramadan and a week after Eid-ul-Fitr (Idul Fitri). Some schools implement Saturday-off. Previously, academic year starts from January to December, but this rule changed in 1985.

The primary school year runs from the beginning of September until the end of June. There are two two-week long breaks for Christmas and Easter and two mid-term breaks at the end of October and mid-February, both one week long. Secondary schools run from September to the end of May, but due to the Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate exams, 3rd and 6th years respectively break at the end of June for summer holidays upon completion of the exams which end in the 3rd week of June. The academic year for schools in receipt of public funding lasts for a minimum of 167 teaching days in secondary schools and 183 days in primary schools.

Third-level institutions generally from early September to December for their first term. The second term usually runs from January to Easter and the third term from Easter to mid- or late May. There are two common approaches to organising semesters: One, e.g. at Trinity College Dublin (TCD) and NUI Galway, is to align the first semester with the first term ( Michaelmas at TCD) and then split the second semester over the second term ( Hilary at TCD) and third term ( Trinity at TCD). The other approach, e.g. at University College Dublin, is for the first semester to start at the start of the first term and continue after Christmas for a few weeks of the second term and for the second semester to start immediately after this in the middle of the second term, without a break, run through the rest of the second term, and continue after Easter through to the end of the third term.

The university academic year typically divides into two semesters which start after Sukkot (typically mid to late October) and end in June or July. Some academic institutions also enable a third semester in the summer.

Eid ul-Fitr: the end of Ramadan, three- to five-day break, according to the lunar calendar (only in Islamic schools).

Eid al-Adha: the end of Hajj, four-day break, according to the lunar calendar (only in Islamic schools).

Rosh Hashanah: three-day break; the break is sometime between September 4 and October 6.

Yom Kippur: two-day break; the break is sometime between September 13 and October 15. (see note below from 2012).

Sukkot: nine-day break in late September or in October.

Purim: three-day break, the break in late February or early March.

Yom Ha'atzmaut: one-day break, the break in late April or early May. The previous day, Yom Hazikaron, is a half day.

Lag BaOmer: one-day break, the break in early May or mid-May.

Shavuot: three-day break, the break in late May or early June.

Until 2011, the summer break ended on August 31, but in 2011 Israeli ministry of education decided to shorten the summer break by one week and the break now ends on August 26 as of 2012. In 2014, the old schedule was reinstated so that the summer break is back to August 31. The period between Yom Kippur and Sukkot was added as holiday to compensate for this but as of 2014, has consequently been removed.

In most Yeshivas, the year is divided into three periods (terms) called zmanim. Elul zman starts from the first day of the Hebrew month of Elul and extends until the end of Yom Kippur. This is the shortest (approx. six weeks), but most intense semester as it comes before the High Holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Winter zman starts nine days after Sukkot and lasts until 15 days before Passover, a duration of five months (six in a Jewish leap year). Summer semester starts after Passover and lasts until Tisha B'Av, a duration of about three months. During the interim periods, which are called bein hazmanim (between the terms), students are on vacation.

In Italy, all schools start in the first half of September, even though the exact beginning date changes every year. For schools from primary schools to high schools, the academic year is split into two semesters:

Kindergartens usually follow a similar schedule.

A university academic year is slightly different because of exams. University academic year divides into:

Even though September is a free month, it is officially an exam month in all Italian universities. It means that it is possible to take exams. During every exam session (January-February, May-June-July or September), students are usually allowed to take any exam of their previous carrier that they couldn't pass and even a certain number of exams of the new academic year (credit limit for this last option).

On the following holidays, no lessons take place:

Carnival (particularly Mardi Gras) - usually on February;

Easter - date changing every year, usually in March or April and lasting 5-7 days;

Liberation Anniversary - on the 25th April;

Labour Day - on the 1st May;

Anniversario della Repubblica (Anniversary of the Republic) - on the 2nd June;

Tutti i Santi (All Saints) - on the 1st November;

Immacolata concezione (Immaculate Conception) - on the 8th December;

Christmas, New Year's Eve and Epiphany - from 23 December to 6 January (included)

In Japan, most of the schools run a three-term school year (trimester system). The exact date of the beginning of the summer break and its duration vary across regions, but commonly the break lasts for about five to six weeks. The break originated to avoid the heat in summer, so elementary, middle, and high schools in Hokkaidō and Nagano Prefecture tend to have a (slightly) shorter summer break than the rest of schools in Japan.

The graduation ceremony occurs in March, and the enrollment ceremony in early April. The Japanese public school year consists of approximately 200 days.

In recent years a few elementary, middle, and high schools have begun experimenting with having two (summer and winter) semesters instead of the traditional three, extending the fall break to a week.

In Kenya, for K-12 education, the calendar year starts in January and ends in November. The academic year is divided into 3 terms as follows:

Term 1: Early January - Late March

Term 2: Early May - Late July

Term 3: Early September - Early/Mid November

April, August and December are usually school holidays.

There is no standard academic calendar for universities as each university is free to set its own calendar.

International schools tend to follow the Northern Hemisphere academic calendar.

In Lithuania, elementary and high schools begin on September 1 and end in mid June.

Schools also take breaks/holidays:

Autumn break: One week at the start of November

Christmas break: Two weeks around Christmas and New Year

Additional break: One week at the end of February. (Only in primary school and primary classes in schools for older pupils.)

Easter break: One week around Easter.

Summer break: From mid June to August 31

In Malaysian primary and secondary schools, the school year is divided into two semesters. The first semester begins in early January and ends in late May, with a one-week mid-term break in March. After the mid-year holidays, which lasts for two weeks, the second semester begins in mid-June and ends in mid-November, with a one-week mid-term break in September. The school year ends with a six-week year-end holidays from mid-November to early January.

The school week varies by state, depending on the weekend of the state. For states with a Saturday-Sunday weekend, the school week is Monday to Friday. For states with a Friday-Saturday weekend ( Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu), the school week is Sunday to Thursday; as a result, school terms begin and end a day earlier in these four states than in the rest of the country. Some schools have co-curricular activities on Saturdays.

Schools are closed on national and state public holidays. Schools are allowed to have a few special holidays without replacement for events such as school anniversary and sports day. For festivities such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri/Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Gawai, Chinese New Year and Deepavali, schools usually apply for additional holidays to allow longer breaks for students to visit relatives in their hometowns. However, every day missed exceeding the special holiday allowance would be replaced by having classes on weekends.

In Maldivians primary and secondary schools, the school year is divided into two semesters. The first semester begins in early January and ends in early June, with a one-week mid-term break. After the mid-year holidays, which lasts for two weeks, the second semester begins in mid-June and ends in mid-November, with a one-week mid-term break.

Specifically:

The school week is Sunday to Thursday, as a result, all schools terms begin and end same day all over the country.

The school year is split into three terms. It starts at the end of September and ends at the end of June the following year.

The school year in Mexico starts in mid/late August and ends in mid-July, by law covering 200 days, usually divided into 5 terms:

There is no fall break, however, students get to have a day off on November 20 (Revolution Day).

The calendar is designed by the Secretary of Public Education ( Spanish: Secretaría de Educación Pública, SEP), the government department overseeing public education aln in Mexico with arrangements of the leaders of the National Educational Workers Union (Spanish: Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación, SNTE). All public and private elementary schools under the guidance of the dependence observe this year.

In the case of universities, normally the school year starts in the last week of July and is divided in trimesters or semesters. Christmas Break is usually 3 weeks.

