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Children's Rights in Italy (AFL Mücella)

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Children's Rights in Italy (AFL Mücella)

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Italy is one of the main countries active in the field of protection and promotion of children's rights. In addition to complying with established children's rights laws, Italy's commitment has led to the recognition of the right to protect children in the field of UN and EU protocols.

Meanwhile, Italy strives to protect immigrant children's rights. Italy's parliament has passed a law that provides protection to immigrant children who come to the country without their families. Foreign children who come to Italy will not be able to be sent back to their countries of origin and will have the same rights as their EU-citizen peers. It will also be ensured that young and lonely immigrants benefit from services such as education and health and are placed under the supervision of a foster family.

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Freedom of belief  and Faith , Woman Rights in Italy (AFL Ecrin)

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Freedom of belief  and Faith , Woman Rights in Italy (AFL Ecrin)

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These people rights is the same rights as in Turkey Firstly , Everyone can choose their beliefs and their faiths . It’s their choice. Country hasn’t got one belief .President of Italy manage country with secularism . People mustn’t care the other one’s belief because of the this right . Everyone was equal and everyone has got some chance and opportunity.And in Italy there are some woman rights too. Women are equal and they have got the same rights as  men  . They can go school and they can work . They can improve ourselves . This right is very important for woman to show their ability .

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Women Rights In Persian Empire (AFL Zeren)

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Women Rights In Persian Empire (AFL Zeren)

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In the Persian Empire, citizens of all religions and ethnic groups were also given the same rights, while women had the same rights as men. The Cyrus cylinder also documents the protection of the rights to liberty and security, freedom of movement, the right of property, and economic and social rights. In the early 1970s, the Shah of Iran adopted it as a symbol of his reign and in celebrating 2,500 years of Iranian monarchy, asserting that it was "the first human rights charter in history".

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) rights in Italy significantly advanced in the 21st century, although LGBT people still face various legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. According to ILGA-Europe's 2021 report, the status of LGBT rights in Italy is the worst among Western European countries – such as still legally banning same-sex marriage, no discrimination protections for goods and services and also lacking any parental rights for same-sex couples within adoption and IVF.

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LGBT Rights in Italy: homosexuality, gay marriage, gay adoption, serving in the military, sexual orientation discrimination protection, changing legal gender, donating blood, age of consent, and more.

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Natural law exercised a very constructive influence in Roman law. Romans applied natural law to transform their narrow and rigid system into cosmopolitan. They had three divisions of law viz., jus civile or civil law which was applicable on Roman citizens only. Jus gentium, the law which is applicable on foreigners. And jus naturale was the law fixed by nature, immutable and above to all human laws discovered by right reasons. On the basis of natural law roman magistrates applied those rules which were common with foreign laws and to foreign citizens. The body of rules which was developed in this processes was called jus genitum. These laws were considered as the laws with universal legal principles and represented a good sense of justice.

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Ancient Greece, Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections

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Ancient Greece, Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections

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Democracy in ancient Greece served as one of the first forms of self-rule government in the ancient world. In Athens, all adult citizens were required to take an active part in the government. If they did not fulfill their duty they would be fined and sometimes marked with red paint. Still, since women, children, and slaves were not considered citizens they could not vote. Annually chosen 500 men had to actively serve in the government for one year. When a new law was proposed, all the citizens of Athens had the opportunity to vote on it. To vote, citizens had to attend the assembly on the day the vote took place which is now called "direct democracy".

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Italy is committed to promote the gender equality and empowerment of female in the country as part of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Italy is a participants who support and promote the rights of women in workplace, society and family The related issues and improvement are promoted within the UN every year. Italy pushed the Council of Europe Convention on protect female from violence which came into effect in 2014 In 2016, the Third National Action Plan was adopted for nationally implementing the Women, Peace and Security Agenda

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The basic principle of the Declaration was that all “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” (Article 1), which were specified as the rights of liberty, private property, the inviolability of the person, and resistance to oppression (Article 2).

