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Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, carbon, and potassium nitrate. The sulfur and carbon act as fuels while the saltpeter is an oxidizer.Gunpowder is the first explosive to have been developed. Popularly listed as one of the "Four Great Inventions" of China, it was invented during the late Tang dynasty while the earliest recorded chemical formula for gunpowder dates to the Song dynasty

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Islam was founded in the 7th century CE by the Prophet Muhammad in Mecca, a city in nows Saudi Arabia. Muhammad received revelations from the angel Gabriel, which he believed to be the word of God. These revelations, later compiled into the Quran, taught about the oneness of God (Allah) and the importance of living a moral life. Muhammad faced opposition from the powerful Quraysh tribe in Mecca, but after his migration to Medina in 622 CE (the Hijra), Islam grew rapidly. The early Muslim community established a new social and political order based on the teachings of the Quran. Islam spread quickly throughout the Arabian Peninsula and beyond, becoming one of the world's major religions.

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The Spanish Reconquista first began in 722 AD (after death). The Spanish Reconquista was a period in which Christian forces reclaimed control over the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule. It lasted for several centuries, beginning in the 8th century and ending in 1492 when the last Muslim kingdom fell. The Reconquista was motivated by religious, political, and economic factors. The Christian kingdoms sought to expand their territories and convert or expel the Muslim population. They also hoped to gain control over valuable resources and trade routes. The Reconquista was marked by numerous military campaigns, alliances, treaties between different Christian kingdoms, battles, and sieges against Muslim rulers. Overall, it was a complex and multi-faceted conflict that had a lasting impact on the history and culture of Spain.

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The first crusade occured on august 15th , 1096. The first crusade was a military campaign launched by European Christians in response to a call for aid from the Byzantine Emperor, who wanted assistance in reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim rule. The first crusade began in 1095 and lasted until 1099. It involved several battles and sieges, including the successful capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders. The motivations for participating in the crusade were varied, including religious fervor, the desire for adventure and wealth, and political ambitions. The success of the first crusade led to the establishment of Christian states in the Holy Land and set the stage for future crusades.

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The Spanish inquisition was a period of religious persecution in spain during the late 15th to 18th centuries. It was established to maintain catholic uniform and root out heresy, mostly going for Jews and Muslims who had converted to Christianity, as well as other non-catholics. The Inquisition used methods such as torture and forced confessions to extract information and punish those deemed heretics. The reasons for the Spanish Inquisition varied, including religious intolerance, political motivations, and economic factors. Overall, it was a dark chapter in Spanish history that caused heavy suffering and death for many individuals.

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Christopher Columbus did not “discover” the Americas, nor was he even the first European to visit the “New World.” (Viking explorer Leif Erikson had sailed to Greenland and Newfoundland in the 11th century.) However, his journey kicked off centuries of exploration and exploitation on the American continents.He was the first European to sight the Bahamas archipelago and then the island later named Hispaniola, now split into Haiti and the Dominican Republic. On his subsequent voyages he went farther south, to Central and South America. He never got close to what is now called the United States.

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This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain's economic development from 1760 to 1840.The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, when agricultural societies became more industrialized and urban. The transcontinental railroad, the cotton gin, electricity and other inventions permanently changed society.

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Leo Baekeland. The 20th century saw a revolution in plastic production: the advent of entirely synthetic plastics. Belgian chemist and clever marketeer Leo Baekeland pioneered the first fully synthetic plastic in 1907.In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented Bakelite, the first fully synthetic plastic, meaning it contained no molecules found in nature. Baekeland had been searching for a synthetic substitute for shellac, a natural electrical insulator, to meet the needs of the rapidly electrifying United States.

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The Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I, was signed in 1919. It aimed to punish Germany and prevent future wars through severe restrictions and reparations. But, the treaty's heavy terms, including the loss of territory and military advantages led to widespread resentment and hatred throughout Germany. The global economic depression of the 1930s further destabilized the treaty's framework. Germany's refusal to pay reparations and its aggressive expansionist policies under Adolf Hitler ultimately led to the treaty's collapse. In 1935, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations, which was a key component of the Versailles system. By 1939, Germany had violated many treaty provisions, including its military limits and territorial guarantees, leading to the outbreak of World War II.

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Hitler Appointed Chancellor (1933, ew btw)

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Hitler Appointed Chancellor (1933, ew btw)

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Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Hitler's rise to power was facilitated by a combination of political maneuvering, economic turmoil, and the weakness of the German political system. After World War I, Germany was struggling with hyperinflation, unemployment, and a loss of territory and influence. The German National Socialist Workers' Party (Nazi Party), led by Hitler, capitalized on widespread discontent. Hitler skillfully positioned himself as a strong leader who could restore German pride and prosperity. In a political deal brokered by German President Hindenburg, Hitler was named Chancellor.(EW) This appointment marked the beginning of Hitler's dictatorship (again, ew)and the rise of Nazi Germany.

