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Before 9000 BCE, in the early stages of agriculture, society was nomadic and primarily hunted and gathered as they relied on wild plants and animals. The earliest form of hunter-gatherers was likely the genus Homo in Africa.

Resource:

Hunter-gatherer societies in the Old Stone age (no date) Students of History Teaching Resources. Available at: https://www.studentsofhistory.com/hunter-gatherer-societies (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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As a result of the Egypt's climate, temperature and rich soil, hunter-gatherers began to settle in the areas between the Tigris River and Euphrates River called the ‘Fertile Crescent’. This is where they began to produce their own food as farmers and plant grains to harvest.

Resources:

Timeline (no date) Innovature. Available at: https://innovature.com/timeline (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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The origins of corn was found in Mexico as a variety of wild grass called Teosinte. Farmers were able to grow larger ears of corn with more kernels by suppressing the number of branching stalks, creating the corn we know today farmed in Central America. In 7000 BCE rice was farmed in Asia, where it's origin are found in an Asian wild grass called 'Oryza rufipogon'.

Resources:

Timeline (no date) Innovature. Available at: https://innovature.com/timeline (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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During this period Wild game populations began to decrease and animals such as sheep, goats, and pigs were raised for food production. As a result of the consistent exposure to human settlements, animals grew more tame and became more easily accessible as a food source. For example, sheep were farmed in Mesopotamia around 6000 BCE.

Resources:

Timeline (no date) Innovature. Available at: https://innovature.com/timeline (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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As a result of tubers in potatoes containing poisonous alkaloids, farmers chose to replant a variety of potatoes with lower alkaloid content, leading to the variations of potatoes we have today.

Resources:

Timeline (no date) Innovature. Available at: https://innovature.com/timeline (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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In Egypt and Mesopotamia, irrigation systems were developed to help better regulate the flow of rivers to ensure that water was available for all crops. An example of an efficient irrigation system is an underground canal used to tap into underground streams called the Qanat.

Resources:

Marcin, M. (2023) History of agriculture, resources-light. Available at: https://www.crestcapital.com/tax/history_of_agriculture (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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During the Bronze Age, Metalworking Techniques were developed, and this improved farming implements, allowing for the tilling of soil to be more efficient, which further increased agricultural productivity.

Resources:

Marcin, M. (2023) History of agriculture, resources-light. Available at: https://www.crestcapital.com/tax/history_of_agriculture (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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The British agricultural revolution was a time of innovation and food efficiency. Important developments during this time include crop rotation, such as Norfolk's four-course rotation, improving soil fertility and livestock by helping them through grazing in winter. Another important development is the innovations of Machinery such as the Seed Drill which improved food production.

Resources:

Agricultural Revolution (no date) Encyclopædia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/agricultural-revolution (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

Marcin, M. (2023) History of agriculture, resources-light. Available at: https://www.crestcapital.com/tax/history_of_agriculture (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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Friar Gregor Mendel proposes a principle on genetic traits and inheritance called, "principles of inheritance". Friar's principle describes how traits are passed down over generations. This is derived from his experiment with pea plants.

Resources:

Timeline (no date) Innovature. Available at: https://innovature.com/timeline (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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Crops are developed by horticulturists to become stronger and have a wider variety. Cross-breeding practices advanced as a result of experimentation and by 1933 corn hybrids became available in commercial markets in wide varieties.

Resources:

Timeline (no date) Innovature. Available at: https://innovature.com/timeline (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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To combat world hunger Norman Borlaug used cross-breeding to create wheat that was disease-resistant and had a high yield rate.  As a result of his research, food security was improved in nations such as Mexico and India, saving billions of lives, and launching the Green Revolution.

Resources:

Timeline (no date) Innovature. Available at: https://innovature.com/timeline (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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The report is calling for big changes to be made to current food systems around the world. It wants governments to make good nutrition a key part of their approach to how food is produced. It also wants them to focus on cutting costs in the production, storage, transportation and distribution of food that can cause prices to sky rocket.

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World hunger: Almost 700 million people are going hungry worldwide according to a new report

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The UN's latest food report reveals the number of people going hungry has increased by nearly 60 million over the last five years.

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In 1953 scientists Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick discovered DNA double helix structures. This research was further used to explore the genetic codes of animals and plants. Agricultural biotechnology had then begun to be used in genetic engineering to develop genetically modified crops (GMOs).

Resources:

Timeline (no date) Innovature. Available at: https://innovature.com/timeline (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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The first Genome sequencing of flowering plants was sequenced by scientists in the 2000s. This plant was called Arabidopsis thaliana, and contained over twenty-five thousand genes, which helped clarify the specific functions genes can play, which was used by plant Scientists to better understand genomes and develop new varieties more efficiently.

Resources:

Timeline (no date) Innovature. Available at: https://innovature.com/timeline (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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Key developments in the mid-2000s include the growth of interest in sustainable and organic farming, in which the USDA developed new guidelines that help support organic farming standards. GPS and sensor technology was developed to enhance water and resource management as a result of Climate change.

Resource:

Information age  2000 - present (no date) growinganation.org. Available at: https://growinganation.org/content/show-content/information_age/ (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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A new age of genetic engineering has emerged, such as the gene-editing tool, CRISPR-Cas9 in 2019, providing more precise gene modification practices that increase crop resilience and efficiency. Policies in the U.S. and worldwide highlight environmental conservation and bioenergy. These measures emphasize the balance in food production with ecological ethics and stewardship.

Resource:

Information age  2000 - present (no date) growinganation.org. Available at: https://growinganation.org/content/show-content/information_age/ (Accessed: 27 October 2024).

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Agriculture has experienced rapid technology Advancements influenced by data-driven innovations and automation. Robotic automation, such as drones and urban farming have increased rapidly as a result of increased urbanization. Artificial intelligence has increased in agricultural use, And which they are used to analyze, predict risks, and enhance crop management, furthermore improving farm efficiency.

Resources:

Homepage (2024) Innovation News Network. Available at: https://www.innovationnewsnetwork.com/ (Accessed: 27 October 2024).