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Freedom of religion in France is guaranteed by the constitutional rights set forth in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. In practice, however, the government restricts religious expression in the public square. For example, it is typically illegal to wear religious symbols in public schools such as crosses or hijabs.

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When the French revolutionaries drew up the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in August 1789, they aimed to topple the institutions surrounding hereditary monarchy and establish new ones based on the principles of the Enlightenment, a philosophical movement gathering steam in the eighteenth century.

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Marie Curie, the first womanto be a university professor

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Marie Curie, the first woman - Revista Mètode

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Una introducció al que significà Marie Curie pMarie Sklodowska (1887-1934), més coneguda pel cognom del seu marit, Curie, va ser la primera dona a ensenyar a les aules de la prestigiosa universitat parisenca de la Sorbona i la primera dona que va obtenir el premi Nobeler a la ciència, per a les done…

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Apartheid was the policy of racial segregation established in 1948 by the white ethnic government of South Africa, and remained in force until 1991. Its 'initiator' was Daniel François Malan, who was also prime minister from 1948 to 1954.  It has also been applied by the South African government to Namibia, which until 1996 was administered by South Africa.  By extension, the term is used today to underline any form of civil and political segregation to the detriment of minorities, by the government of a sovereign state, based on ethnic and social prejudices.  The anniversary of the end is April 27, a public holiday in South Africa, when Freedom Day is celebrated.
Nelson Mandela was the first President of South Africa Lson Mandela (1918-2013) was the first black president of the Republic of South Africa. His political activity has been very relevant: throughout his life he has fought for the rights of blacks in South Africa, passing for this a total of 27 years in prison.
Nelson Mandela, one of the most recognised human rights symbols of our time, is a man whose dedication to the freedom of his people is an inspiration to human rights advocates around the world.

Giuseppe. P Francesca. V

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War in Afghanistan

Starting in May 1996, Osama bin Laden and other members of the Alliance settled in Afghanistan and established dialogue and cooperation with the country’s Taliban regime, within which several terrorist training camps were established.

Following the attacks on US embassies in Africa in 1998, the United States launched a missile attack from submarines directed at these training camps.

Between 1999 and 2000, the United Nations Security Council passed two resolutions establishing economic and arms sanctions on Afghanistan to encourage the Taliban to close training camps and hand over Bin Laden to international authorities.

In 2001, the President of the United States issued an ultimatum to the Taliban, the Taliban did not respond by believing that starting a dialogue with a non-Muslim political leader would be an insult to Islam. And so the war in Afghanistan developed.

In Afghanistan this war has caused one and a half million deaths, hundreds of thousands of injured and mutilated, over four million refugees.

With the war coming to an end in August 2021, the problems in Afghanistan are far from over. Today Afghanistan is in an unprecedented economic crisis that starves more than 23 million people, a consequence of the decades of conflict that have undermined the future of the country, the extraordinary drought, the devaluation of the local currency, inflation with the increase of about 50% in the prices of cereals and fuel, the closure of the banking circuits and the consequent financial crisis.

And on the ground there is still the legacy of previous wars: anti-personnel mines and unexploded ordnance continue to mutilate children and adults, especially civilians.

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Out of a total of about 150 million children in the world forced to do school-age work, half of them, about 70 million, populate the African continent. Whatever the number of children, it is too high because child labor is a violation of human rights, which interferes with education and undermines the physical, mental and social development of children. Child labor is defined as the work activity that deprives boys and girls of their childhood, of their dignity and negatively affects their psycho-physical development.

