# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
"The arrival of the Hun [German] Armistice delegates through our lines to beg for an armistice, 1918" (Colart's Studios, Melbourne, ca. 1920)

# data[].attributes.body
Armistice with Germany

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Opening session of the Versailles peace conference at the Trianon Palace, January 1919

# data[].attributes.body
Paris Peace Conference is opened to negotiate peace treaties among belligerents of WWI

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
German delegate Johannes Bell signing the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors, with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front

# data[].attributes.body
Treaty of Versailles

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Adolf Hitler's DAP card (altered from the original)

# data[].attributes.body
Adolf Hitler, then unknown corporal, infiltrates Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP; German Workers' Party), precursor to Nazi Party, at the command of Reichswehr (German armed forces during Weimar Republic and first years of Third Reich; formed after ToV under terms of treaty)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The League of Nations met for the first time on November 15, 1920, in Geneva, Switzerland.

# data[].attributes.body
Paris Peace Conference ends with inaugural general assembly of League of Nations; yet USA never joins LoN

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Montage of photos made during the Russian Civil War (1917-23)

# data[].attributes.body
Russian Civil War (started November 7, 1917) ends with Bolshevik victory

# data[].attributes.body
Benito Mussolini appointed prime minister of Italy by king Victor Emmanuel III after March of Rome (coup d'état by fascists against the monarchy)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Papiermark post WWI during hyperinflation era (1921–24)

# data[].attributes.body
Due to hyperinflation, value of Papiermark (currency of Weimar Republic) is destroyed

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Munich Marienplatz, Germany during the failed Beer Hall Putsch

# data[].attributes.body
Beer Hall Putsch occurs wherein Hitler attempts to overthrow German government with Nazis; police crush the attempt on November 9 1923

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Stalin visiting the ailing Lenin at his dacha in Gorki in 1922

# data[].attributes.body
Vladimir Lenin dies; Joseph Stalin begins purging rivals for his dictatorship

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Hitler looks out window of former cell at Landsberg prison during visit ten years after his release

# data[].attributes.body
Hitler sentenced to 5 years for Beer Hall Putsch, though serves 8 months only

# data[].attributes.body
Hitler's Mein Kampf is published

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Hirohito at his enthronement ceremony, 1926

# data[].attributes.body
Emperor Taishō dies, succeeded by son Hirohito as Emperor of Japan

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Trotsky on Time Magazine, November 21, 1927

# data[].attributes.body
Leon Trotsky expelled from Soviet Communist Party; Stalin with undisputed control over USSR

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash

# data[].attributes.body
Great Depression begins with Wall Street Crash known as Black Tuesday

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Japanese experts inspect the "sabotaged" South Manchurian Railway

# data[].attributes.body
Mukden Incident, Japan stages a bombing against Japanese-owned railroad in Manchuria, China; Japan blames Chinese dissidents. Many claim this event to be official start to what would become WWII

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Japanese troops marching into Mukden on September 18, 1931

# data[].attributes.body
Japan invades Manchuria and sets it up as a puppet state, using the Mukden Incident as a pretext

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Starved peasants on a street in Kharkiv, 1933

# data[].attributes.body
Holodomor (lit. death by hunger) begins in USSR due to in part by the failed collectivisation of agriculture of first five-year plan

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Japan conquers Manchuria, China (eastern side of map)

# data[].attributes.body
Japan-China conflict over Manchuria ends with Japanese control over Manchuria

# data[].attributes.body
Japan creates puppet state of Manchukuo out of occupied Manchuria

# data[].attributes.body
Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Herbert Hoover in 1932 USA presidential election

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Hitler and President Hindenburg shortly after Hitler asked to become Chancellor, 1933

# data[].attributes.body
Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Hindenburg after Kurt von Scheicher was dismissed

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Reichstag on fire; Hitler uses opportunity to seize power

# data[].attributes.body
Reichstag, Germany's parliament building, is set on fire

Next day, the Reichstag Fire Decree is passed, nullifying many German civil liberties.

