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https://uws-uk.libguides.com/MHNursing/KeyResources

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Library Guides: Mental Health Nursing: Finding Journal Articles

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Are you on placement with, or employed by, the NHS in Scotland? Are you working with social services or a related agency in Scotland? If so, you can register for an NHS Open Athens account and and access a wider range of journal articles, books and other NHS Library services: Students on placement: Use the registration link belowou will be asked for your university email address during the registration process.

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One of the distinguishing features of academic writing is that it is informed by what is already known, what work has been done before, and/or what ideas and models have already been developed. Thus, in academic texts, writers frequently make reference to other studies and to the work of other authors. It is important that writers guide their readers through this literature. This section of Academic Phrasebank lists some of the phrases that writers may use for this purpose.

A note on the literature review: It is the purpose of the literature review section of a paper or dissertation to show the reader, in a systematic way, what is already known about the research topic as a whole, and to outline the key ideas and theories that help us to understand this. As well as being systematic, the review should be evaluative and critical of the studies or ideas which are relevant to the current work. For example, you may think a particular study did not investigate some important aspect of the area you are researching, that the author(s) failed to notice a weakness in their methods, or that their conclusion is not well-supported (refer to Being Critical).

A note on referencing style: The way a writer refers to other sources varies somewhat across different disciplines. In some cases, where the individual author is important, the author's name will be the main subject of the sentence; in other cases, the author's name may only be mentioned in brackets ( ... ) or via a number notation system (e.g. footnotes and endnotes). The 'author as subject' style is less common in the empirical disciplines (sciences) and more commonly used in the humanities. Different referencing systems are used in different disciplines. In the majority of the examples given here, the Harvard in-text referencing system has been used.

A note on verb tenses: For general reference to the literature, the present perfect tense (have/has + verb participle) tends to be used. For reference to specific studies carried out in the past, the simple past tense is most commonly used. This is normally the case where a specific date or point in time in the past forms a part of the sentence. When referring to the words or ideas of writers, the present tense is often used if the ideas are still relevant, even if the author is no longer alive. The examples given below reflect these general patterns, but these are by no means rigid.

Previous research: what has been established or proposed

To date,
Thus far,
Up to now,

several studies
previous studies
a number of studies

have

used ...
found ...
reported ...
shown that...
indicated that ...
linked X with Y.
suggested that ...
demonstrated that ...
begun to examine the use of ...
confirmed the effectiveness of ...
revealed a correlation between X and Y.
highlighted factors that are associated with ...

Reference to a previous investigation: researcher prominent

Smith (2015)

reported ...
identified ...
showed that ...
demonstrated that ...
found that as levels X rise ...

Jones (2015)

compared the rate of ...
labelled these subsets as ...
measured both components of the ...
used a survey to assess the various ...
investigated the differential impact of ...
identified parents of disabled children as ...
set up a series of virtual experiments using ...
examined the flow of international students ...
carried out a number of investigations into the ...
studied the effects of X on unprotected nerve cells.
conducted a series of trials in which she mixed X with ...
analysed the data from 72 countries and concluded that ...
interviewed 250 undergraduate students using semi-structured ...
performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to show that ...
reviewed the literature from the period and found little evidence for this ...

Reference to a previous investigation: time prominent

In 1990,

found that ...
performed the first ...
published a paper in which they described
introduced a system of classification based on ...
demonstrated that X induced in vitro resistance to
reported a new and convenient synthetic procedure to ...

Reference to a previous investigation: investigation prominent

In a(n)

follow-up study,
major study of X,
investigation into X,
study investigating X,
comprehensive study of X,
recent cross-sectional study,
large-scale longitudinal study,
randomised controlled study of X,
study which set out to determine X
randomised controlled study of X,

Smith et al. (2015)

found ...
reported ...

Reference to a previous investigation: topic prominent

Reference to what other writers do in their published work

Smith (2000)

defines X as ...
questions whether ...
lists three reasons why ...
identifies X, Y, and Z as the major causes of ...
draws on an extensive range of sources to assess ...
traces the development of X during the 19th century.
highlights the need to break the link between X and Y.
mentions the special situation of X as an example of ...
uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that ...
draws our attention to distinctive categories of X often observed in ...
discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting ...
considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as ...
provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to ...

In her review of ...,
In her major study,
In her analysis of ...,
In her seminal article,
In her case study of ...,
In her introduction to ...,
In her classic critique of ...,
In her interesting analysis of ...,

Smith (2012) identifies five characteristics of ...

Reference to another writer's idea or position

Smith (2013)

that

preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore better adapted to the developing world.

Smith (2013)

offers
proposes
suggests
argues for

an explanatory theory for each type of irrational belief.

Synthesising material: supporting evidence or ideas

Smith (2015)

sees X as ...
argues that ...

Like Smith, Jones (2016) maintains that ...
Similarly, Jones (2016) makes the case for ...
Likewise, Jones (2016) holds the view that ...
Supporting this view, Jones (2016) writes that ...
Adopting a similar position, Jones (2016) argues that ...
In the same vein, Jones (2016), in his book XXXXX, notes ...

Synthesising material: contrasting evidence or ideas

Some writers (e.g. Smith, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between ...
break
Some authors have mainly been interested in questions concerning X and Y (Smith, 2001; Jones ...
break
Much of the available literature on X deals with the question of ...

Others (see Jones, 2003; Brown, 2004) question the usefulness of ...
break
Others have highlighted the relevance of ...
break
But Smith (2015) is much more concerned with ...

Smith (2015) notes that ...
break
Smith (2013) found that X accounted for 30% of Y.

However, Jones's (2018) study of Y found no link between ...
break
Other researchers, however, who have looked at X, have found ... Jones (2010), for example, ...

Smith (2010) presents an X account,
break
While Smith (2008) focusses on X,

whilst Jones (2011) ...
break
Jones (2009) is more concerned with ...

Some ways of introducing quotations

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One of the distinguishing features of academic writing is that it is informed by what is already known, what work has been done before, and/or what ideas and models have already been developed. Thus, in academic texts, writers frequently make reference to other studies and to the work of other authors.

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Just read this about biopsychosocial model.

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Just read this about biopsychosocial model.

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You are probably aware of this framework. It is new to me, interesting, and I found it linked with our assignment so thought I should share it...

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You are probably aware of this framework. It is new to me, interesting, and I found it linked with our assignment so thought I should share it...

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Selected research paper for this weeks tutorial. Emily

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Selected research paper for this weeks tutorial. Emily