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South Africa,History Nelson Mandela and apartheid

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South Africa,History Nelson Mandela and apartheid

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Nelson Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in what was then known as the Union of South Africa, a colony of the British Empire. Although most of the inhabitants were black, they were dominated by a white minority that controlled land, wealth, and politics, a discriminatory social structure that was later codified into the national political system called apartheid.
Over the next 95 years, Mandela would overthrow South Africa's cruel social order. During a lifetime of resistance, imprisonment and leadership, Nelson Mandela led South Africa from the abandonment of apartheid to an era of reconciliation and majoritarianism. In 1948 segregation, which was already rampant in South Africa, became state law when the ruling party formally adopted apartheid, or racial discrimination. Under this policy, black South Africans were required to carry ID with them at all times, which was required to enter white areas. They were forced to live in areas entirely for blacks and were forbidden to enter into interracial relationships. Blacks were even removed from the electoral roll and eventually completely deprived of civil rights.
Initially, Mandela and his ANC comrades used non-violent tactics and demonstrations to protest apartheid. In 1952, Mandela helped intensify the struggle by leading the Defiance Campaign, which encouraged black participants to actively violate the laws. More than 8,000 people, including Mandela himself, were jailed for violating curfews, refusing to carry identity documents and other crimes.

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In 539 B.C., the armies of Cyrus the Great, the first king of ancient Persia, conquered the city of Babylon. But it was his next actions that marked a major advance for Man. He freed the slaves, declared that all people had the right to choose their own religion, and established racial equality. These and other decrees were recorded on a baked-clay cylinder in the Akkadian language with cuneiform script.

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The group Handicap Intenational has been actively operating in North Korea since 1999, trying to help the Korean Federation for the Protection of Disabled People. (assisting orthopedic centers serving many disabled people)
Meanwhile, the Intenational Committee of the Red Cross reported in 2006 that it had provided assistance with the creation of rehabilitation centers for disabled persons in Pyongyang.
Finnaly, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines has reported that North Korea "has a comprehensive system for assisting persons with disabilities; however, this system is limited by the general economic situation of the country." North Korea participated in the Paralympic Games for the first time in 2012.

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In North Corea most freedoms are heavely restricted and controlled. There are reports of corruption, forced prostitution, human trafficking, human experimentation (testing deadly poisons, surgery practice on awake subject). The country is still today extreamly closed and refuse most contact with foreing nations, there is restriction inside the country too, citizens doesn't have the right to move freely.
Political rights, freedom of speach and opinion are largely denyed (inside the country and online).
Serveral right garanted by North Korean law are in reality not respected like Freedom of speach, the one protecting religious freedom, equality of disabled people and many other civil rights.
Finally, many foreigner abduction has been reported, especially Japanese and South Korean citizens. Some of them where recently (September 2022) confirmed by the North Korean nation.

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Since 1970, women had to have just one child, until 2015.

In 2004 the Chinese constitution was amended, and added that the state respect and preserve the human rights, but it wasn’t sufficed. The China continue her violations. Then, began tensions between the USA and the China about the human rights.

In 2006, the China was the country which executed the most prisoners (around 80%)

In 2009, the China promised to perform the situation during two years.

Today in China, ethnic minorities suffer of discriminations, people suffer intimidation, torture, and others ill-treatment simply exercising their right to freedom of expression (since 1986, Chinese people are free to talk, but there are a lot of censorship) and other human rights.

The State know those problems but continue to be ignorant.

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Rights in Russia have evolued since 2000.
Indeed in 1993, the Constitution adopted the humans rights. Russia signed with many associations about humans rights like "The universel humans rights declaration".
But during the 2000, freedom houce organisation said that the Russia is a country not free, with many inequalities.
What's more the russian policeman use the torture. In orphenages, there is many violations of children's rights. Minorities undergo discriminations, racism and murders. Journalists, scientists can't talk because they are emprisonned.
The humans rights in Russia are they respected?

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Gandhi in 1947 did hunger strikes to stop the religious violence. And then India became independant.

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January 31, 1865: In the middle of 19th century, northern states, which were against slavery, and southern states, who were for slavery, of USA were in a war ( which is known as the Civil War). While the war was still going on, president Abraham Lincoln decided to emancipate all the slaves of United States of America. The 13th amendment of the Constitution was voted on january 1865 which declares that no slavery nor involutary easement, if its not a punishment of a crime whose guilty will be sentenced, will exist neither in the United States or in any territory under they jurisduction.

