# data[].attributes.body
A chance to share some thoughts that won't be shared with the entire class.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As segregation tightened and racial oppression escalated across the United States, some leaders of the African American community, often called the talented tenth, began to reject Booker T. Washington's conciliatory approach. W. E. B. Du Bois and other black leaders channeled their activism by founding the Niagara Movement in 1905. Later, they joined white reformers in 1909 to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Early in its fight for equality, the NAACP used the federal courts to challenge disenfranchisement and residential segregation. Job opportunities were the primary focus of the National Urban League, which was established in 1910.

During the Great Migration (1910-1920), African Americans by the thousands poured into industrial cities to find work and later to fill labor shortages created by World War I. Though they continued to face exclusion and discrimination in employment, as well as some segregation in schools and public accommodations, Northern black men faced fewer barriers to voting. As their numbers increased, their vote emerged as a crucial factor in elections. The war and migration bolstered a heightened self-confidence in African Americans that manifested in the New Negro Movement of the 1920s. Evoking the "New Negro," the NAACP lobbied aggressively for a federal anti-lynching law.

In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal provided more federal support to African Americans than at any time since Reconstruction. Even so, New Deal legislation and policies continued to allow considerable discrimination. During the mid-thirties the NAACP launched a legal campaign against de jure (according to law) segregation, focusing on inequalities in public education. By 1936, the majority of black voters had abandoned their historic allegiance to the Republican Party and joined with labor unions, farmers, progressives, and ethnic minorities in assuring President Roosevelt's landslide re-election. The election played a significant role in shifting the balance of power in the Democratic Party from its Southern bloc of white conservatives towards this new coalition.
See timeline for this period
NAACP Founder William English Walling

William English Walling (1877-1936) was a prominent socialist and journalist. He was a founder of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society, the Women's Trade Union League, the Social Democratic League, and the NAACP. In 1908 he traveled to Springfield, Illinois, to investigate a recent race riot in which whites had targeted blacks. In his article, The Race War in the North, Walling declared: "the spirit of the abolitionists, of Lincoln and Lovejoy, must be revived and we must come to treat the negro on a plane of absolute political and social equality." He appealed for a "large and powerful body of citizens to come to [blacks] aid." The article aroused the conscience of Mary White Ovington, who wrote a letter to Walling offering her support.

NAACP Founder Mary White Ovington

Mary White Ovington (1865-1951), a social worker and freelance writer, was a principal NAACP founder and officer for almost forty years. Born in Brooklyn, New York, into a wealthy abolitionist family, she became a socialist while a student at Radcliffe College. Ovington befriended W.E.B. Du Bois in 1904, when she was researching her first book, Half a Man (1911), about black Manhattan. In 1906 she covered the Niagara Movement and the Atlanta anti-black riot for the New York Evening Post. Ovington played a crucial role in the NAACP's evolution. She recruited women into the ranks, mediated disputes, and guided the transition to black leadership. She served as secretary (1911-1912), acting secretary, treasurer, and board chairman.

The Pink Franklin Case

The NAACP undertook its first major legal case in 1910 by defending Pink Franklin, a black South Carolina sharecropper accused of murder. When Franklin did not show up for work after receiving an advance on his wages, a warrant was sworn for his arrest. Armed policemen arrived at Franklin's cabin before dawn to serve the warrant and shots were fired, killing one officer. Franklin, who claimed self-defense, was convicted and sentenced to death. The NAACP interceded and Franklin's sentence was commuted to life in prison. He was set free in 1919. In this letter, Albert Pillsbury, an attorney and NAACP founder, recommends an appeal to South Carolina Governor Martin F. Ansel.

Arthur Spingarn NAACP Lawyer

Favorable publicity generated by the Pink Franklin case attracted new supporters to the NAACP. Among them were Joel E. Spingarn (1875−1939), chairman of the Department of Comparative Literature at Columbia University, and his brother, Arthur (1878-1971), a lawyer, shown here. In January 1911, the NAACP organized its first branch in Harlem with Joel's help. The branch established a vigilance committee, which became the National Legal Committee, to deal "with injustice in the courts as it affects the Negro." Arthur worked pro bono because the NAACP could not afford to hire attorneys on a regular basis and often convinced other prominent lawyers to volunteer their services. He served as the chairman of the committee until 1939. Members of the committee also included future Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter and prominent black lawyer Charles Houston.