Education in Nepal is structured as school education and higher education. School education includes primary level of grades 1-5, lower secondary and secondary levels of grades 6-8 and 9-10 respectively. Pre-primary level of education is available in some areas. Six years old is the prescribed age for admission into grade one. A national level examination is conducted at the end of grade 10, called Secondary Education Examination. Schools use the Bikram Sambat calendar for academic purposes, i.e. one BS year equals one academic term. The classes start in mid April and finishes late March. Summer and winter breaks are usually of one week to two weeks. A one-month festival vacation is provided during Dashain and Tihar, which usually fall on October and/or November every year.

Grades 11 and 12 are considered as higher secondary level. Higher Secondary Education Board (HSEB) supervises higher secondary schools which are mostly under private management. Previously these grades were under the university system and were run as proficiency certificate level. Although some universities still offer these programs, the policy now is to integrate these grades into the school system. These classes start from late July and ends in April.

Higher education consists of bachelor, masters, and PhD levels. Depending upon the stream and subject, bachelors level may be of three to five years' duration. The duration of masters level is generally two years. Some universities offer programs like M Phil and post-graduate diplomas.

Vocational education in Nepal starts after lower secondary education. Students can choose to follow a two-year curriculum leading to the "Technical School leaving Certificate". Universities also offers professional and technical degrees. Out of the formal track, short-term programs(1 year) focusing on skills development are also available.

The New Zealand school year runs from the beginning of February to mid-December, and since 1996, has been divided into four terms. By law, all state and state-integrated schools are required to be open for instruction for 380 half-days in a year (390 half-days for schools with only Year 8 students or below), meaning that the start and end of the school year is not nationally fixed to a particular date, as schools take different teacher-only days and provincial anniversary days off during the year. Schools can be exempted from opening the required number of half-days in some cases, such as in Christchurch in 2011 when many schools closed for up to a month after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. The breaks between terms have fixed start and end dates, and the break length is fixed at two weeks.

In general, terms run as follows if Easter falls in early-to-mid-April:

Term 1: Begins no earlier than Auckland Anniversary Day (Monday closest to 29 January) and no later than 7 February; ends Maundy Thursday (day before Good Friday)

Term 2: Begins second Monday following Easter Monday; ends beginning of July

Term 3: Begins mid-July; ends mid-to-late September

Term 4: Begins early-to-mid October; ends no later than 20 December

If Easter falls in March or late in April, Term 1 usually ends in mid-April and Term 2 begins at the beginning of May. If Easter is in March, a 5-day half-term break then exists, with school ending on Maundy Thursday and resuming on the Wednesday. The start of term two may be delayed if Anzac Day (25 April) falls on the Monday or Tuesday directly following the Easter break.

Private schools are not required to adhere to the Ministry's term structure, but by law they may not be open for instruction on Saturday or Sunday, the ten national public holidays, the school location's relevant anniversary day, and the Tuesday immediately following Easter Monday.

Senior secondary students (Years 11, 12, and 13) in many state schools have examination leave from mid-November, on the Thursday or Friday before the first NCEA external examinations begin. Officially, however, the term still does not end until mid-December.

The school year in Oman is divided into two semesters:

Usually there are exams at the end of each semester. Students get a number of breaks throughout the year: National Day on 18 November, New Higri year break, Prophet Mohammed birthday break, Eid Al-Fitr break and Eid Al-Adha break. As most of these breaks depend on the Higri year which is 10 days shorter than the Solar year, there is a gradual change on the date of these events in relation to the school year.

In Pakistan, the school year runs from April to March. Students have a two-month summer vacation and a two-week winter vacation. In Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Kashmir and some areas of Balochistan, where heavy snow paralyzes life in the winter, the schools close for two months and there are two weeks of summer vacation. There is also a brief spring break at the end of the school year as well as an optional 1-day Diwali break in the fall.

In the University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, the holidays are for two and half months during summer.

For the government universities, the students of bachelors are given 1-1.5 month of summer vacation and 1-1.5 weeks of winter vacations.

The Philippine school year lasts usually between nine and ten months long, and a school year must be at least 200 days as prescribed by law, including examination periods.

In most primary and secondary (Junior High) schools, an academic year is usually divided into quarters for purposes of examination and reporting of marks though a few private schools adopt a trimestral system. Each quarter normally lasts for approximately seven (usually the 3rd quarter) to ten weeks (usually the 1st, 2nd and 4th quarters) but the actual length of each quarter and the months they cover varies among private schools. The fourth quarter for pupils in Grade 6 and students in Grade 10 is usually two to three weeks shorter than undergraduates to allow for preparation of final grades to determine who are eligible for graduation as well as to prepare for the graduation (or some schools would call as "completion") ceremonies themselves. Each quarter culminates in most schools with a quarterly examination period of three to five days.

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the school year began in public schools in the first week of June and ended between the third week of March and the first week of April. However, private schools had a slightly shorter academic calendar either starting in the second (or third week) of June or ending earlier in March. Until that year the usual national school year was as follows:

For SY 2020-2021 and onwards, given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the calendar in basic education schools shifted to a more Western styled calendar to match that of most colleges and universities thus the school year in these schools is organized as follows:

When using the current calendar, the private schools' year begins in the second or third week of September and ends in late May or first/second week of June before June 12, Independence Day.

The academic term for senior high school students (Grades 11 and 12) operates on a semestral basis. Semestral, Christmas, and summer breaks are scheduled at about the same time as primary and junior high school. Grade 12 pupils have a shorter second semester than grade 11 in order for the school to prepare for graduation.

A period of transition for the public primary and secondary schools back to the old calendar system began in 2024, with private institutions either following the transition period of the former or maintaning the Western calendar.

For most universities and colleges, an academic year is divided into two semesters, each up to 18 weeks long except for senior students in their final semester where they end the semester two weeks earlier. Enrollment/registration in an institution is usually good for only one semester, i.e. a student who successfully registers for the first semester is not automatically enrolled to study in the second semester. The student will need to successfully complete clearance requirements and in a few cases, maintain a certain overall mark in order to progress with her university studies in the next semester. The first semester is followed by a break consisting of two to four weeks before the second semester.

This break usually coincides with the Christmas holidays for institutions that transitioned to an August-to-May academic calendar. Otherwise, the break usually occurs from the second or third week of October to the second week of November for institutions operating under the old June-to-March academic calendar. The Semestral Break can be two to three weeks long, and normally includes the All Saints' and All Souls' holidays.

Other schools such as Technological University of the Philippines in Taguig, De La Salle University, the MBA program of the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, University of the Philippines Diliman, Far Eastern University - East Asia College, and AMA Computer University operate under a trimestral system. For a declining number of these schools the collegiate year starts in the fourth week of May and ends in the third week of April, while most schools use a modified form of the Western system of the major universities to suit trimestral studies. Under this system, students are typically able to finish their academic studies a year earlier than those from other universities with a semestral programme. Mapúa University began using the quarterly system with eleven weeks to a term after its acquisition by the Yuchengco Group. This allows their engineering programmes to be completed a year ahead of schools running on a semestral schedule.

Moreover, starting academic year 2014-2015, constituent campuses in the University of the Philippines System started their school year in August to end in May and the University of Santo Tomas started the Academic Year in August and it will end in May 2015. In AY 2015-2016, several Philippine colleges and universities followed the lead of the two universities.

In AY 2015-2016, San Beda University and St. Scholastica's College Manila started their calendar in early July 2015 and ended in mid- to late April 2016. The institution hoped that this move would transition it to a full August-to-May Calendar in the succeeding academic years.

Also in AY 2015-2016, the University of Santo Tomas, completed its shift to an August-to-May calendar. Ateneo de Manila University also shifted to an August-to-May Calendar this AY 2015-2016 with having a summer term in June to July before AY 2015-2016 starts. De La Salle University and De La Salle - College of St. Benilde started having an August-to-August calendar for the AY 2015-2016.