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The United states bill of rights, is a déclaration which promotes the freedom of speech for the newspapers for exemple or the population in general. It was righting by James Madison and published the 15, december of 1791.

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Bâtiment de la Cour suprême, First Street Northeast, Washington, District de Columbia, États-Unis

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Since June 26, 2015, homosexual marriage has been legally recognized in all states of the United States.

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Birth of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, whitch is a rebellion movement against white supremacists in a country where the Afro-american community were discriminated. These revolts were instituted by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton in 1966, inspired by marxists and leninists.

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Rosa Parks protested for her right to be treated equally

On the first December of 1955, while she was taking the bus, Rosa Parks refused to leave her seat for a white man. This led to the protest for equal civilian rights.

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The George Floyd's death. The 25th of May 2020.

The murder of G.Floyd, is the starting point of the "Black Lives Matter" movement. This social movement highlight racism, discrimination, racial inequality experienced by black people.

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In the USA Congress in June the 4th of 1919 there has been the decision of granted the right to vote to women. This right was ratified by the nation on august the 18th of 1920. It was called "the 19th amendment".  It has achieved a lot of fights that women have led for a long time.

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The 4 of july in 1776, the USA was created. Indeed at this moment they wrote the declaration of their independence. But it's in 1883 that the USA was officially admited in the international relationship. They were motivated by the three fondamentales rights which are, "the rights to do things in order to raise happyness", "the rights to be freedom", "the rights to live, have a existence".

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Lincoln Memorial, Washington, District de Columbia, États-Unis

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"I have a dream" is the name given to the speech given on August 28, 1963 by the American pastor and activist Martin Luther King, in front of the Lincoln Memorial, in Washington, D.C., during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. His dream is that of a fraternal America, where whites and blacks would find themselves united and free.

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Creation of the UN (united nation). The 24th of October 1945.

The purpose of this organization is to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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Africa is undoubtedly the continent most affected by the world war. It is traversed by often forgotten conflicts, which erupted for territorial, ethnic and economic reasons, aggravated by global warming and jihadist terrorism.
Between 2021 and the first months of 2022 alone, there were 42,949 African civilian victims, especially in Nigeria, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Somalia, due to wars and violence.
This tragic situation does not seem to end here indeed it should continue for a long time, with the government that continues to do nothing, with the death of other innocent victims

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the producers of minerals, but the conditions in which the miners work in the artisanal mines, and the exploitation of children have probably  denounced.

In artisanal mines, extraction take place with bare hands or with the use of tools and without any protective equipment, such as masks or gloves.  There are many children  work in the Congolese mines in these conditions, often involved in underground extraction, in tunnels, without ventilation and subject to frequent collapses, especially when it rains.

many children have diseases muscle strain from lifting weights of 20 to 40 kg.

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According the last reports, there are around 40.000 boys and girls underage, work in the mines in the south of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Many of them work in cobalts mines.

This children work in bad conditions, more 12 hours a day, without protection, earning very little, 1€ for day. They get sick before than their peers.

Every day they risk the death accidents at the work due to weights too heavy and due to frequent collapses in the caves.

Frequently they are beaten and abused by security guards if they cross the mine boundaries.

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ECCLESIA IN ASIA In Cina Francesco continua a scommetere sul dialogo. Pechino farà altrettanto?

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P. Criveller, missionario del Pime e sinologo: nella nomina di Shen Bin a vescovo di Shanghai il papa ha a cuore il bene del popolo di Dio e noi con lui. Ma dall'intervista del card. Parolin emerge chiaro il disappunto della Santa Sede per la situazione venutasi a creare.

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42 million children in Africa still have access to education.