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The Holocaust was a genocide (crazy) carried out by Nazi Germany during World War ll from 1941 - 1945. It began with the murder/death of Jews in Germany and the Nazi-occupied territories. The Nazis implemented a systematic policy of extermination, known as the Final Solution, targeting Jews for annihilation. Six million Jews were murdered in concentration and extermination camps, along with millions of others deemed undesirable, including Roma, Poles, Soviet prisoners of war, and the disabled. The Holocaust was a defining event of the 20th century, revealing the depths of human cruelty and the consequences of unchecked extremism.

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The First Crusade occurred during the 11th century and was a military expedition undertsken by Christians in response to a call for help from the Byzantine Empire. The goal of the Crusade was to recapture the ´Holy Land´, specifically Jerusalem, from the control of the Muslim Seljuk Turks. Being led by various European nobles and religious leaders, the Crusaders embarked on a long and arduous journey across unfamiliar territories. Despite facing numerous hardships and setbacks, such as battles, disease, and extreme weather conditions, the First Crusade was mostly successful. After a siege that lasted several weeks, the Crusaders managed to capture Jerusalem in 1099 and establish Christian rule in the city. The First Crusade marked the beginning of a series of military campaigns known as the Crusades, which lasted for several centuries and had a profound impact on European history.

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The creation of Israel began with the Zionist movement in the late 19th century, which was supposed to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. This was in response to increasing antisemitism and restrictions on Jews living in other parts of the Middle East and Europe. The British government issued the Balfour Declaration in 1917, during World War I, expressing support for a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. After World War I, the League of Nations gave Britain a mandate over Palestine. Jewish immigration and land purchases increased significantly during the British mandate period. Tensions rose between the growing Jewish population and the indigenous Arab population. In 1947, the United Nations recommended partitioning Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. The Jewish leadership accepted the plan, but the Arab leadership did not. Violence escalated, and in 1948, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of the State of Israel. Which led to the 1948 Arab-Israeli war and the displacement of many Palestinians.

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The Sykes-Picot Agreement was a secret treaty signed in 1916 between Britain and France during World War l. Its purpose was to divide the Middle East between themselves and other Allied powers after the expected defeat of the Ottoman Empire. The treaty was motivated by strategic and economic interests. Britain and France wanted to gain control of key resources and territories, establish spheres of influence, and weaken potential rivals like Germany and Russia. The agreement also aimed to create states along ethnic and religious lines, which led to the artificial borders that still cause conflict today. Despite its intentions, the Sykes-Picot Agreement failed to fully anticipate the complexities and tensions of the region, contributing to the instability of the modern Middle East.

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The Green Revolution, or the Third Agricultural Revolution, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields. These changes in agriculture began in developed countries in the early 20th century and spread globally until the late 1980s.The Green Revolution contributed to widespread poverty reduction, averted hunger for millions of people, and avoided the conversion of thousands of hectares of land into agricultural cultivation.

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Apartheid, the system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa, ended in the late 20th century. The process began with the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, when police killed 69 unarmed black protesters, (thats crazy) leading to increased international condemnation of apartheid. The economic pressure of international sanctions and the internal struggle against apartheid, led by groups like the African National Congress (ANC) and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), further weakened the apartheid regime. In 1989, the National Party, which had long enforced apartheid, removed its leader and began negotiations to end racial segregation. The historic elections of 1994, led by ANC leader Nelson Mandela, established a multiracial democratic government and marked the official end of apartheid.

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The Bosnian Civil War began in 1992 as a result of deep ethnic tensions and arguments over the countries independence and future status. Bosnia-Herzegovina was part of the former Yugoslavia, which went down in 1991 following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Nationalist movements among Bosnia's three main ethnic groups – Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), Serbs, and Croats – led to increasing conflict. The war started when Bosnian Serb and Croat leaders declared their regions independent from Bosnia-Herzegovina, leading to violent clashes with Bosniak forces. The international community initially failed to intervene effectively, allowing the conflict to escalate into a full-scale civil war marked by ethnic cleansing, genocide, (the word genocide is just scary all by itself to me) and massive displacement of the population.

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Neil Armstrong steps onto the surface of the moon 1969

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Neil Armstrong steps onto the surface of the moon 1969

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On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong landed their moon module on a broad dark lunar lava flow, called the Sea of Tranquility. And six hours later, Neil Armstrong became the first human being to walk on the surface of a world beyond Earth.Rest assured, NASA didn't call on Moon-dwellers to perform camera duties. They simply mounted a camera on the Descent Stage of the Lunar Module and pointed it at the steps. That giant leap was relayed live to NASA and TV viewers all over the world via receiving stations on Earth.