In Poland, the school year begins on September 1 and ends on the first Friday after June 18. There is a Christmas break in December which lasts until after New Year's Day. There is also a 2nd winter holiday break lasting two weeks in January or February but the exact date is different for each voivodeship and the dates usually change each year. The 2nd winter break is also the dividing line between the two semesters of the school year.

Most universities start their courses on October 1 (at some institutions late September), and the first semester (commonly referred to as the " winter term") ends in January. The second term starts in February or March, (the " summer term") and ends in June. Each semester is usually 15 or 16 weeks long. After each of them there is an " examination session", when no courses are taught, which lasts up to one month. The summer break starts after the exams and lasts until the start of the next academic year. In September there is an extra examination session during which students can retake failed exams.

The school year in Portugal runs from September to June and is divided in three Terms ( Períodos, in Portuguese):

1st Term: From mid-September until mid/late December.

2nd Term: From the beginning of January until Easter (March-April).

3rd Term: From the week after Easter (April) until mid/late June (except for 9th, 11th and 12th grades, which finish early due to exams).

During the school year there are several breaks or holidays ( interrupções or férias, in Portuguese):

Universities and colleges follow a different academic year, which consists of two semesters.

The school year in Romania is divided into two semesters. From kindergarten to high school the first semester opens in early-mid September and continues until mid-late January. The second semester lasts from early February until early-mid June. Note that Some teachers might change the calendar a bit, like starting semesters and summer break one week earlier. Data as of December 7, 2017.

The school year in Russia traditionally starts on September 1 ( The Knowledge Day). The school year is divided into four terms (quarters), separated by one- or two-week holidays (the first week in November, the first two weeks in January, and the last week of March). The summer holiday lasts three months: June, July, and August. Generally the school year lasts until 25 May, which is also known as The Last School-Bell day celebrated by the graduates, their families and teachers. The school graduation ceremony - Graduation Evening ( Russian: выпускной вечер) - is organized on June 20-25.

The academic year at universities also starts on September 1 and usually consists of 42 educational weeks and 10 weeks of holidays. It is divided into two terms (semesters). The first one (autumn semester) runs from September 1 to January 24/25 (21 weeks, including a 3- to 5-week winter exams session at the end) followed by a two-week holiday. Coincidentally January 25 is also Tatiana Day, traditionally celebrated as Russian Students Day. The second one (spring semester) runs from February 9 to June 30 or July 4/5 (21 weeks, including a 3- to 5-week summer exams session) followed by an eight-week summer holiday. Some Russian universities do not use a traditional scheme: they exclude exams sessions, and the academic year is divided in a 2:3 ratio of 17 educational weeks (followed by a two-week holiday) and 25 educational weeks (followed by an eight-week summer holiday).

The school year coincides with the calendar year, and the first term begins on January 2 (unless it is a weekend or a Monday). The school year comprises four terms of 10 weeks each.

Term 1: January to March (Term 1 holidays: one week)

Term 2: March to May (Term 2 holidays: four weeks)

Term 3: July to September (Term 3 holidays: one week)

Term 4: September to November or late October (Term 4 holidays: seven weeks)

Terms 1 and 2 are known as Semester 1, and terms 3 and 4 as Semester 2. The first year of Junior College begins in February to accommodate the release of the O level results.

International schools in Singapore operate on a different system, often similar to the system in their home countries.

The training year in Institute of Technical Education is made up of two terms, commencing January and April respectively, depending on the month of intake.

At the end of each term, there will be a 4-week break period before a new term begins.

At the end of each term, there will be a 2-week break period before a new term begins.

Polytechnics and universities operate on a different calendar from schools. There are two semesters in a year in polytechnics.

At the end of each semester, there will be a 7-week break period before a new semester begins.

It is to match the northern hemisphere calendar more closely.

The school year for elementary, grammar and high schools begins on September 2 (September 1 is Constitution Day) and ends June 29 of the following year. The school day starts at 8:00 a.m. and ends at 2:00 p.m. (time varies due to day and type of school). in most schools. It is split into two halves, with the first half ending on the last day of January.

Universities starts in second half of September or 1 October. Academic year consist of 2 semesters (winter /until December/ and summer /until May/).

Universities and colleges follow a different academic year. It consists of two semesters-the winter semester starting on 1 October, which ends around 15 January. It is followed by a one-month break, during which students take the exams for subjects they have read in the semester. The summer semester begins on 15 February and lasts until 31 May, followed by the exam period, which ends on 30 June. Students who have not passed the necessary exams have a chance to do so during the autumn exam period in September. Students and faculty are free during July and August. New classes are held again in October.

All South African public schools have a four-term school year as determined by the national Department of Education. Each term is between 10 and 11 weeks long. The terms are roughly structured as follows:

First Term

Begins mid-January and ends before Good Friday (Usually in March or April).

Followed by the Easter Holidays, which usually last 10 days.

Second Term

Begins mid-April and ends June

Followed by the Winter Holidays, which usually last 21 days.

Third Term

Begins mid-July and ends September

Followed by the September Holidays, also sometimes called the Spring Holidays, which usually last 10 days.

Usually Matriculants (12th Graders) start they preliminary exams (usual between August or September)

Fourth Term

Begins early October and ends early December

Followed by the Christmas Holidays, also sometimes called the December or Summer Holidays, which usually last approximately 40 days.

Matriculants (12th graders) usually don't attend school much during this term due to them focusing on the year-end exams.

The academic year is approximately 200 school days in duration and runs from January to December.

Private schools follow a similar calendar, but slightly alter it according to their academic and religious needs. Some independent(private) schools have a three-term year instead [2].

The dates of the school year for coastal schools are slightly different from those for inland schools.

The Department of Basic Education proposed a five-week-long school break in June-July 2010 for the -hosted in South Africa-to avoid pupil and teacher absenteeism and a chaotic transport system.

South African universities have a year consisting of two semesters, with the first semester running from early February to early June, and the second semester from late July to late November. Each semester consists of twelve or thirteen teaching weeks, interrupted by a one-week short vacation, and followed by three or four weeks of examinations. In the first semester the short vacation often falls around the Easter weekend, while in the second semester it occurs in early September.

South African schools and universities are all closed on all South African public holidays. In terms of Public Holidays Act if the holiday fall on a Sunday then the schools are closed the next Monday.

School hours are approximately from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm for high school, each class lasting 50 minutes. For middle (junior high) school, the school day is from about 8:00 am-3:30 pm, each class lasting 45 minutes. In primary (elementary) school, the lower grades (grades 1-3) have classes around 8:30 to 2:00 and the upper grades (grades 4-6) have classes from about 9:00 to 3:00. Each class lasts about 40 minutes. In high school, the older students are sometimes required to stay until 9:00 pm or later studying on their own. For the most part, teachers rotate and the students stay in their classroom except for certain classes such as Physical Education, Music and Science labs.

There is a popular saying in Korean, 노는 토요일 (no-neun to-yo-il), meaning "resting on Saturdays". From 2006 to 2011, Korean students (from elementary to secondary schools) were required to go to school on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th Saturdays of each month. Prior to 2006, students had to go to school six days a week, except for 2005, when students had one Saturday off every month. The schools normally ended at noon on Saturday, and the curriculum was mostly focused on extracurricular activities. However, the Korean Ministry of Education abolished school days on Saturdays in 2012.

However, the calendar was shifted back to the March-January model in 2021.

International/foreign schools in South Korea

Many universities offer optional short-term "camp" non-credit courses during semester (summer/winter) breaks, but credit courses are not common during summers and winters.