# data[].attributes.body
FDR inaugurated as POTUS

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Chancellor Hitler in Berlin, March 24, 1933

# data[].attributes.body
Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, thereby Hitler becomes dictator of Germany

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A matchbook cover issued by the Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League to advertise the boycott

# data[].attributes.body
Anti-Nazi boycott of German goods after violence towards Jewish population by Hitler (stink bombs, picketing, shopper intimidation, humiliation, assaults)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Roll call at a Nazi concentration camp, ca. 1933

# data[].attributes.body
Homeless, unemployed, and alcoholic are sent to Nazi concentration camps

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Ernst Röhm reviewing troops of Silesian SA in Breslau, Germany, 1933

# data[].attributes.body
Germany, Night of the Long Knives: potential rivals to Hitler and Nazis, including former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, killed by Schutzstaffel (SS) and Gustapo (secret police)

# data[].attributes.body
After death of President Hindenburg, Hitler makes himself Führer of Germany, Head of State and Chancellor

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A chart explaining pseudo-scientific racial categories established by   Nuremberg Laws. White circles are "pure" German; black circles are Jewish ancestry

# data[].attributes.body
Reichstag passes Nuremberg Laws, institutionalising discrimination against Jews and providing legal framework for systematic persecution of Jews in Germany

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Red Army troops executing victims of the purge

# data[].attributes.body
USSR: Great Purge commences with widespread repression of suspected opponents of Soviet regime. Imprisonment and death of many military officers; this weakened Soviet Armed Forces before WWII

# data[].attributes.body
Uranium atom split (nuclear fission) for first time by mankind at Colombia University, USA

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Map showing relative positions of Germany, Poland, Polish Corridor, and Free City of Danzig, 1939

# data[].attributes.body
German ultimatum to Poland concerning Polish corridor and Free City of Danzig

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Montage of invasion of Poland by Germany

# data[].attributes.body
No response to ultimatum, Germany invades Poland. Start of WWII.

USSR invades Poland on September 17, 1939

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Johannesburg Sunday Press, September 3, 1939

# data[].attributes.body
Great Britain declares war on Germany

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Map of German invasion of France and other countries in 1940

# data[].attributes.body
Nazi Germany launch offensive in the West (France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) after Poland

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Churchill (left), Chamberlain (right), 1939

# data[].attributes.body
Chamberlain (former PM of GB) resigns, Churchill becomes PM

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
British soldiers captured by the Germans at Dunkirk, France

# data[].attributes.body
Germans bomb Paris; Dunkirk evacuation ends

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A French man weeps as the Nazis march into Paris, June 14, 1940

# data[].attributes.body
Germans enter Paris

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Plan of battle of Operation Sea Lion, the cancelled German plan to invade England in 1940

# data[].attributes.body
Hitler plans Operation Sea Lion (abandoned plan for the invasion of Britain)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Axis Powers Tripartite Pact; (left to right) Japanese Saburō Kurusu, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Galeazzo Ciano and Adolf Hitler

# data[].attributes.body
Tripartite (Axis) Pact signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan

# data[].attributes.body
FDR reelected as POTUS

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
St. Paul's Cathedral after German fire-bombing of London, December 29, 1940

# data[].attributes.body
Massive German air raid on London

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
German soldiers battle the Russians after start of Operation Barbarossa

# data[].attributes.body
Germany attacks USSR as Operation Barbarossa begins

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Five year old Avram Rosenthal and two year old brother Emanuel of Kovno Ghetto. Later deported to the death camp at Majdanek where they were murdered

# data[].attributes.body
Nazis order Jews to wear yellow stars in occupied territories

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Auschwitz gas chamber (artist's rendition from original documents)

# data[].attributes.body
First experimental use of gas chambers at Auschwitz

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Eastern front at the time of the Battle of Moscow (Operation Typhoon)

# data[].attributes.body
Operation Typhoon begins (German advance on Moscow)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese air raid

# data[].attributes.body
Japan bombs Pearl Harbour, USA

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
FDR signs declaration of war against Japan

# data[].attributes.body
USA and Britain declare war on Japan

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Hitler announces declaration of war against USA to Reichstag

# data[].attributes.body
Hitler declares war on USA

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A relocation center seen during a dust storm

# data[].attributes.body
Japanese-Americans sent to relocation camps

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Approx. 1 million Jewish people died at Auschwitz

# data[].attributes.body
Mass murder of Jews by gassing begins at Auschwitz

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
British Gen. Bernard Montgomery watches his tanks move up in North Africa

# data[].attributes.body
Operation Supercharge (Allies break Axis lines at El Alamein, Egypt)

# data[].attributes.body
Operation Torch (U.S. invasion of North Africa)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Churchill (left) and FDR (right) in Casablanca, 1943

# data[].attributes.body
Casablanca Conferences between FDR and Churchill; FDR announces the war can only end with an "unconditional German surrender"

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
An American cargo ship is hit by a bomb from a German plane off Gela, Sicily, 1943

# data[].attributes.body
Allies land in Sicily; bombings in Rome; Americans capture Palermo, Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
New York Times article about Mussolini arrest, published July 28, 1943

# data[].attributes.body
Mussolini arrested; Italian fascist gov falls; Marshal Pietro Badoglio takes over and negotiates with Allies

# data[].attributes.body
Germans occupy Rome and rescue Mussolini who reestablishes fascist government

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Italian soldiers are taken prisoner by Germany in Corfu, Greece, in September 1943. On October 13, 1943, conquered by the Allies, Italy declared war on Germany

# data[].attributes.body
Italy declares war on Germany

# data[].attributes.body
Soviet troops advance into Poland

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
German prepared defensive lines south of Rome.

