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19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined by God to expand its territory across North America. Fueled westward expansion and conflicts over new territories and slavery.

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Civilization is when a human society becomes the most advanced it can be, including things like a form of government, record keeping, as well as a well developed culture.

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Maximizing exports, minimizing imports, bettering the economy.

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Transfer of plants, animals, disease, ect. between the "old world" (Asia, Europe, basically the western hemisphere), and the Americas ("new world").

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People who signed a contract to do labor for a certain amount of time, in exchange for a benefit like food.

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Colonists/Slave Masters using people as their "personal property", where they can give the slaves away, buy them, ect.

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16th and 17th century English Protestants who wanted to purify the church of England by demanding more stricter religious practices (disciplinary) while keeping it simple. (During elizabeth's rule)

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Trade route that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Usually this included Europe sending manufactured goods to Africa in exchange for slaves. They were then shipped to the Americas via the middle the passage (horrible trip).

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Established due to the Spanish crown where basically the spaniards offered the native americans protection and christianization in exchange for immense labor. (It became exploitation)

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British Colonies of:

NC

VA

MD

SC

GA

Warm Climate

Cash Crop Agriculture (tobacco, rice)

Slave labor for plantation

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4 English settlements:

NY

PA

NJ

DE

Between English and Southern Colonies geographically

Mild Weather, Rich soil, amazing grains

NY and PA were trading centers

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4 Colonies:

MA

NH

RI

CT

Puritans and Pilgrims, seeking freedom from religious persecution in England, the colonies developed a society centered on religious principles

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A boundary drawn by the British government along the Appalachian Mountains, stopping the American colonists from settling west of the line (preventative of native conflict)

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A person who vigorously supports their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies / People who were the opposing force of the British patriots

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An American colonist who supported the British side during the American Revolution

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The first constitution of the United States, establishing a weak central government and preserving most power with the individual states

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A person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority.

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People that believe in power to the states and individual governments per each state; rejected constitution

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A period where people emphasized reason, individual liberty, and scientific principles to challenge traditional authority and advance society

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A 1754 proposal by Benjamin Franklin for a unified colonial government to manage defense, Indian relations, and taxation for the American colonies

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A 1787 United States law that established a process for the admission of new states into the Union from the Northwest Territory

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The Newburgh Conspiracy was a plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress

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A pivotal agreement at the 1787 Constitutional Convention that established a bicameral Congress with a House of Representatives based on state population and a Senate with equal representation for all states

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1787 agreement during the U.S. Constitutional Convention that determined three out of every five enslaved people would be counted toward a state's total population for the purposes of representation in the House of Representatives and for direct taxation

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Salutary neglect was Britain's unwritten, unofficial policy of lax enforcement of parliamentary laws and trade regulations in the American colonies from the late 17th to the mid-18th century

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An group of people with similar political beliefs who try to influence government and win elections.

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1803 Supreme Court case that established judicial review. (Gave courts the power to declare laws unconstitutional)

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A social movement in the 1800s that wanted to reduce or ban the consumption of alcohol.

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The movement to end slavery in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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The movement advocating for equal rights for women, especially in education, work, and voting.

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A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that separated cotton fibers from seeds, boosting cotton production and slavery.

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An invention that used steam power to run machines and transportation, starts the Industrial Revolution.

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A system where workers and machines were brought together in one place to mass produce goods.

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Man made waterways built in the 1800s to connect rivers and lakes, making trade and travel faster.

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A U.S. policy (1823) stating that Europe should not interfere in the Americas, and the U.S. would stay out of European affairs.

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A political party that grew out of Andrew Jackson’s supporters, favoring states’ rights and expansion of democracy for white men.

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A political party in the 1830s–1850s that opposed Andrew Jackson and supported federal power, banks, and internal improvements.

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A communication device invented by Samuel Morse that sent messages quickly over long distances using electrical signals.

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Identical machine-made parts that could be easily replaced, allowing for faster production and repair.

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The British practice of forcing American sailors into their navy, which was a cause of the War of 1812.

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A set of laws meant to ease tensions between free and slave states after the Mexican-American War. It included admitting California as a free state and enacting a stricter Fugitive Slave Law.

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A law allowing settlers in Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery, based on popular sovereignty. It led to violent conflict known as “Bleeding Kansas.”

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The principle that the people of a territory should decide issues like slavery through voting. It was used in the mid-1800s to determine the status of slavery in new territories.

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A law requiring citizens to help capture and return escaped enslaved people to their owners. It increased tensions between the North and South and angered abolitionists.

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Loyalty to one’s own region or section of the country rather than the nation as a whole. It contributed to divisions between the North, South, and West over issues like slavery and tariffs.

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The act of formally withdrawing from an organization or political union. Southern states used secession to break away from the U.S. and form the Confederacy in 1860–1861.

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The group of Northern states that remained loyal to the U.S. government during the Civil War. They fought to preserve the nation and end slavery.

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The alliance of Southern states that seceded from the Union to preserve slavery and states’ rights. Led by Jefferson Davis, it fought against the Union in the Civil War.

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The 1865 amendment that abolished slavery in the United States. It marked a major step toward civil rights and equality.

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Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including formerly enslaved people. It guaranteed equal protection under the law.

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Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It aimed to secure voting rights for African American men after the Civil War.

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Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals or corporations own the means of production and operate for profit in a competitive market.

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Cornelius Vanderbilt was also known informally as "Commodore Vanderbilt". He was an American business tycoon and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping. Significant in helping the economy and building a large empire of railroads (Transcontinental railroads, union and central pacific)

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A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892 which dominated the American steel industry by 1901. He increased his power through by gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of steel production development (Vertical integration).

