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a complex human society with characteristics like government or villages and specialized communication

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Economic policy under which a nation accumulates wealth by exporting more goods than it imports.

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transfer of things like plants, animals, diseases, people, technology, and ideas between the Old World and the New World

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a person who agreed to work without wages for a period of time in exchange for transportation to the colonies

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a person is considered a possession- he can be bought, sold, traded, and inherited like such.

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English protestants who believed in strict religious discipline and the simplification of worship

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Three way pattern of trade that involved England, English colonies in the Americas, and West Africa trading goods for slaves

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Spanish labor system granting colonists the right to demand tribute and forced labor from indigenous peoples from the Americas.

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Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland were part of the Southern Colonies

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Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were part of the Middle Colonies.

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Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, Rhode Island were part of the New England Colonies.

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The line Britain drew to limit colonial expansion westward

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opposed British rule and opted for a democratic style of government

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loyalists, loyal to the British rule over them, opposing the independence movement

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United States first constitution, failed because of the states reigning too much power

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supporters of the Consitution, or the first technical American political party

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movement of people who opposed the ratification of the constitution, for fear of a centralized government

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the core of the American Revolution, natural rights, self-government, and the social contract that shaped American independence

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the first formal attempt to unite the British North American colonies under a single, centralized government

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a landmark act of the Confederation Congress that established a government for the Northwest Territory, set a process for admitting new states to the Union

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a plan in 1783 by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress

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agreement at the Constitutional Convention that created a bicameral legislature

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an agreement that counted three-fifths of a state's enslaved population as part of its total population

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unofficial British policy in the 17th and 18th centuries that loosened enforcement of parliamentary laws in the American colonies, allowing their autonomy

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an organized group of people who are generally inclined toward certain values and goals

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the 1803 case that established the precedent of judicial review, which tells us that the Supreme Court can deem a law unconstitutional

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social, religious, and political effort to reduce or abolish alcohol due to its negative effects on society

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social, political, religious movement to end and abolish slavery primarily in the 18th and 19th centuries

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a multi-faceted social movement aimed to equal rights and opportunites for women and

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machine engineered by Eli Whitney in 1794 to separate cotton fibers from seeds for a process that was previously labor intensive

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a heat engine that uses expanding steam for mechanical work, by pushing a piston in a cylinder to create a rotating motion

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19th century manufacturing method that centralizes production in one building

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vital human-made waterways that fueled economic growth, facilitated westward expansion, and transformed transportation in early America

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foreign policy statement by President James Monroe that declared the Western Hemisphere off limits to further European colonization

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oldest political party and associates its policies and goals with being in favor of the constituents of a nation

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another party in the mid-19th century. Its beliefs were tied with an activist government, and later joined the anti-slavery republican party

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developed by Samuel Morse, enabling messages to be transmitted almost instantaneously over wires using coded signals

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identical components allowing for swaps without custom measurements necessary

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forceful seizure of men to be taken away as commodities or for things like the military or navy

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This was a belief held by the majority of Americans that it was their predestined fate to expand westward from the east

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Admitted CA, New Mexico, and a couple of other states to the U.S., also came up with an Act that required escapee slaves to be turned in if caught.

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Split apart the territory of Kansas into Kansas and Nebraska after acquiring it, and both states held a vote by popular sovereignty to decide if they would be a free state.

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A principle stating that governments and nations formed are sustained by the consent of the people

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Any escaped slave must be returned to their owner and punished if caught by a free person.

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loyalty to your specific region within a country, rather than it as a whole

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formally disconnecting yourself from the rest of the country, which was what the confederacy did

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Laborers would unionize and organize strikes to protect their liberty and petition for better workers' rights

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The South part of America which had split away from the north, formed over the disagreements brought about by slavery. It wasn't stable; they went to war with the rest of the states and lost.

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abolished slavery, which promoted equal rights and no discrimination

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Selective incorporation. No state could pass a law which would violate any citizen's right, and promoted and required equal protection of every citizen.

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Every male citizen could vote, with nothing to do with their race, as long as they were a U.S. Citizen.