The school year consists of two semesters. The fall semester begins in early September and runs until late January or early February. Summer vacation is from early July to end of August. Winter vacation typically runs from two to three weeks around the Lunar New Year. Spring semester begins following the Lantern Festival in mid February and ends in early June. Privatized institutions in Taiwan have varying academic terms.

There are some holiday breaks:

New Year holiday: from 1 to 3 January.

Chinese New Year holiday: In January or February; lasts for one week.

Tomb Sweeping Day or Qingming Festival (set according to the Lunar Calendar): Usually start of April.

Labor Day: May 1.

Dragon Boat Festival (lunar): Usually around May or June.

Mid-autumn Festival (lunar): Usually around mid-September.

National day week: Taiwanese students that are not in college often get the week surrounding October 10 off.

There are two semesters in the Thai academic year with an optional summer semester. From kindergarten to high school, the first semester opens in mid May and continues until the end of September. The second semester lasts from November until the end of February (or early March). The university academic year is slightly different, lasting from mid August to late December and early January to mid May.

The Turkish academic year begins in September and continues through to the following June. In most public educational institutions from primary to tertiary, the first semester begins in September and continues until January, and the second semester begins February and continues until June. The academic calendar and dates of mid-semester breaks may vary across private institutions.

The academic year at universities starts on September the 1st and usually consists of two semesters. The first semester runs from September the 1st to January the 24/25th followed by a two-week holiday. The second semester runs from February the 9th to June the 30th or July the 4/5th.

The English law courts terms and legal training pupillage divided the year into four terms, partly to create a predictable work schedule, but also to make allowances for harsh travel conditions and delays caused by adverse weather at a time when all English law students and many litigants had to travel to London for training or legal advice at one of the Inns of Court. The English legal year still runs to this calendar:

In Scotland, academic and judicial institutions traditionally organised their year around the Scottish term days, the traditional divisions of the Scottish legal year:

Candlemas: 2 February, Candlemas, which fell forty days after Christmas, marked the presentation of the infant Jesus in the temple and the purification of the Virgin Mary.

Whitsunday: originally a moveable term day, coming the seventh Sunday after Easter, was fixed in Scotland at 15 May in 1693. Whitsunday was originally the feast of Pentecost, around which a great many christenings would occur, so it became associated with the color white.

Lammas Day: 1 August, feast of St. Peter ad Vincula was a corruption of loaf-mass, the Sunday on which the first fruits of harvest were offered, first corn ground, and first loaf made. In Scotland it was associated with hand-fasting and some fairs on this day were called handfasting fairs. (Originally synonymous with betrothal, handfasting became a contract binding a man and woman to live together for a year and a day before they decided on permanent marriage).

Martinmas: 11 November, was known as St. Martin in Winter or St. Martin of Tours to distinguish this from another feast of St. Martin in July.

Primary/Secondary education in the UK

The school year in the United Kingdom is generally divided into three terms running from autumn to summer. For state schools, the school year consists of 195 days of which there are 190 teaching days and five INSET teacher training days. For independent schools, the school year can be as short as 175 days. The structure of the school year varies between the constituent countries of the United Kingdom with school holiday dates varying between local education authorities.

Before the mechanisation of agriculture and when more of the population lived in the rural countryside, the long summer school holiday in Britain arose in the 19th century as a result of the education authorities abandoning the battle to keep children at school through haymaking (around the start of August) and wheat harvest (around the end of August), when every available pair of hands was needed on the land.

In England and Wales, the school year generally runs from early September until late July of the following year. Most schools operate a three-term school year, each term divided in half by a week-long break known as "half term" (although some counties, like Oxfordshire, consider these to be six separate terms instead), and are structured as follows:

There is no winter term.

The terms are separated by two holidays, each of approximately two weeks' duration: the Christmas holidays separating the autumn term and spring term, and the Easter holidays separating the spring term and the summer term. The period between the end of one school year and the start of the next is the summer holidays, which are six to eight weeks long.

However the long summer break has been criticised by educationalists in the post-industrialist age because it creates a break in the academic progress. Even a House of Commons Education Select Committee recommended in 1999 that schools switch to a five-term academic year, abolishing the long summer holidays. Each term would be eight weeks long with a two-week break in between terms, and a minimum four-week summer holiday, with no half terms-the idea being that children can keep up momentum for eight weeks without a break. The proposals were introduced at a small number of schools nationally.

start the school year on a September date as near as possible to 1 September;

equalise teaching and learning blocks (roughly 2×7 and 4×6 weeks);

establish a two-week spring break in early April irrespective of the incidence of the Easter bank holiday. (Where the break does not coincide with the bank holiday the date should be, as far as practicable, nationally agreed and as consistent as possible across all local authorities);

allow for the possibility of a summer holiday of at least six weeks for those schools which want this length of break.

identify and agree annually designated periods of holiday, including the summer holiday, where head teachers are recommended not to arrange teacher days.

In addition the independent schools have set their own term dates with varying degrees of local and national co-ordination.

The school year in Northern Ireland generally runs from early September to late June or early July of the following year. Most schools operate a three-term school year similar to England and Wales; however, there is no half term during summer term due to the province's longer summer holidays. The terms are structured as follows:

Autumn Term: September to December (half term: late October)

Spring Term: January to the Friday before Lazarus Saturday (half term: mid-February)

Summer Term: Second Monday after Easter to June or early July

The terms are separated by two holidays each consisting of approximately two weeks: the Christmas holidays separating the autumn and spring terms, and the Easter holidays separating the spring and summer terms. The summer holidays in Northern Ireland last nine weeks, from the start of July until the end of August, due to the Twelfth of July bank holiday.

The school year in Scotland generally runs from middle or late August to late June or early July of the following year (usually in eastern council areas from the third Monday in August to the first Friday in July and in western council areas from the second Monday in August to the last Friday in June). Most schools operate a three-term school year, each term divided in half by a break known as 'mid-term', lasting a week or two in October, a few days to a week in February, and a few days in May. The terms are structured as follows:

Autumn Term: August to December (mid-term: middle to late October)

Spring Term: January to the Friday before Lazarus Saturday (mid-term: mid-February)

Summer Term: Second Monday after Easter to June (mid-term: late May)

The terms are separated by two holidays each consisting of approximately two weeks: the Christmas Holidays separating the autumn and spring terms, and the Easter holidays separating the spring and summer terms. The period between the end of one school year and the start of the next is known as the summer holidays and consists of six or seven weeks.

Although the specific timetables and activities (e.g. teaching, revision periods, exams) contained therein vary per institution, the academic year at most UK universities runs from late-September or early-October to June or July with three or four week breaks around Christmas and Easter that divide the year into three terms. Most universities overlay a semester structure for academic courses on top of this. Many universities, particularly older ones, use terms, often with the last term given over to exams. Some older universities have special names for the three terms, e.g. Michaelmas, Hilary, Trinity ( Oxford) or Michaelmas, Epiphany, Easter ( Durham).

Special term names (i.e. not first, second, third; autumn, spring, summer; or other obvious names) in use as of July 2023 include:

Exceptions to the ordinary structure of the academic year include the University of Buckingham, where undergraduate courses do not coincide with the academic year used by universities in Britain and elsewhere. Instead, they largely coincide with the calendar year-they typically start in January or February, with examinations in autumn.

There are two different systems (with three different names) used in the US:

A quarter system divides the calendar year into four terms, usually named after the seasons in which they begin or conclude. The instruction period (covering classes and examinations) in each quarter is between nine and 13 weeks. Three consecutive academic quarters counts as one academic year, as long as these comprise a minimum of 30 weeks of instruction. Academic credit earned in a quarter system is measured in quarter credit hours, with full time (for federal student aid purposes) being a minimum of 12 credit hours.