Author Toni Morrison Interviewed by Camille O. Cosby in 2004

Author Toni Morrison (b. 1931) describes the ordeals of her parents in the segregated South and why they fled to Ohio in an interview conducted by Camille O. Cosby for the National Visionary Leadership Project in 2004.

A. Philip Randolph on Marcus Garvey

Civil rights leader and labor activist A. Philip Randolph (1889-1979) recalls the appeal after World War I of the "Back to Africa" movement of Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey (1887-1940). The excerpt was included in NBC's The American Revolution of '63, broadcast September 2, 1963.

Report from the Detroit Branch of the NAACP

The Great Migration brought thousands of black Southerners to the North faster than the region could assimilate them. They were confronted with discrimination, socially sanctioned segregation, and racial violence born of white resistance. The majority who went to Michigan settled in Detroit to work in the auto industry, which was willing to hire black workers for lower wages. The NAACP founded a branch there in 1912. This monthly report notes the efforts of the Ku Klux Klan to set up a chapter in Detroit, segregation in Eastern High School, and the refusal of a drug store soda fountain counter to serve black customers.

Blues Musician "Big" Bill Broonzy Interviewed by Alan Lomax in 1947

Blues musician "Big" Bill Broonzy (1893-1958) recalls the brutal racism that African American veterans of World War I faced when they returned home from fighting for their country in an interview conducted by Alan Lomax (1915-2002) in 1947.

Walter Francis White NAACP Leader

Walter White (1893-1955) was reared and educated among Atlanta's black middle class. After graduating from college in 1916, he became an insurance salesman and secretary of the local NAACP branch. In 1918 the NAACP hired White as assistant secretary at the national office on the recommendation of his mentor James Weldon Johnson. White won international acclaim for his crusade against mob violence, personally investigating forty-one lynchings and eight riots.

He identified himself as an African American but had a complexion so light that he could pass for white. He infiltrated violent mobs in the South and became an eyewitness to numerous lynchings. In 1931 he succeeded Johnson as NAACP secretary, and led the organization during its most dynamic decades of growth. Under his leadership, the NAACP initiated a sustained legal campaign targeting segregation and disfranchisement in the South, developed an alliance with organized labor, and established a strong lobbying presence in the nation's capital, which would prove critical for the enactment of civil rights legislation.

Walter White's Personal Tragic Story of the Segregated South

NAACP leader Walter White (1893-1955), interviewed by NBC radio host Mary Margaret McBride, tells of the death of his father in an Atlanta Jim Crow hospital and his inspiring last words. The program was broadcast live on December 26, 1947.

The NAACP Flag

In conjunction with its 1920 antilynching campaign, the NAACP began flying this flag from the windows of its headquarters at 69 Fifth Avenue each time a lynching occurred in the United States. By the late 1920s, ninety-five percent of lynchings occurred in the South. The words "A Man Was Lynched Yesterday," are stitched to both sides of the flag. The threat of losing its lease forced the NAACP to discontinue the practice of flying the flag in 1938. This original canvas flag is housed with the NAACP Records in the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

Nixon v. Herndon (1927) and Nixon v. Condon (1932)

In 1923 the Texas legislature passed a law that barred blacks from participating in the Democratic primary. Because the Democratic Party was the dominant political party in Texas, black voters were therefore denied participation in the electoral process. The NAACP secured a plaintiff, Dr. L. A. Nixon of El Paso, to contest the law. In 1927, the Supreme Court ruled in Nixon v. Herndon that the so-called "white primary" law violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Texas legislature then passed a new law allowing the Democratic Party State Executive Committee to establish voting qualifications limiting eligibility to whites. In 1932, the Supreme Court struck down the law in Nixon v. Condon. Undeterred, the Texas Democratic Party banned blacks from membership once again.

The Joint Committee on National Recovery

Cartoonist Clifford Berryman depicts President Franklin D. Roosevelt singing about economic recovery and New Deal programs. By mid-year of his first term, Roosevelt had overseen the passage of bills designed to counteract the Depression, including the Agricultural Adjustment Act that paid white farmers not to produce crops. This left black sharecroppers unemployed. In 1933, the efforts of attorney John P. Davis and economist Robert C. Weaver to secure the full inclusion of blacks in New Deal programs led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on National Recovery (JCNR) in Washington, D.C. This coalition of twenty civil rights groups was formed to educate African Americans about new federal programs and protest discrimination in New Deal programs.