60% of these 42 million are girls.  The exclusivity of women in school education is due to: poverty, wars, discrimination between the various sexes due to religious, cultural and social conditions.  Another cause is due to the fact that girls are given in marriage from the age of 12, for this reason they have to save to buy food and  health.

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Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 into the royal family of Thembu, a tribe of Xhosa ethnic group who lived in a fertile valley of the Eastern Cape (South Africa). Its Xhosa name, Rolihlahla, has a prophetic meaning: "brawler". He will only be called Nelson when he starts attending Healdtown British Colonial Boarding School. A name given by the teacher, who chose random English names for South African boys, instead of the unpronounceable tribal names. Jailed for his resistance to the South African segregationist regime, he was released in 1990 after 27 years in prison. In May 1994, Nelson Mandela was elected President of South Africa in the first elections by universal suffrage. In 1999 he officially withdrew from public life, but he never stopped his humanitarian action, taking his tireless battle for peace and human understanding beyond the borders of South Africa. Mandela died on December 5, 2013 at his home in Johannesburg.
https://www.mandelaforum.it/nelson-mandela-una-biografia-essenziale/

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There are still too many children deprived of their childhood, victims, despite them, of a ruthless reality that forces them to suddenly become adults and exposes them to serious dangers. Covid-19 has also taken a toll on the lives of children, especially the most vulnerable ones such as working children. It is our duty to do more for all of them, especially today." Children just want to have fun and enjoy their childhood without problems and without having to work as slaves, let's change this world and bring happiness back to these children

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Armed groups and government forces committed human rights abuses, including mass killings, across Cameroon’s Anglophone regions and in the Far North region.
As the crisis in the Anglophone regions continued unabated for the fifth year, over 712,000 people were internally displaced in the Anglophone regions and in the Francophone Littoral, West, and Centre regions as of August 2021, and at least 2.2 million people were in need of humanitarian aid.
Separatists, who have violently enforced a boycott on education since 2017, continued to attack students and education professionals.
The Islamist armed group Boko Haram increased its attacks in the Far North region from January to April, killing at least 80 civilians, with over 340,000 internally displaced as of August 2021. In responding to the armed conflict, government forces have also been responsible for violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, including unlawful killings and arbitrary arrests.

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Africa (Pietro, Rebecca, Michele, Myriam)

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Africa (Pietro, Rebecca, Michele, Myriam)

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The wars in Africa

There are many active wars in the world.

Wars are classified by intensity and expansion.

In Africa there are fourteen wars and they are forgotten.

The most "important" are:

-Ethiopia, the Tigray War, which began on 3 November 2020 and ended on 3 November 2022.

-Somalia (war with Islamic group), from 20 July 2006 to 30 January 2009

-Nigeria (war with Islamic militants), from 6 July 1967 to 15 January 1970

-Libya (ongoing civil war), from 16 May 2014 to 23 October 2020

War in Ethiopia, Tigray

In 2018 the rise of Abiy Ahmed as president of Ethiopia, had access to the hopes of a change. Abiy’s government immediately showed a change of direction by initiating profound reforms and signing peace with neighboring Eritrea, but all this has rekindled tensions between different ethical communities. The reasons for the clash between the Prime Minister and the Tigrinya elite date back to a power struggle and legitimacy between the federal government and the TPLF (Tigray People’s Liberation Front).

There is talk of a real genocide against the population of Tigrina, where thousands of women, girls and girls would be victims of war rape and many people risk dying of starvation.

The war in Tigray had a disastrous impact on the Ethiopian economy. The country is on the verge of collapse, with soaring inflation accompanied by a significant collapse in GDP, the rapid increase in the abandonment of the country by foreign investors. Domestic attention and resources were requisitioned to finance the war, with serious consequences for the Ethiopian population, even in areas far from the conflict. This situation threatens the standard of living and food security of Ethiopians and further exacerbates poverty and unemployment, which is around 17%.