A semester (from 'six months') or trimester (from 'three months') system divides the year into three periods, typically fall, spring and summer, of between 14 and 21 weeks of instruction time (although the summer period may be less than 14 weeks). Two of these periods count as one academic year, as long as these comprise a minimum of 30 weeks of instruction. Full time (for federal student aid purposes) is a minimum of 12 semester or trimester credit hours.

The above reflects federal government definitions. However, other sources define a semester as only containing two periods (fall and spring) of 15 weeks each and a trimester as containing three periods (fall, spring, summer) of 12 to 14 weeks each, and quarters of 10 weeks, or semesters as being 15 to 17 weeks, trimesters 10 to 12 weeks, and quarters 10 weeks each.

As an academic year comprises three quarters or two semesters, two semester credit hours = three quarter credit hours. Thus, a four year bachelor's degree typically requires a minimum of 180 quarter hours (12 quarters) or 120 semester hours (eight semesters), requiring an average of 15 credit hours per quarter or semester to complete in four years.

In the United States, the K-12 school calendar is determined by the individual states, and in some cases by the local school district, so there is considerable variation. The academic year typically consists of two 18-week semesters, each divided into two nine-week marking periods (or quarters) or three six-week marking periods, and constituting 170 to 186 instructional days (with an average of 180). An instructional week is five instructional days, measured Monday-Friday at most public and private schools although there are variations. Grades are usually reported per marking period, but major examinations are given per semester or per year.

The traditional start date for the school year has been the Tuesday after Labor Day. Although some schools still keep this tradition, many schools now start in late August or sometimes as early as late July while some other schools (especially private ones) may start as late as the mid to late September or the first week in October. The school year usually ends around late-May or as late as mid or late June).

School holidays in the United States vary by jurisdiction. They include federal, state, and local holidays, all or only some of which may be observed by an individual school district. In addition to these legal holidays, there are vacation periods of varying length, a recess of two weeks during the winter holiday period at Christmas and New Year and a one-week spring break in March or April being typical.

Sprinkled throughout the year, many schools have "in-service" days which are days off for the students and where faculty and staff receive staff development or training. Additionally, there may be days set aside for parent-teacher conferences on student progress, especially in primary school. Sometimes schools do half-day in-service days in which students are dismissed early, rather than full-day holidays.

Unplanned interruptions in schooling (such as weather events like heavy snow) can extend the school year on occasion. Such calendar extensions, as well as the initial cancellations, are decided by each local administration and announced to the parents in as timely manner as possible.

Many, but not all, community colleges originated as extensions of the primary and secondary school system.

Most American colleges and universities refer to their calendars as following either the quarter system, semester system or trimester system. The terminology used may not follow that used by the federal government; in particular 'trimesters' may be used to refer to the division of the academic year into three blocks of 13 weeks or less, equivalent to the federal definition of 'quarters' (e.g. Carleton College or Union College, which both have three 10-week 'trimesters' in an academic year.) Some schools, particularly some business schools and community colleges, use the mini-mester or mini-semester system.

The quarter system divides the calendar year into four quarters, three of which constitute a complete academic year. Quarters are typically 10-12 weeks long so that three quarters amount to 30-36 weeks of instruction. Approximately 20 percent of universities are on the quarter system. Most colleges that use the quarter system have a fall quarter from late September to mid-December, a winter quarter from early January to mid-March, a spring quarter from late March or early April to mid-June, and an optional summer session. Notable users of the quarter system include the University of California system (excluding Berkeley, Merced, the UCLA medical school, and all of the system's law schools), Stanford, the University of Chicago, Dartmouth College, Northwestern University, University of Washington, the University of Oregon, and DePaul University. Union College uses a modified quarter system: fall, winter, and spring terms are each eleven weeks long; there are some summer classes, but there is no official summer quarter. Because Union's calendar makes use of just three of four quarters, the three academic terms are generally (and somewhat misleadingly to outsiders) dubbed "trimesters", which they literally are since they each span three months, December, July and August being off. Another notable and somewhat unique user of the quarter system is Baylor Law School: it operates on the quarter system while the remaining colleges of Baylor University operate on the semester system.

The semester system divides the calendar year into two semesters of 16 to 18 weeks each, plus summer sessions of varying lengths. The two semesters together constitute 32 to 36 weeks of instruction, so that three academic quarters equal two academic semesters. Thus, academic credit earned in quarter hours converts to semester hours at of its value, while credit earned in semester hours converts to quarter hours at 3/2 of its value. Put another way, 3 quarter hours is 2 semester hours. Most universities on the semester system have a fall semester from the day after Labor Day in September to mid-December, a spring/winter semester from late January to early May, and an optional summer session.

In practice, the average quarter-long course is four or five units and the average semester course is three units, so a full-time student graduating in four years would take five courses per semester and three or four courses per quarter.

Some colleges and universities have a 4-1-4 system, which divides the year into two four-month terms (September to December and February to May) as well as a single one-month term in January in which students can do independent study, study abroad, internships, activities, or focus on one or two classes. The one-month term is sometimes called a mini-mester, winter session, inter-term/interim/intersession or J-term. Examples of schools using this system include: Austin College, University of Rhode Island, Whittier College, Williams College, Bethany College in West Virginia, Berea College, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, New College of Florida, Calvin University, Elmhurst College, Gustavus Adolphus College, Linfield College, Luther College, Oberlin College, Middlebury College, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Eckerd College, Wofford College, Saint Olaf College, Samford University, Miami University, Hofstra University, University of Delaware, Saint Mary's College of California, Colby College, Chapman University, McDaniel College, Elon University, Pacific University, and Pacific Lutheran University.

Some schools have a similar format but ordered as 4-4-1, with the short term in May after the conclusion of the spring semester. Examples of schools using this system include Wartburg College, Bates College, Chatham University, Clemson University, The College of New Jersey, Elmira College, Ohio State University, Purdue University, Transylvania University, the University of Redlands, Emory University and Washington and Lee University's 12-12-4 undergraduate calendar.

The trimester system evolved out of the semester system. It divides the academic year into three equal portions of 10 weeks each. Institutions that use the trimester system include Carleton College, Knox College (Illinois), Lawrence University, Union College, Kalamazoo College, Dartmouth College, and the United States Merchant Marine Academy. Course loads are typically 3 classes per trimester. While students take fewer classes, most classes meet for more hours per week than typical in a semester-based system, such that the total material covered in a 10-week trimester is meant to be comparable to the amount of material learned in a 15-week semester. Thus, in trimester-based colleges, one completes 9 courses in the academic year (3 courses x 3 trimesters) relative to the 8 courses typical in a semester-based system (4 courses x 2 semesters).

Some schools that operate summer session are sometimes referred to as having "trimesters", with the summer session being the third annual session. For instance, the University of Michigan and Brigham Young University, have Fall semester that operates from September through December and a Winter trimester that runs from January through April. However, they have a spring-summer session that operates from May through August, as two half-terms. Most spring-summer classes either meet double-time for 7-8 weeks in May and June or double-time/double-plus-time for 6-8 weeks in July and August (with summer half-term classes sometimes starting in the last week of June).

The academic calendar at Park University operates with five terms per year, each lasting eight weeks (January-March, March-May, June-July, August-October, and October-December).

A number of colleges have adopted the "one course at a time" or "block schedule" calendar. Academic years consist of a number of terms lasting roughly four weeks each, during which a full semester's amount of work is completed in one and only one class. Colorado College first began their "Block Plan" in 1970, followed by Maharishi International University in 1971, and Cornell College in 1978. Tusculum University in Tusculum, Tennessee, and The University of Montana - Western are the only other colleges operating under this academic calendar.