Dr. Mary McLeod Bethune Civil Rights Activist

Educator and activist Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) was a prominent advisor on race matters to President Franklin Roosevelt's Black Cabinet. A daughter of former slaves, she would become one of the most respected figures in the civil rights movement. Bethune founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute in 1904, which later became Bethune-Cookman University.

Bethune was also the founder and president of the National Council of Negro Women and established its national office in Washington, D.C. She became one of the prominent figures in the National Association of Colored Women, where she would continue to campaign for the rights of all Americans. In 1936 President Franklin Roosevelt appointed Bethune as the director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration. She served as a leading member of Roosevelt's unofficial "Black Cabinet." Members of the Cabinet were responsible for developing and advancing many civil rights strategies.

NAACP's Chief Strategist Charles Hamilton Houston

Charles Hamilton Houston was the chief strategist of the NAACP's legal campaign that culminated in the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Born in Washington, D.C., he earned a J. D. S. degree at Harvard in 1923, where he studied under Felix Frankfurter. As vice dean of Howard Law School, Houston trained a generation of civil rights lawyers. In 1934 the Joint Committee of the NAACP and the American Fund for Public Service retained Houston to direct a legal campaign against discrimination in education and interstate transportation. Houston wrote this memorandum, in which he advocated using the $10,000 funds to fight "the more acute issue of discrimination in education." Houston devised a systemic assault on the "separate but equal" doctrine by using test cases focused on graduate and professional schools.

A. Philip Randolph

A. Philip Randolph (1889-1979) was an early practitioner of the civil disobedience-nonviolent direct action tactics and black mass grassroots organization that became synonymous with the civil rights movement. A fervent labor unionist, he began organizing workers while a college student. In 1917 he became the cofounder and editor of the Messenger, a black socialist magazine. In 1936, he cofounded the National Negro Congress, a coalition of 585 organizations. The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters' victory of a collective bargaining agreement was recognized in 1937 and launched Randolph's career as a national civil rights leader. Randolph played a key role in the formation of the Fair Employment Practices Committee (1941) and the desegregation of the U.S. armed forces. In 1963, he conceived and directed the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. He served as the first black vice president of the AFL-CIO from 1957-1968. In 1965, he founded the A. Philip Randolph Institute with Bayard Rustin, another nonviolent, direct-action strategist.

NAACP Special Counsel Thurgood Marshall

Baltimore native Thurgood Marshall graduated from Howard Law School in 1933 and joined the NAACP as assistant counsel in 1936. Marshall created its Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc. in 1939 to litigate cases and raise money exclusively for the legal program. Marshall's team of lawyers, Robert L. Carter, Jack Greenberg, Constance Baker Motley, and Franklin Williams, led the legal campaign against discrimination from 1938 to 1961. The NAACP won twenty-seven of thirty-two cases it argued before the Supreme Court. Marshall's greatest victory was the 1954 Supreme Court landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education. In 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson nominated Marshall to the Supreme Court.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom The Segregation Era (1900-1939)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As segregation tightened and racial oppression escalated across the U.S., black leaders joined white reformers to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Early in its fight for equality, the NAACP used federal courts to challenge segregation. Job opportunities were the primary focus of the National Urban League.

# data[].attributes.body
Respond with comments, questions, or things you found related to our readings this week.

# data[].attributes.body
What did you learn about the early 1900's in and out of school?

What movies, books, or songs do you think of when you imagine the earliest of the 1900's? Attach them to your post!

# data[].attributes.body
Create a newspaper about what is going on globally in the United States at the turn of the century (1900). You may include events from the United States, but include at least 4 other countries (5 countries total). Include pictures/illustrations, and fill at least 1 page.

Think: who is the audience of your newspaper? What is the goal of the story, what is it trying to accomplish (such as, do you want the reader to feel a certain way about an event)?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Templates

We have 1000s of templates for almost every type of print or online newspaper that load right into our Cloud Designer.

SEE TEMPLATES

Start Designing

With our free Cloud Designer, you can begin designing your print or online newspaper immediately!

LAUNCH DESIGNER

Prices

Prices cover printing from 50 to 50,000 newspaper runs and online publishing costs. Contact us for larger orders.

SEE PRICES

1

Is it easy to make my own print or online newspaper?

Extremely easy. We offer all the tools you'll need (watch video).

2

Is it expensive to print or publish my own newspaper?

Not at all. View our prices for printing and/or online publishing.

3

What kind of newspaper should I print and/or publish?