# data[].attributes.body
Germans withdraw to Adolf Hitler Line, Italy

# data[].attributes.body
Allies enter Rome

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
American troops invading Normandy, France

# data[].attributes.body
D-Day landings on the northern coast of France

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Soviet soldiers inspect the ovens at Majdanek, July 1944

# data[].attributes.body
At Majdanek, Soviet troops are first to liberate a concentration camp

# data[].attributes.body
Anne Frank and family arrested by Gestapo in Amsterdam, Holland

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A map showing the Allied amphibious landings and advance in Southern France, as well as German defensive positions

# data[].attributes.body
Operation Dragoon (Allied invasion of Southern France)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
U.S. troops cross the Siegfried line and enter into Germany

# data[].attributes.body
US troops reach Siegfried Line in western Germany

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Group of child survivors behind a barbed wire fence at Auschwitz

# data[].attributes.body
Last use of gas chambers at Auschwitz

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A heavily armed German soldier on the offensive

# data[].attributes.body
Battle of the Bulge in the Ardennes

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Troops of the U.S. 84th Infantry Division fortifying a position near Amonines, Belgium, during the Battle of the Bulge

# data[].attributes.body
Germany withdraws from the Ardennes

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A ceremonial parade of Polish troops took place in Aleje Jerozolimskie Street on January 19, 1944

# data[].attributes.body
Soviet troops capture Warsaw, Poland

# data[].attributes.body
Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Churchill (left), FDR (middle), Stalin (right) at Yalta Conference

# data[].attributes.body
FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet at Yalta Conference to discuss post-war actions

# data[].attributes.body
Dresden destroyed by firestorm after Allied bombing raids

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Supreme Allied Commander Eisenhower, along with Generals Bradley and Patton, inspect art treasures stolen by the Nazis and hidden in underground salt mines

# data[].attributes.body
Allies discover stolen Nazi art and wealth hidden in German salt mines

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Harry S. Truman taking the oath of office

# data[].attributes.body
FDR dies; Harry Truman becomes POTUS

# data[].attributes.body
Soviet troops begin final attack on Berlin; Americans enter Nuremberg

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
"Raising a Flag over the Reichstag," by Yevgeny Khaldei

# data[].attributes.body
Soviets reach Berlin

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Mussolini, his mistress Clara Petacci, and other executed Fascist offiicials hanging from the gantry of a gas station in Piazzale, Loreto, Milan, April 29, 1945

# data[].attributes.body
Mussolini captured and hanged by Italian partisans; Allies take Venice

# data[].attributes.body
Hitler commits suicide

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
General Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations Staff in the German High Command, signs the document of unconditional German surrender at General Eisenhower's Head

# data[].attributes.body
Unconditional surrender of all German forces to Allies

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
At Piccadilly Circus in London, an American soldier gives a hug to a motherly looking English woman celebrating Germany's unconditional surrender

# data[].attributes.body
V-E (Victory in Europe) Day

# data[].attributes.body
Allies divide up Berlin and Germany; take over government

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Mushroom cloud seconds after detonation of the Gadget, part of Trinity (code name for first detonation of nuclear weapon) 

# data[].attributes.body
First US atomic bomb test

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Moments after the atomic bomb was dropped by a U.S. B-29 Superfortress, a cloud forms over Nagasaki rising over 60,000 feet

# data[].attributes.body
First atomic bomb dropped, on Hiroshima, Japan

Second atomic bomb dropped, on Nagasaki, Japan

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Times Square, New York - Celebrating the Japanese surrender with a kiss

# data[].attributes.body
Japanese agree to unconditional surrender

Japan signs the surrender agreement; V-J (Victory over Japan Day)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Australian Deputy Prime Minister, Frank Forde, signing UN Charter at ceremony held at the Veterans’ War Memorial Building, San Francisco, 26 June 1945

# data[].attributes.body
United Nations is born

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Former Third Reich leaders on trial in Nuremberg

# data[].attributes.body
Nuremberg war crimes trials begin