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Definition

= Change management is the process of planning, implementing, and monitoring changes.

Purpose

= to ensure they are successful and have a positive impact on the organization

= adapting to the changes for the organization

=identifying the potential impact of the change on stakeholders and developing strategies to mitigate any negative effects. organizations can increase the likelihood of success and minimize the risk of failure.

How it works

Planning

Communication

Stakeholder Engagement

Training and Development

Monitoring and Evaluation

Effective change management requires careful planning, clear communication, stakeholder engagement, training and development, and monitoring and evaluation. By following these principles, organizations can ensure that changes are successful and have a positive impact on the organization.

!Planning

helps organizations identify the goals and objectives of the change, the resources required, and the potential challenges that may arise. Effective planning involves defining the scope of the change, developing a timeline, and creating a project plan.

!Communication

helps to build trust and transparency between stakeholders, promote buy-in, and ensure that everyone is on the same page

!Stakeholder Engagement

build support for the change and ensure that stakeholders are actively involved in the change management process

!T&D

help employees and stakeholders understand the change, develop new skills and capabilities, and adapt to new ways of working

!Monitoring and Evaluation

help organizations identify any issues that arise during the change management process, evaluate the success of the change, and make adjustments as needed

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Waiting....

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definition:

anyone with an interest in or concern for the organization’s overall success

purpose of the activity:

to help a company meet its strategic objectives by contributing their experience and perspective to a project

how it works :

An organization is legally obligated to stakeholders.

They might be positively or negatively impacted by an organization's decisions.

They are likely to express concerns and be involved in the activities of an organization.

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Definition: detailed, measurable specifications of what the system should do. It describes how the system reacts to specific inputs, how it behaves under particular conditions, and what outputs it produces.

Basically, something the system must do.

Purpose of activity:

product features or functions that developers must implement to enable users to accomplish their tasks.

It is essential to make them clear for both the development team and the stakeholders.

Describe system behaviour under specific conditions

Basis for testing where it helps testers verify that the final product works as intended

How it works:

Identification of requirements: usually gathered through collaboration with stakeholders, including interviews, surveys and workshops.

Documentation: documented in detail, often in formats like user stories, use cases, or requirement specification of documents.

Implementation and testing: developers use the documented requirements to build the system. Afterward, testers validate each function againts these requirements to ensure accuracy and completeness

Examples:

Business rules that must be met

Details of how transactions must occur

Details of what must be tracked in the system

What the system does when a user selects a certain button where they are taken next.

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1) Modelling

Definition: It refers to using various techniques to visually represent an information system's components and their relationships. Models can be business or requirement models, data models, object models, network models, and process models.

Purpose of activities : It is used to describe, simplify, and document system requirements and business functions.

Modeling helps stakeholders and developers understand and

communicate the system's design and operational needs.

How it works : ﻿﻿

-Business or Requirements Model: Defines what information the system must provide to fulfill business needs.

-﻿﻿Data Model: Represents the data structures and design aspects.

-﻿﻿Object Model: Shows the data and processes together, often used in object-oriented development.

-﻿﻿Network Model: Outlines the design and protocols for telecommunications links.

-﻿﻿Process Model: Describes the logic that programmers use to develop code modules.

2) Prototyping

Definition: A prototype is an early, simplified version of an information system that helps to understand requirements and test design options. It speeds up development and provides a tangible system model for stakeholders to review.

Purpose of activities : The purpose is to quickly create a functioning version of the system, which helps in understanding requirements, refining system features, and getting feedback from users early in the process. This iterative feedback is valuable for making adjustments before final implementation.

How it works :

-A prototype speeds up development by providing a tangible system to test and interact with.

-﻿﻿It allows decisions to be made early in the process, though there's a risk of making decisions before fully understanding all business or IT issues.

- Prototyping can be a valuable tool for gathering feedback and ensuring the system meets user needs.

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DEFINITION: Non functional requirements are specifications that define how a system should behave, rather than what it is supposed to do. They are used to describe a system's quality attributes, such as performance, security and usability and it define the characteristics.

PURPOSE OF ACTIVITY: The purpose is to ensure its usability which could include user interface design guidelines. Moreover, to ensure that the system performs efficiently and responds within acceptable time limits. Lastly, the purposes of the activity is to specify the system's expected uptime and ability to operate consistently without failure.

