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The Louisiana Purchase (1803) was when the United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France. It doubled the size of the U.S. and gave control of the Mississippi River and New Orleans, boosting westward expansion.

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Christopher Columbus had first discovered the New world in 1492. He had originally set sail from Spain in August 1942 in order to find a trade route to Asia and had landed in the present day Bahamas in October. This marked the start of European Colonization in the Americas.

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The Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlan led by Cortes along with thousands of Native allies lasted for 80 days ending in August. The Aztecs resisted fiercely but were weakened by disease, hunger and lack of resources. The falling of the city marked the end of the Aztec empire and the start of Spanish rule in Mexico.

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This settlement was the English's first attempt at trying to found a permanent colony in North America. It failed due to the shortage of food and conflict from the Native people. A second group with 115 settlers arrived and tried again. When White returned the colony was deserted and no knowledge was found about the settlers.

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It was fought between the natives of New England and the English colonists allied with other local indigenous groups. It was caused due to the expansion of English territory and the conflicts between the natives and colonists. Survivors were either enslaved or forced westward and this marked the start of English dominance in the New World.

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The discontent amongst frontier farmers over attacks on natives and and lack of protection created a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon, a young farmer. Bacon and his followers attacked both native communities and colonial governments while also burning Jamestown briefly. The rebellion collapsed after Bacon's death due to illness.

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The French and Indian war was a conflict between Britain and France in North America, where Britains victory gave control of Canada but left it in debt, giving more taxes to colonies

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In December 1773, the colonists disguised as Native Americans boarded British ships in Boston harbor and dumped 342 chests of tea into the water to protest against the tea act and British taxation

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In 1774, delegates from 12 colonies met at the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia to organize a boycott of British goods and demand a repeal of the Intolerable Acts

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On July 4 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, formally detaching themselves from Britain and asserting the colonies right to self government

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A rebellion led by Daniel Shay and farmers protesting against high taxes and debt highlighting weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation

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The Constitutional Convention of 1787 in Philadelphia, was a meeting where the delegates from the states drafted the US constitution to create a stronger federal government

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In his 1796 farewell address, George Washington warned against political parties and permanent foreign alliances, advising the nation to stay united and independent in its politics.

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The War of 1812 (1812–1815) was fought between the United States and Britain over trade restrictions, impressment of U.S. sailors, and British support of Native Americans

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The White House was burned by British troops in 1814 during the War of 1812. This attack, part of the British invasion of Washington, D.C., destroyed many government buildings but didn’t end the war.

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The Market Revolution transformed the U.S. economy from small, local farms and shops to a national, industrial, and commercial economy. New technologies, canals, railroads, and factories expanded trade, transportation, and wage labor.

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The Missouri Compromise (1820) was an agreement to balance slave and free states. Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as a free state, with slavery banned north of the 36°30′ line.

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The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) in New York was the first major women’s rights meeting in the U.S. Leaders called for equality, producing the Declaration of Sentiments demanding women’s suffrage.

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The Mexican-American War (1846–1848) was a conflict between the United States and Mexico over territory, ending with the U.S. gaining California and much of the Southwest.

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The Dred Scott Decision (1857) held that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress could not banned slavery in new territories, effectively nullifying the Missouri Compromise.

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The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) declared enslaved people in Confederate-held areas to be free, re framing the Civil War as a fight against slavery (though it did not immediately free those in Union-controlled or border states).

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Appomattox Court House was the site in April 1865 where General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, effectively ending the Civil War.

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The assassination of Abraham Lincoln occurred on April 14, 1865, when John Wilkes Booth shot him at Ford’s Theatre, leading to his death the next day and profoundly shaping Reconstruction.

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Reconstruction was the post–Civil War era (roughly 1865–1877) when the United States attempted to reintegrate the South and define rights for newly freed slaves, using new constitutional amendments, federal agencies, and military governance.

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The Haymarket Riot of 1886 was a violent labor protest in Chicago where a bomb exploded during a workers’ rally, leading to deaths and a crackdown on labor movements.

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The Homestead Strike of 1892 was a violent labor dispute at Andrew Carnegie’s steel plant in Pennsylvania between workers and private security over wages and working conditions.

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The Pullman Strike of 1894 was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that began over wage cuts and led to federal intervention and violence.

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Plessy v. Ferguson was an 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.

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The Jungle is a novel by Upton Sinclair that exposed the dangerous working conditions and unsanitary practices in the American meatpacking industry.

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The 1898 explosion of a U.S. battleship in Cuba that helped spark the Spanish-American War.

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A 1898 conflict where the U.S. defeated Spain and gained territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

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A 1900 anti-foreign uprising in China aimed at expelling Western influence.

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A global war from 1914–1918 involving major world powers after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

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A 1915 German submarine attack that killed Americans and pushed the U.S. closer to entering WWI.

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A decade of economic growth, cultural change, and new consumer lifestyles in the 1920s U.S.

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The severe worldwide economic crisis starting in 1929 with massive unemployment and poverty.

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FDR’s programs in the 1930s aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

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A global conflict from 1939–1945 between the Axis and Allied powers that reshaped the world order.

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The 1955 racist killing of a Black teenager that energized the Civil Rights Movement

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A 1960 nonviolent protest where Black students challenged racial segregation at lunch counter

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A 1963 civil rights rally where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech

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The 1963 killing of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas.

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The 1968 killing of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee

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A law that banned housing discrimination and protected civil rights activists

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The 1973 decision to end U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War

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A political scandal that led to President Nixon’s resignation in 1974

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A Reagan-era scandal involving secret arms sales to Iran to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

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The 1998 impeachment of President Bill Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice.

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A trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico that removed many trade barriers.

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A 2000 Supreme Court case that ended the Florida recount and decided the presidential election.

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A U.S.-led global effort to combat terrorism after the 9/11 attacks.

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A law passed after 9/11 that expanded government surveillance powers to prevent terrorism.