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An academic term (or simply term) is a portion of an academic year during which an educational institution holds classes. The schedules adopted vary widely. Specific synonyms are commonly used to denote the duration or a term. In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer.

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History of Higher Education in Brazil | K12 Academics

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The Portuguese reserved the status of “university” to the University of Coimbra and so, never created schools with that designation in Brazil.

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The Undergraduate in Brazil encompasses a bachelor, licentiate and technology degree programme.

Admission Requirements

In order to gain admittance in Higher Education Institutions in Brazil, students must have completed the Secondary Education Level (Certificado de Ensino Medio) and be appeared in 'Vestibular', an entrance examination that ascertains whether the pupil is competent to be admitted in a given institution.

Some Higher Education Institutions in Brazil accept ENEM as part of the admission process instead of 'Vestibular' exam. A national university application system known as SISU (Sistema de Selecao Unificada), managed by Ministry of Education (MEC) is used by public higher education institutions for admissions of the students who have taken the ENEM exam. You are required to register on the SISU website using your ENEM registration number and password. Universities that are not a part of the SISU conduct their own independent examinations for admissions. These examinations are their own specific versions of the vestibular and ENEM exam.

Depending upon the Higher education institution, you are required to appear for either the ' Vestibular' exam or ' ENEM' exam, or both.

Admission Procedure

You can apply online via the respective institution's website or can even apply offline. Download the application form from the website of the concerned institution. Fill it and submit it along with the required documents and fees. If you are selected, you'll receive a "letter of acceptance". This will allow you to apply for a student visa, which is strict requirement for registration. However, the registration is done only after the student has met all the admission requirements.

The requirements vary depending upon the institution and field of study, so contact the individual institution to know more about the admissions.

Admission Quotas

In Brazil University admissions, the majority of the federal universities have a quota system wherein a fixed number of spots are reserved for candidates of a certain racial or cultural background who have finished their pre-university studies in a public (state-funded) school. Such candidates can apply under the "quota system" either through the national SISU system or directly at their university if that university has its own independent Vestibular or the national ENEM examination.

Documentation
Following documents are needed-

Application form and fees along with the passport-size photographs

High School Transcripts- The grades, subjects undertaken, honors received, and other necessary information.

Entrance Exam Scores- Either Vestibular or ENEM examination result (depend on the institution)

Language Scores- Portuguese and English language scores

Strong Financial Means - Evidence that you or your family have enough financial means to travel to and reside in Brazil for the duration of your studies.

Reference Letter- It should come from an individual who knows you well professionally or academically and should be signed by that individual. Reference letter should include your qualities, skills and accomplishments, strengths, and any such information that represents 'you'.

Personal Statement: Personal statement gives an insight about 'you' to the admissions panel. It should include your academic background, extracurricular or volunteer experiences, your career goals, how this education fits in with your goals. You should let your personality come through this personal statement.

Portuguese Language Proficiency

Certificate of Proficiency in Portuguese for Foreigners or CELPE-Bras: International students applying to study in Brazil are required to prove their Portuguese language proficiency by taking a language examination known as CELPE-Bras.

Proficiency in English Language

Special Students

For foreign students who are interested in taking up a non-degree programme. A non-degree programme does not lead to a degree certificate. Special academic courses of up to 12 credits can be arranged for students, including Portuguese classes for foreigners governed by CEL.

To be eligible as a special student, you must hold a bachelor degree. The following documents are needed for the application procedure:

1. A letter delineating your study plan;

2. A copy of the university degree certified by the Brazilian consulate in your country and officially decoded into Portuguese.

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undergraduate entry requirement in brazil

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english requisite for college entry in brazil admission process documents for bachelors degree brazil

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Admission Requirements for Undergraduate Studies in Brazil

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Know about Admission Requirements for Undergraduate Studies in Brazil, admission procedure for bachelor's degree in Brazil. Details of entrance exams.

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What is the process for applying to university in Brazil? Are there any tips or tricks that can help make the process easier? - Quora

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We found an app called Public, which is free to download, that lets you own slices of stocks, so you can invest in companies without having to pay for an entire share — that makes it easy to invest in more than one thing.* And now you can even diversify by owning slices of the Shrek Franchise Original Music, which includes over 700 songs. You may earn royalties anytime Shrek movies are streamed, aired or used at theme parks. It takes just minutes to download the app and open an account.

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Looking to study abroad in Brazil? This handy guide tells you everything you need to know about studying in this remarkable country.

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Higher education welcomes about 9 million students in 2,448 institutions. It is structured in two levels: graduação, equivalent to our 1st university cycle of either 4 or 5 years of studies leading to a licenciatura degree to become a teacher, or bacharelado: while the second cycle, pos-graduaçao is broken down in 2 years leading to a mestrado, then 4 additional years at least for passing a doctorate.

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Brazil adopts a mixed system of public and privately funded universities. Public universities can be federally funded or financed by State governments (such as USP, Unicamp and Unesp in the State of São Paulo). Private schools can be for-profit or, in the case of Catholic universities, not-for-profit.

The Portuguese reserved the status of "university" to the University of Coimbra and so, never created schools with that designation in Brazil. Nevertheless, they created several higher and secondary learning schools which provided a level of education comparable or even above that of the institutions denominated "universities" established in some of the neighboring Spanish American colonies as early as the 17th century. Examples were the most important Jesuit colleges in Portuguese colonial Brazil, particularly those located in the cities of Salvador and Rio de Janeiro, which - despite not being designated "universities" - offered liberal arts courses in Latin, Greek, philosophy and theology (likewise the Spanish American universities). Upon graduating, students had the option of either becoming priests or continuing their studies in Europe, usually at the University of Coimbra in Portugal.

After the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal in 1759, other religious orders such as the Benedictines and Carmelites were charged with education in Brazil. At the same time, the Portuguese Crown founded the "aulas-régias" (Royal public schools). In 1792, the Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Drawing was founded in Rio de Janeiro, thereby becoming the first higher learning school of engineering in the Americas.

Following the arrival of King John VI of Portugal and the Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil, other schools of higher learning were founded in Brazil, although continuing to not formally be called "universities". These including those specialized in civil and military engineering such as the Royal Academy of the Midshipmen (1808) and the Royal Military Academy (1810). Two medical schools were also established, these being the medical-chirurgical academies of Salvador (1808) and of Rio de Janeiro (1809). In addition, other technical courses in the fields of botany, chemistry, geology, mineralogy, and economy were created.

Shortly after independence from Portugal in 1822, under the reign of Emperor Peter I of Brazil, faculties of law were founded in São Paulo (1827) and Olinda (1827). Many of those institutions served as nuclei that subsequently developed into modern Brazilian universities, i.e., the Federal University of Bahia, the Federal University of Pernambuco, the Federal University of Ouro Preto, the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and the University of São Paulo.

Higher Education institutions expanded throughout the twentieth century in Brazil. However, many of the students who had access to Higher Education came from wealthier backgrounds. In 1912, the first Brazilian institution designated "university" is created, this being the University of Paraná.

An important development that affected Brazil's Higher Education landscape transpired after the collapse of the twenty one year Brazilian military government (1964 - 1985) and the re-democratization of the country. As part of Brazil's negotiated transition from authoritarianism to democracy, a new Constitution of Brazil emerged in 1988. It came to be known as the "Citizen Constitution" (Constituição Cidadã), promoting the right to work, the right to a decent wage, the right to social security, and the right to education. Furthermore, the new Constitution of Brazil, allowed public funds to be allocated to private, community, religious, or philanthropic schools for their support on meeting the rights to education. This constitutional doctrine was an important turning point in the growth of Brazil's private Higher Education sector, one that is financed through private investors and public institutions. In support of this educational movement, the federal government established a new policy in 1996 to liberalize the Higher Education sector, known as the Foundations and Guidelines for National Education law (lei 9.394). Under this reformed system, Higher Education institutions could begin functioning as for-profit entities. Private Higher Education institutions had existed since the 1600s, but most were affiliated with the Catholic Church or were non-profit in nature. This new policy paved the way for private enterprises to begin offering Higher Education degrees on a mass scale.