HOW IT WORKS: It acts as a checklist to make sure that the system not only works functionally but also meets certain quality standards for user expectations, making it reliable, efficient and user friendly.

example : when they run the system is not just working but working well under various conditions such as for banking applications non funtional requirement states that it should be operational 99.9% of the time ; its working fast even under peak traffic conditions.

Summary :

In short NFR are the standards that make usre the system is fast,secure,reliable and easy to use.

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Definition

Modeling - System modeling is the process of developing abstract models of a system, with each model presenting a different view or perspective of that system. ²

Prototyping - produces an early, rapidly constructed working version of the proposed information system, called a prototype

Purpose

Modeling - To visualize complex systems and their interactions.

To define system requirements and specifications.

To identify potential problems and design solutions early in the development process

Prototyping -

Prototyping allows users to examine a model that accurately represents system outputs, inputs, interfaces, and processes

How it works

Modeling -

Identify key components and processes of the system.

• Use modeling tools and techniques (like UML, flowcharts, or diagrams) to create representations of the system.

• Analyze these models to refine requirements, improve design, and guide development.

Prototyping -

=Initial Design: Developers create a simple and possibly incomplete version of the system.

=User Testing: The prototype is presented to users for testing and feedback.

=Refinement: Based on user feedback, adjustments are made to improve the system's design and features.

=Iteration: This process is repeated until the system meets the desired requirements and functionality.

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Definition - Requirement analysis is the process of defining, documenting, and managing the requirements for a system. This involves understanding what the users need, identifying constraints, and setting clear, measurable objectives to ensure the final product meets user expectations.

Purpose :

1. Gathering Requirements: Collects information from stakeholders to understand what they want from the system.

2. Analyzing Requirements: Breaks down and assesses the collected requirements to determine if they are feasible, clear, and necessary.

3. Documenting Requirements: Creates detailed documentation outlining functional and non-functional requirements.

4. Validating and Verifying Requirements: Ensures the requirements accurately reflect user needs and are technically feasible.

5. Prioritizing Requirements: Determines which requirements are essential and which can be implemented later. How Requirement Analysis Works

1. Stakeholder Identification: Identifying all individuals or groups who will interact with the system, including end-users, clients, and managers.

2. Requirement Elicitation: Using techniques like interviews, surveys, and workshops to collect detailed requirements from stakeholders.

3. Requirement Documentation: Organizing the gathered requirements into a structured document that provides clear, comprehensive, and actionable insights.

4. Requirement Validation: Reviewing the documented requirements with stakeholders to verify accuracy and make adjustments as needed.

5. Requirement Management: Continuously tracking and adjusting requirements to adapt to any changes in scope or goals throughout the project lifecycle.

Overall, requirement analysis lays the foundation for project success, ensuring the development team and stakeholders share a common understanding of what the final product will achieve.

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Requirements Analysis PPT Template - SlideBazaar

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DEFINITION

Requirements gathering is the process of figuring out exactly what a new system or software needs to do. Imagine you’re planning a big event, like a birthday party, and you need to know everything about what people want – food, music, activities, etc. Requirements gathering for a system is similar: you’re asking people what they need and want from the system so it will work well for them.

PURPOSE

Requirements Gathering purpose is to ensure that everyone involved in a project has a shared understanding of what needs to be achieved.

HOW IT WORKS

1. Identify Who’s Involved (Stakeholders)

- First, we find out who needs or will use the system. These people are called stakeholders.

- Stakeholders can be the users, the client, managers, or anyone who will be impacted by the system.

- Talking to them helps us understand different viewpoints and needs.

2. Collect Information

- We gather information through methods like interviews, surveys, or observing how people currently do their work.

- The goal is to get a clear picture of what users need, what problems they face, and what they expect from the new system.

3. Write Down Requirements

- Requirements are like a "wish list" of what the system should do.

- We write down all these requirements clearly so everyone understands them.

- They usually fall into two types: functional requirements (specific tasks the system should perform) and non-functional requirements (qualities like speed, security, or reliability).

4. Check with Stakeholders

- We go back to stakeholders to confirm if we got the requirements right. This step is called validation.

- They review the requirements and give feedback to make sure everything aligns with their expectations.

5. Prioritize Requirements

- Since not all requirements are equally important, we organize them by priority.

- This helps us focus on the most essential features first, especially if time or budget is limited.

6. Prepare for Changes

- Requirements can change as we learn more or if stakeholders change their minds.

- Having a process for managing changes helps keep the project on track.