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An economic system where private individuals and businesses, rather than the government, own and control property, resources, and the means of production

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US entrepreneur and key figure in the 1800s who amassed his wealth in shipping and railroads

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An immigrant who became the richest man in the world by building the American steel industry in the late 19th century

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An American industrialist and philanthropist who revolutionized the petroleum industry, also considered one of the wealthiest Americans in history

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prominent American banker who played a key role in shaping the country's financial landscape (investment and banking)

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powerful and wealthy business leaders, particularly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States (include the people I mentioned earlier)

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derogatory term for powerful 19th-century American industrialists who built vast fortunes through monopolistic practices

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organizations of workers formed to advocate for better wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions in response to the harsh and often dangerous industrial environment of the era. Th

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the mass movement of people both into the United States from other countries (immigration) and within the United States (internal migration)

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a period in U.S. history, roughly from the 1870s to the early 1900s, characterized by rapid economic growth and industrialization, alongside significant social problems like political corruption and wealth inequality

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The theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and other animals

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the philosophy that wealthy individuals have a moral obligation to use their fortunes to benefit society during their lifetime

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a style of investigative journalism that exposes corruption, social injustices, and scandals, especially in business and government

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The movement to give women the right to vote, resulting in greater political rights and equality for women.

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A nationwide ban on alcohol, which led to illegal speakeasies and the rise of organized crime.

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A policy of avoiding involvement in foreign wars and political affairs.

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A country extending its power by controlling other lands politically, economically, or militarily.

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A U.S. naval officer who argued that a strong navy and overseas bases were key to national power.

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A policy stating that all nations should have equal trade access to China.

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The belief in building strong military forces to prepare for and threaten war.

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Strong loyalty to one’s nation, sometimes leading to conflict with others.

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An international organization created to prevent wars through cooperation among countries.

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The peace treaty that ended World War I and punished Germany harshly.

(reparations)

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The movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities to escape racism and find jobs.

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Germany’s secret message to Mexico asking for help against the U.S., pushing America toward WWI.

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Buying stocks with borrowed money, which increased financial risk and helped cause the stock market crash.

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Taxes on imported goods, used to protect domestic industries but often raising prices.

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The New Deal goals: Relief, Recovery, and Reform to fix the Great Depression.

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A U.S. strategy in WWII of capturing key islands to move closer to Japan instead of fighting on every island.

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The systematic genocide carried out by Nazi Germany during World War II in which approximately six million Jews and millions of others were murdered

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Groups formed by multiple countries to cooperate on global issues such as peace, security, economics, and humanitarian aid

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An international organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace, international cooperation, and the prevention of future conflicts

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A post World War II economic system that created fixed currency exchange rates and established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank to stabilize the global economy

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A military alliance formed in 1949 between the United States, Canada, and Western European nations to provide collective defense against communist expansion

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A term used to describe the political, military, and ideological division between democratic Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe during the Cold War.

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A 1955 military alliance of communist Eastern European countries led by the Soviet Union, formed in response to NATO

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A U.S. foreign policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism to new countries during the Cold War

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The belief that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would also fall, like dominoes

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A Cold War doctrine stating that if nuclear war broke out, both sides would be destroyed, which discouraged either side from launching an attack.

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A powerful weapon that releases energy through nuclear fission; first used by the United States in 1945 during World War II

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Weapons that use nuclear reactions (fission or fusion) to cause massive destruction and long-term radiation effects

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A series of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s to reduce poverty, improve education, and promote racial equality.

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A 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning “separate but equal.”

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An economic policy from the 1980s under President Ronald Reagan that emphasized tax cuts, reduced government spending on social programs, deregulation, and a strong military to encourage economic growth.

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A political ideology that generally supports government involvement to address social and economic inequality, protect civil rights, and provide public services.

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A political ideology that emphasizes limited government, free-market capitalism, traditional values, and individual responsibility.

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A conservative Christian political movement in the late 1970s–1980s that sought to influence U.S. politics around social issues like abortion, family values, and religion in public life.

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The idea that tax cuts and benefits for businesses and wealthy individuals will eventually benefit the broader population through job creation and economic growth.

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Actions taken by a central bank (like the Federal Reserve) to control the money supply and interest rates to influence inflation and economic growth.