Any kind. Look at our Samples. Wedding, non-profit, church, menus, real estate, neighborhood, business and much more.

4

How do I start and run a newspaper? Can I make money?

A newspaper is inexpensive to start and provides a great income opportunity. We have hundreds of articles to help you begin and operate a from-home business.

Make and Print a Newspaper Easily with Our Wide Suite of Cloud Tools!

From businesses to churches, schools, clubs, associations, organizations and non-profits, to sporting leagues, plays, festivals and events of every kind, MakeMyNewspaper allows short-run newspaper printing-and digital publishing-not only more affordable but also offers all the tools and education you need to publish whatever type of newspaper your specific needs require. We are the world leader in "Personalized" newspapers, such as wedding newspapers, birthday, anniversary and special occasion newspapers.

Using new technology, volume discounting and versatile and original online programming, MakeMyNewspaper offers for the first time in history the general public's ability to make a newspaper and publish their own newspapers within any budget. Our free and exclusive Cloud Newspaper Designer is the only graphics program on the Internet allowing full creative control, built for four-color traditional presses as well as newer digital presses and eliminating worry from details that only professional designers would know. Or, upload your own PDF and we can print whatever you submit! See our specifications for details. Regardless of your level of expertise, we can help you make a newspaper and/or print or publish a newspaper with fantastic results.

Use Your Newspaper To Raise Money!

Being able to print newspapers in smaller quantities means that organizations and individuals can use their local newspaper to raise money easily. Printed newsletters don't allow for advertising sales with any ease, but a newspaper does! For any business in your neighborhood, advertising in a newspaper is an inherent model for advertising. So, as affordable as printing your newspaper is, it really is that simple as well to sell ads and raise money to offset, and even profit on, the cost of your paper. Printing newspapers of any amount can make money! To learn more visit our Community Newspaper Center.

Replace Flyers and Newsletters!

A flyer, leaflet, newsletter or brochure allows limited space for communication and can be very expensive.

A newspaper offers more space to communicate your message and is extremely cost effective over a newsletter! The cost per newspaper is much less than that of a newsletter and keeps going down the more newspapers you print!

Everything You need - One Website

MakeMyNewspaper is the number one ranked newspaper creation and printing website in the world, something we believe we've achieved because our constant priority is helping you make a newspaper with the greatest amount of ease. You can make a newspaper, either a printed newspaper or electronic, right here. You can design it here, print it here, and share it here. Everything you need in one location. We truly want your experience in making, publishing and printing a newspaper to be as seamless and as painless as can be.

Any Industry, Any Group, Any Individual! Make a Newspaper!

With MakeMyNewspaper, we help you make a newspaper that is now not only cost effective, but can help you and your industry stand out from the rest! Using our free cloud Newspaper Designer and templates, it's easy to begin designing right away without having to purchase or download any software. Or, if you're after an income, you can be in business and generate income almost overnight. Be unique! Be the one in your area or community to own or publish a newspaper today! And if you want to expand to your email lists, blogs website and more, you now have the convenience of the eNewspaper to help you communicate with the digital world as well.

MakeMyNewspaper is devoted to helping any individual, business or organization in creating and printing a newspaper by offering a free Cloud Newspaper Designer, templates and tools while printing for you at the best newspaper printing prices available. Please contact us at any time if we may be of service.

What's an eNewspaper?

At MakeMyNewspaper we've entered the digital and online universe by introducing our new eNewspapers. You can create your eNewspaper using our Cloud Newspaper Designer in the exact same way you would for a print newspaper. Both can be ordered at the same time or individually.

Once you're done designing, simply hit "order" and everything is done for you. It's easy and can be used for any purpose, both personal and business. Once published, you will be sent a link and you can then post your new eNewspaper almost anywhere electronically. Send in emails, post on websites, social media ( Facebook, Twitter, Etc.) to Blogs and so much more. A digital newspaper for the digital world.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Print Newspapers or Publish Online | MakeMyNewspaper

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Print a newspaper easily or publish online with our wide suite of cloud design tools or upload your own PDF. Create and print a newspaper or publish an online newspaper for personal or business use. The possibilities are endless.

# data[].attributes.body
Students:

Write a biography as if you are ANY American from 1900-1930. Clearly define aspects that would change the trajectory of someones life, such as race, gender, class, age, disability. Are you writing as a middle-aged Mexican immigrant, or a rich young black woman? Use photos, videos, articles, music, literature, and other primary sources to provide evidence that your biographical character lived during these times.