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Established the Standard Oil Company and the greatest, wisest, and the most exceptional monopoly known in history.

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A highly influential American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during the Gilded Age. Helped shape the U.S. economy.

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The powerful and wealthy business leaders of the late 19th and early 20th centuries built and controlled large corporations in industries like steel, oil, and railroads. Famous examples include Andrew Carnegie (steel), John D. Rockefeller (oil), Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads and shipping), Henry Ford (automobiles), and J.P. Morgan (finance).

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Powerful 19th-century American industrialists and financiers who built immense fortunes through unethical business practices, such as creating monopolies and exploiting workers.

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Groups of employees that collectively bargain with employers for better wages, benefits, and working conditions.

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Movement of people

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A booming economy and rapid industrialization, but also by political corruption, immense wealth inequality, and difficult working conditions.

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Argued that social and economic inequalities were natural and justified, since the wealthy and successful were seen as inherently superior, while the poor were considered "unfit".

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An 1889 essay by industrialist Andrew Carnegie that argues the wealthy have a responsibility to use their fortunes for the public good.

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Journalists exposed corruption, monopolies, and social injustices in American society.

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The right of women to vote in political elections. This movement involved decades of organized political campaigns and protests, eventually resulting in the passage of the 19th Amendment in the United States in 1920.

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A nationwide ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. It was established by the 18th Amendment (1920) and repealed by the 21st Amendment (1933), marking a period known as the Prohibition Era.

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A national policy of avoiding political or military alliances and international agreements with other countries. The U.S. often followed this policy, particularly after World War I, in an effort to focus solely on domestic affairs and prevent entanglement in foreign conflicts.

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Policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, European powers, the U.S., and Japan engaged in imperialism to secure raw materials, new markets, and strategic global positions.

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Influential American naval officer and historian whose 1890 book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, argued that control of the sea was the key to global power. His theories heavily influenced global naval arms races and U.S. foreign policy toward developing a powerful, modern navy and acquiring coaling stations abroad.

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U.S. foreign policy initiative, first put forth in 1899 by Secretary of State John Hay, to ensure that all nations would have equal access to trade with China. It was an effort to prevent any single foreign power from gaining exclusive control over Chinese markets and territory, reflecting America's growing economic interests in Asia.

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Belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. The intense buildup of armies and navies by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was a primary cause of World War I.

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Strong identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, usually to the exclusion of the interests of other nations.

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First major intergovernmental organization established after World War I, intended to promote international cooperation and peace through collective security.

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Peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I between the Allied powers and Germany.

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Mass movement of over six million African Americans from the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West, occurring roughly between 1916 and 1970.

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A secret diplomatic communication sent in January 1917 from the German Foreign Office proposing a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the U.S. entered World War I. The intercepted and published message outraged American public opinion, becoming a key factor in the U.S. decision to declare war on Germany.

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Practice of buying stocks by paying only a small percentage of the total price and borrowing the rest from a stockbroker.

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Taxes imposed by a government on imported goods and services, primarily used to raise government revenue or to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

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The three central goals of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies during the Great Depression: Relief, Recovery, and Reform.

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A military strategy used by the United States and its Allies in the Pacific Theater during World War II against the Empire of Japan.

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State-sponsored, systematic persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators between 1941 and 1945. This genocide also targeted other groups deemed "undesirable," including Roma, Poles, and persons with disabilities.

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Bodies established by treaty or agreement between two or more countries to work on issues of common interest. They play a crucial role in managing global affairs, facilitating cooperation, and promoting peace and stability in areas like trade, security, and human rights.

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Intergovernmental organization established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent future global conflicts. It serves as a forum for dialogue and provides a framework for addressing issues like security, economic development, and human rights.

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Set of international financial agreements established in 1944 to regulate international currency exchange rates and stabilize the global economy after World War II. It created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) to provide economic assistance and liquidity.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military alliance established in 1949 by the U.S., Canada, and several Western European nations. Its primary purpose during the Cold War was to provide collective security against the Soviets and Communism.

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A metaphorical barrier dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War.

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A collective defense treaty signed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and seven other communist satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe. This organization was explicitly created as a direct military and political counter to the formation of NATO.

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The core U.S. foreign policy strategy throughout the Cold War, aimed at stopping the spread of communism beyond the countries where it already existed.

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A Cold War era foreign policy concept, mainly held by the U.S., which suggested that if one country in a region fell to communism, then the surrounding countries would inevitably follow. This fear was primarily used to justify American military and economic intervention in Southeast Asia, particularly the Vietnam War.

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A doctrine of military strategy and national security policy based on the idea that a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would result in the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender.

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A nuclear weapon that derives its massive destructive power from nuclear fission. The U.S. development and use of the first atomic bombs against Japan in 1945 marked the end of World War II and the beginning of the nuclear age.

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Explosive devices that derive their destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (atomic bombs) or a combination of fission and fusion (thermonuclear/hydrogen bombs).

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The Great Society was a set of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson with the main goals of eliminating poverty and racial injustice in the United States.

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Supreme Court case that ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The decision overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling of "separate but equal," providing a major legal victory for the Civil Rights Movement.

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Economic policies of President Reagan in the 1980s, including tax cuts, reduced government regulation, and a belief that stimulating economic growth among the wealthy would benefit the entire economy.

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Basically saying that more tax cuts and monetary benefits for billionaires and wealthier people, will end up benefiting the lower class because it increases job opportunities.

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The increased value for goods and services over time. (Like the increased prices on gasoline that everyone complains about).

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The complete value of goods and services within a country's borders in a specific timeframe.

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They value government intervention and regulation to promote social and monetary quality. (And progressiveness)

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People who value more traditional beliefs, and that the government should have limited authority and input on monetary regulations.