Nowadays, the Brazilian university system reflects world standards, and some of Brazil's universities appear among the 200 best in the world. The University of Sao Paulo (USP), for example, is considered the best university in Ibero-America. In the 2012 SIR World Report from the SCImago Institutions Rankings, USP was ranked 11th in the world. Other ranking systems show similar results: the 2012 University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) ranked USP 28th in the world, and in the Times Higher Education report, "Top Universities by Reputation 2012", ranked USP among the top 70 universities in the world. In the 2012 QS World University Rankings, under Rankings of universities in Brazil, the University of Campinas and the University of Rio de Janeiro were ranked 228 and 333 in the world, respectively.

Higher education in Brazil is divided into three categories:

Universities are institutions that conduct research and community outreach, with at least one third of the teaching staff with PhD qualifications.

University centers are multi-course institutions that are not required to carry out research, but with autonomy to open new courses without seeking permission from the Ministry of Education.

Integrated Faculties and Schools of Higher Education are smaller institutions with little autonomy and must obtain approval from the Ministry of Education when opening new courses, certificates, or degrees.

In 2009, the federal government was overseeing 94 higher education institutions with centralized control (spanning all three categories); state governments were managing 84 higher education institutions; and municipal governments ran 67 higher education institutions, mainly providing technical courses in integrated faculties (see INEP, 2009). Most federal and state institutions are universities and tuition is free, while municipal governments tend to run smaller institutes, sometimes charging tuition. Private higher education institutions primarily fall within the latter two categories and charge wide-ranging fees, based on the degree programs offered.

In Brazil, these degrees are known as first degree:

Bachelor's (bacharelado): varies between 3 and 6 years to complete. Enables individuals to act as professionals in a certain area (e.g., lawyer, economist, physician).

Licentiate (licenciatura): varies between 3 and 4 years to complete. Enables individuals to act as elementary or secondary school teachers in a certain area (e.g., licensed teacher of Math, English, Biology, etc.).

Technologist (tecnólogo): varies between 2 and 3 years of full-time studies to complete. This degree takes a shorter time period to obtain, with specific professional courses aimed at providing highly specialized knowledge (e.g., agribusiness technical degree, tourism management degree, etc.).

Degree programs in public universities are totally financed by the government. In private higher education institutions, however, the course fees and degree programs vary in price significantly. Although lower cost courses are available, fees for some degree avenues are very expensive.

In Brazil, these degrees are known as second degree (pós-graduação):

"Lato sensu postgraduate" degree: this degree represents a specialization in a certain area, and takes approximately 1 to 2 years to complete. A lato sensu degree is not a door opener for the later pursuit of a doctoral degree. If one is interested in a PhD, a stricto sensu master's degree should be taken instead. MBA programs in Brazil are classified as lato sensu programs.

"Stricto sensu postgraduate" degree: this degree enables one to pursue an academic career. In chronological order:

Master's degree (mestrado): this takes 1 to 2 years of full time studies to complete. Often, a Master's degree serves as an additional qualification for those in the job market, or for those who want to pursue a PhD. A stricto sensu master's degree in management is the equivalent of a full time MBA in North America.

Doctoral degree / PhD (doutorado): this takes 3 to 4 years to complete, and is usually used as a step-stone for an academic life.

Postdoctoral research (pós-doutorado): this is not an academic title; it usually denotes excellency in a field of knowledge acquired through supervised research after a doctorate.

Livre-docência: this is the highest academic qualification in Brazil. The livre-docência is similar to a Habilitation and the level of scholarship has to be considered higher than a PhD. The livre-docência requires the candidate to write a professional thesis, based on independent scholarship. In the state universities of São Paulo, for instance (Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, and Universidade Estadual Paulista), the livre-docência plays an important role for a career in the academia. Although, it has become rarer and almost unused outside São Paulo, as most federal universities don't require it anymore in order to apply for professor, with the exception of UNIFESP.

There is no unified academic credit system in Brazil. The regulating bodies of the Ministry of Education and associated legislation counts the hours of instruction. A full-time year of higher education usually takes between 800 and 1,200 contact hours in Brazil, which would be equivalent to 50-80 US credits.

There is no formal treaty between the Brazilian Ministry of Education and the European Union's Bologna process. The following are rough comparisons:

the European First Cycle would correspond to the Brazilian undergraduate degrees of bacharelado, licenciatura, and tecnologia. The Brazilian "Bachelor's degree" takes 3 to 6 years to complete, which usually includes a written monograph or a final project; a European "Bachelor's degree" can be completed in 3 years, after which many enroll in a 1 or 2-year-long "Master's degree" in the Bologna process. When comparing the former European national systems to the Brazilian system, the Brazilian "Bachelor's degree" would be equivalent to the old German Diploma, the Italian Laurea, or the French "Magistère", "Mastère" or "Diplôme des Grandes Ecoles".

the Second Cycle in the Bologna process would correspond to the Brazilian master's degree, which usually takes 1 to 2 years to complete and a "lato sensu postgraduate" degree, which requires the minimum of 360 hours of instruction.

the Third Cycle in the Bologna process would be equivalent to the Brazilian Doctoral degree.

A Brazilian bachelor's degrees could be compared to a four-year Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) or Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in the United States. Brazilian and U.S. Master's and Doctoral degrees are roughly equivalent. Technology degrees of 3 year of length could be also compared to undergraduate technology courses or with 3 year bachelor's degree, depending on the field of study. Technologist degrees allows the undergraduate to pursue Master's and Doctoral courses.

In order to enter a university in Brazil, candidates must undergo a public open examination called Vestibular, which usually lasts between 1 and 5 days and takes place once a year. Some universities may run Vestibular twice a year. Offering more frequent exams is popular among private universities, while public universities usually run the Vestibular only once a year (in November, December, or January). The Vestibular can be compared to the SAT or ACT in the U.S.

Universities offer a limited number of places, and the best qualified candidates are selected for entrance. The vestibular includes many subjects offered in high school such as: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Geography, Literature, Portuguese language, and a foreign language (usually the candidate can choose between English, Spanish or French). Since public universities are free of charge and there are a limited number of open slots, there is high competition with the Vestibular. There are nearly 10 candidates for every place in public universities; in private universities the ratio is less than two-to-one (see INEP, 2000 - 2009).

Most universities in Brazil also admit students according to their high school performance as assessed in the ENEM (Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio). ENEM and the Vestibular co-exist in some universities, whereas in others ENEM has replaced the Vestibular.

There is a myriad of grading systems in Brazil. The most popular are:

Percentage point grading system: ranges from 0% to 100%

Scale grading system: ranges from 0 to 10 (0 represents the lowest and 10 represents that highest)

Stage grading system: usually uses letters ranging from A (best) to E (worst)

Below is a summary of the grading systems:

"A": 90%-100% (Excellent)

"B": 80%-89% (Very good)

"C": 70%-79% (Good)

"D": 60%-69% (Satisfactory)

"E": < 50% or < 60% (Failing grade)

Usually, the lowest passing grade in Brazil represents a 5 (5 out of 10 / 50% / "E"), but some universities adopt a 7 or 70% as the minimum passing grade. Universities are free to choose their own grading system.

Exams are conducted by the professors and are decentralized: every professor is responsible for scheduling, applying, and scoring exams. In contrast to other countries, there is no equivalent in Brazil of centralized university departments that are in charge of scheduling and grading exams.