Since the Tigray is under siege, more than a million Ethiopians have been found in precarious living conditions and in total lack of food security. About 2.5 million people in the Tigray region need all kinds of humanitarian aid, while more than 18.6 million children need medical care for diseases caused by severe malnutrition. In addition, basic services, electricity, fuel supplies and communications have suffered a severe blow because of the war throughout the region. An estimated USD 30 million in emergency humanitarian aid is needed to alleviate the humanitarian crisis in Ethiopia.

War in Somalia

The war officially began on 20 July 2006 when US-backed Ethiopian troops invaded Somalia to support the government in Baidoa (Somalia).

Consequently, the Union of Islamic Courts declares a state of war and invites all Somalis to take part in the fight against Ethiopia.

This war is still going on.

Since the beginning of 2007 the escalation of the conflict has cost the lives of thousands of civilians, caused the displacement of more than a million people and induced most of the population of Mogadishu to flee the capital. The growing attacks on those working for humanitarian organisations have weighed heavily on aid operations and contributed to a humanitarian crisis. tens of thousands of Somali refugees have fled the country. The Dadaab refugee camps in Kenya today constitute the largest concentration of refugees in the world, with about 250,000 people attending. But the journey itself is dangerous. Many refugees , during the escape from Somalia, were robbed, raped, or beaten by mercenary militias, while hundreds of Somalis drowned in an attempt to cross the Gulf of Aden to Yemen, often after being pushed overboard or abandoned by traffickers.

War in Nigeria

The Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafra War, took place between 6 July 1967 and 13 January 1970, following an attempt to secede from the Igbo (or Ibo) southeast provinces of NigeriaThis war ended in 1970, but even today there are several conflicts where many people die, for example in 2022 between January and March more than 3000 people died due to attacks by armed groups.

An estimated three million people died in the conflict, mainly from hunger and disease. Most of the infrastructure of the Igbo regions was destroyed. To worsen the condition of the Igbo in the immediate post-war period were some measures applied by the Nigerian federal government to their detriment, such as restrictions on access to current accounts. The Igbo were discriminated against in public and often private employment and in the early 1970s became one of the poorest ethnic groups in Nigeria. The administration of some of the cities with a strong Igbo presence (for example Port Harcourt) was entrusted to rival ethnic groups (for example Ijaw and Ikwerre).

war in Libya

The crisis in Libya began in 2011, when the regime of Moammar Gaddafi fell following a popular uprising and, above all, a military intervention led by France, the United Kingdom and the United States, which plunged the country into chaos.

At the end of the military intervention, successive administrations failed to control the country’s numerous militias, which began to exercise real power in Libya.

The country was divided into two administrations on one side Fayez al-Serraj who took over the leadership of the Government of National Agreement, in 2016 based in the capital, Tripoli, and on the other Khalifa Haftar supported by the House of Representatives.

According to Libya Body Count, a non-governmental organization that counts violent deaths in Libya recorded by the press, 2,825 people, including fighters and civilians, died in Libya due to fighting in 2014, 1,523 in 2015 and 1,523 in 2016. According to the UN, "widespread violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, and human rights abuses, were committed by all parties to the conflict in Libya in 2014 and 2015"; the violations include illegal killings, attacks against civilians, arbitrary detention, torture and violence against women. The number of internally displaced persons has risen from 80,000 in May 2014 to 435,000 in May 2015, according to UNHCR A new wave of refugees of Libyan nationality has also arrived in Tunisia, bringing, according to some estimates, the number of Libyans expatriated in Tunisia since the beginning of the civil war in 2011 to 1.8 million, about a third of the Libyan population.

Instability and war, combined with a simultaneous increase in the number of refugees in the region (mainly Syrians, due to the Syrian civil war) have made the departures from the Libyan coast to Italy of refugees and migrants from African and Asian countries easier and more numerous, due to the lack of a central authority able to control Libyan ports and collaborate with European countries in combating the expanding networks of migrant trafficking.