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1865 - End of the American Civil War/Start of Reconstruction

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1865 - End of the American Civil War/Start of Reconstruction

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As the civil war ended, the southern states had to reconstruct government and society. The political and social rights of the millions of newly freed Americans would become an important part of the post-war period.

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Homer Plessy challenged the supreme court, on whether the Jim Crow laws were good. In the end, it was a setback for people of color as it legally allowed states to not let blacks vote. Then many states stopped allowing voting within the black community.

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The NAACP, otherwise known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, is one of the biggest civil rights organizations, responsible for many of the countries protests and boycotts. It was founded by white and black people, (WEB DuBois, Mary White Ovington etc.) and is still prominent in society today.

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It started on a beach in Chicago, where the beach was segregated. Some black boys were playing in water of the white beach, when all of a sudden a white boy started throwing rocks at them, one of the rocks hit the boys, killing him. A fight broke out between them leading to the "Chicago Race Massacre", a long time of fights and killings between the two races.

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The Tulsa Race Riots occurred in a town called Greenwood, a thriving black community with its own schools, stores and more. Throughout the time period of 1911-1921 the people were subjected to lynchings and violence by the whites as well as burning of their town. Many buildings were destroyed, people killed, and left homeless. The riots weren't heard of until 80 years later.

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The Harlem Renaissance was a time period where the black community began to create their own culture. They used poems, music, and art to express themselves, making way for many famous musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. It was a way for people of color to gain their own symbols and freedom, besides slavery being abolished.

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Brown v Board of Education -      1954 ->1955

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Brown v Board of Education -      1954 ->1955

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The Brown's were just one of the families who sued the Topeka, Kansas Board of Education in order for schools to be desegregated. Linda Brown was forced to go to an all black elementary school, even though the white elementary school was closer to her home. Eventually, the board decided to desegregate schools, but since there was no actual date on when, the desegregation didn't happen until 1993.

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A murder of a young black boy, that triggered the start of many protests and movements for the black community. His mother, as a symbol of awareness decided to have an open casket at his funeral to show what these white men had done to her child. The stories of what truly happened are very different, but in the end, they all led to the same outcome.

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In 1955, a teenager named Claudette Colvin, was forced to give up her seat on the bus for a white person. She refused to do so and was taken to jail because of it. Instead of using her revolt to spark protests in the community, the NAACP believed she was too reckless and unreliable when it came to leading such a movement. Rosa Parks was chosen to be the face of the protests, which lead to the Bus Boycott Movement. The Claudette Colvin Case was the beginning of what inspired people like Rosa Parks to stand up.

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A young black woman named Rosa Parks, was hired by the NAACP to be the start of a bus boycott protest in Manhattan. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white woman, and the bus driver was forced to throw her out. This led to the Montgomery Bus Boycotts, where people of color would walk wherever they needed to go, not paying the buses until they were allowed to sit where they wanted to.

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The Little Rock Nine was a group nine of black girls and boys put together by the NAACP, to protest by trying to enter Central High School in Arkansas, a school that was meant for only white children. They would walk up to the school everyday, demanding to get in. Eventually, they were allowed in, but treatment inside the school wasn't much better than outside it. The children bullied and harmed them and no one did anything to help. Daisy Gates was a member of the NAACP in charge of this movement, trying to make sure everyone had a right to go to whatever school they wanted to.

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Four men from Greensboro NC, went into a diner where food wasn't served to African Americans. They were allowed to be in the diner, just not get anything. Instead, the four men sat down at the counter and asked for food. When they were denied it they stayed in their spot. The next day they came back with more people and everyday after that the number grew. It was one of the first protests of segregation when it came to public places like restaurants and helped move forward the civil rights movement.

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Ruby Bridges was a little girl who was not allowed to go to an all white school because she was black. She would show up at her elementary school everyday, no matter the poor treatment she got from others. Ruby was able to desegregate William Franz Elementary School and helped pave the way for Civil Rights Movements in the South.

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8 months after JFK's assassination, Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act. An act that would abolish slavery and make both races equal. Even so, segregation continued throughout many states and it wasn't until the Voting Rights Act that black people were able to gain some of their human rights. It was called "a turning point in history".

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Annie Lee Cooper was a black woman, who registered to vote. When she was denied her voting rights she joined the Civil Rights movement. In Selma, she was a part of a voting protest held by MLK, when things got out of hand, she punched Sheriff Jim Clark over the head, leading to the members of the protest being arrested, including her. It might have been a non-violent protests, but Annie Lee Cooper is known for punching Sheriff Jim Clark anyways.

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Malcolm X was an African American Nationalist and religious leader. In the beginning of the civil rights movement, he believed that white people should be separate from black people. He created a following of people with this idea and they became loyal to him. Later on, Malcolm X changed his opinion and began protesting for civil rights. This angered his followers as they thought he was corrupted. Then, eventually he was assassinated by one of his followers, even though they claimed not to have killed him.

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Bloody Sunday began when a large group of civil rights protesters walked from Selma to Montgomery and down the Edmund Peter Bridge. They were unarmed and trying to get into Montgomery by peacefully protesting. Blocking them from getting in was the law enforcement officers. They held weapons and when the protesters approached closer, they charged forward, hurting many protesters. The day was the most violent part of the civil rights movement and it was then known as Bloody Sunday.

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The voting rights act was a law protecting voting rights for black Americans. It was signed into law with many civil rights activists as witnesses. Local law enforcement often ignored it outright, but gave blacks the legal means to fight back against them.

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Martin Luther King Jr. was a prominent figure of the civil rights movement. He led many boycotts and marches throughout the time period. He was assassinated while in Memphis to support a sanitation workers right and was on his way to dinner when he was shot.

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In Greenwich Village, there was a bar called the Stonewall Inn, where LGBTQ+ members would go so that they could not be fined or thrown out. It was created by the mafia so that they could make more profit off of people. One night, the police got the call that there were people at the Inn, which led to a large riot of LGBTQ+ people fighting against the police, for their right to be at a bar. This was just the beginning of protesting for LGBTQ+ rights. After this riot, there were many more in Greenwich and the riots came to be known as the Stonewall Riots.