Public universities usually offer the best quality education, and therefore competition during the Vestibular is fierce. Public universities usually run courses all-day, while private for-profit universities offer a mix of all-day long and night-only courses. The latter is increasingly popular for working adults to complete Higher Education degrees in Brazil. Recently, some public universities have introduced some night-only courses in combination with day-courses. Although public universities offer the best quality education and conduct research, there are continuous complaints from these institutions about being underfunded. Private universities tend to be smaller when compared to public universities, but often have more modern infrastructures and amenities (e.g., buildings and campuses).

The 1996 law "Foundations and Guidelines for National Education" (lei 9.394) opened the doors for many private universities to begin offering degrees on a mass scale. As a result, growth within the private Higher Education sector has provided more opportunities for students country-wide. Between 2000 and 2009, the number of available openings in public universities rose 60 percent. During this same period, the number of available openings in private sector institutions rose 185 percent (see INEP, 2000 and 2009). In 2009, there were 2,069 private Higher Education institutions compared to 1,004 private institutions in 2000 (see INEP, 2000 and 2009). The 15 largest companies in 2009 that ran private universities represented 27 percent of the total market, with yearly profits above 21 percent; and the country's private education sector became the tenth largest sector in the Brazilian economy, accounting for R$25 billion per year.

There are currently more than 2,600 public and private universities distributed throughout Brazil, a number that is growing quickly.

Elizabeth Redden in June 2015 reports that Professor Dante J. Salto has argued in the journal International Higher Education that:

Brazil's for-profit colleges enroll about a third of all students in higher education. The for-profit sector, which predominantly enrolls students in social science, business, law, education and health care-related fields, absorbs demand that the public higher education system lacks the capacity to meet, and is seen as an important player in helping Brazil move toward its policy goal of dramatically increasing higher education participation rates. The proportion of Brazilian 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in higher education (the country's net enrollment rate) is only in the teens, while the gross enrollment rate, which takes into account students of all ages, stands at around 30 percent.

Brazil presents some niches of excellence in higher education, both public and private. Some of those niches, in spite of being recognized nationwide, are not recognized as universities and often do not appear on official universities rankings.

Some examples include: Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), a college sponsored by the Brazilian military, with graduates who are often employed within the Brazilian Aerospace Industry; the Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) (the Army's equivalent); both of those institutes belonging to the Engineering/STEM fields, or yet a Management/Economics institute: Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV), a foundation/think tank that offers Management and Economics courses. In 2010, magazine ranked the OneMBA program offered by FGV as the 1st Executive MBA in Brazil (for the third year in a row).

Training levies create a means for under-educated members of society to continue to train and build up their human capital. This is relevant for the informal sector, which tends to employ workers with low levels of education. They provide a useful tool in a context of market failure and the underprovision of continuing education.

There are several types of scheme that use payroll taxes to raise resources for funding skills development. They include: revenue-generating schemes, levy-subsidy schemes, and levy-exemption schemes. The type of system used in Brazil is the revenue-generating scheme, which base their funding on a fixed-rate levy per working hour or per employee. The revenue is generally earmarked for regional or sectoral training programmes.

Revenue-generating schemes are reliable in generating funding for training in countries where there is a persistent shortage of funding available to promote skills development. They can also greatly reduce the cost to governments of training provision. For example, in Brazil a major body providing commercial training (Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Comercial, SENAC) receives 80% of its revenue through levy-based funds. SENAI (Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial), the Brazilian industrial training scheme, has failed to increase participation rates, as has happened for other revenue-generating schemes, probably because it does not offer any incentives to employers to provide additional training.

There are currently five training funds in Brazil, funded via the revenue-generating method, although there are some differences among them. Such training funds include:

SENAI - the national training scheme;

SENAC - a training fund which is commerce-specific;

SENAT - a fund specifically for transport training;

SEBRAE - a training scheme focused on servicing small businesses;

SENAR - a training scheme for rural areas.

SENAI, SENAC and SENAT all impose a 1% payroll levy on all industrial enterprises, while SENAI charges an additional 0.5% for companies with more than 500 employees. SENAR applies a 2.5% tax on the sale of agricultural goods, while SEBRAE imposes a 0.3% levy across all sectors.

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from Funding skills development: the private sector contribution​, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.

Altbach, Philip. International Higher Education: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 (Routledge, 2014), entry on "Brazil"

Mainardes, Emerson Wagner, et al. "Marketing in higher education: A comparative analysis of the Brazil and Portuguese cases." International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing 9.1 (2012): 43-63.

Pedrosa, Renato HL, Eliana Amaral, and Marcello Knobel. "Assessing higher education learning outcomes in Brazil." Higher education management and policy 24.2 (2013): 55-71.

Schwartzman, Simon. "Higher education, the academic profession, and economic development in Brazil." in Philip G. Altbach, et al. eds. The global future of higher education and the academic profession: the BRICs and the United States (2013).

Schwartzman, Simon, Rómulo Pinheiro, and Pundy Pillay, eds. Higher education in the BRICS countries: Investigating the pact between higher education and society (Springer, 2015) ch 5 on "Demand and Supply for Higher Education in Brazil"; ch 14 on "Higher Education Policies in Brazil: A Case of Failure in Market Regulation."

Neves, Clarissa Eckert Baeta (2017). "Higher Education Systems and Institutions, Brazil". Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1-11. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_401-1. ISBN 978-94-017-9553-1. S2CID 226940234.

Ministry of Education (Ministério da Educação, or "MEC"): http://www.mec.gov.br (In Portuguese)

National Institute for Research in Education (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais, or "INEP"): http://www.inep.gov.br/ (In Portuguese)

Graduate Coordination Body (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, or "CAPES"): http://www.capes.gov.br/ (In Portuguese)

National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, or "CNPq"): http://www.cnpq.br/english/cnpq/index.htm

1. ^ Rizzini, I. 2011. The Promise of Citizenship for Brazilian Children: What Has Changed? ANNALS, AAPSS, 633, 66-79.

2. ^ Ranieri, N. B. 2010. States and the Right to Education in the 1988 Constitution: Comments on Federal Supreme Court Jurisprudence. Projeto Direito Educação Inglês, 37-56.

3. ^ McCowan, T. 2004. The growth of private higher education in Brazil: implications for equity and quality. Journal of Education Policy, 19(4), 452-472.

4. ^ "URAP - University Ranking by Academic Performance". Archived from the original on 2013-01-18.

5. Ministério da Educação - Conselho Nacional de Educação, Câmara de Educação Superior. Resolução CES/CNE nº 2/2007 Resolução 4/2009. Retrieved from ^ http://portal.mec.gov.br/

6. ^ Banco Santander. 2009. Entrando no Jogo da Escala; Apresentando Preços-Alvos para 2010. São Pualo, Brazil.

7. Elizabeth Redden, "U.S. For-Profits in Brazil," ^ Inside Higher Education June 16, 2015; citing Dante J. Salto, "Brazil: A For-Profit Giant." International Higher Education 74 (2014): 21-22. online

8. ^ "About | OneMBA - Executive MBA Program, Global Executive MBA". Archived from the original on 2013-02-09.

9. ^ Muller, N. and Behringer, F. (2012). "Subsidies and levies as policy instruments to encourage employer-proved training". OECD Education Working Paper No. 80.

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Universities and higher education in Brazil - Wikipedia

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Brazil adopts a mixed system of public and privately funded universities. Public universities can be federally funded or financed by State governments (such as USP, Unicamp and Unesp in the State of São Paulo). Private schools can be for-profit or, in the case of Catholic universities, not-for-profit.

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IH2EF - Institut des hautes études de l'éducation et de la formation