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1. Slavery I: Beginnings, numbers, life as a slave

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1. Slavery I: Beginnings, numbers, life as a slave

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2. Slavery II: Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War

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2. Slavery II: Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War

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The American Civil War, fought from 1861 to 1865, was a defining chapter in American history.

It was between the Union States, led by President Abraham Lincoln, against the Southern Confederacy, which sought to preserve slavery and states' rights, which Abraham Lincoln wished to abolish.

Abraham Lincolns Presidency and longstanding tensions over issues like slavery's expansion and economic disparities, triggerede the conflict and later escalated when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in April 1861. With a confederate soldier opening fire.

The war saw significant battles, including the famous battle of Gettysburg and Antietam, which changed the tides of the war,and witnessed the rise of notable military leaders like Robert E. Lee (Confederate) and Ulysses S. Grant. (Union)

The Emancipation Proclamation signed in 1863, transformed the war into a struggle for freedom for enslaved individuals
(African Americans).

Ultimately, the Unionist won in 1865, preserving the United States leading to the abolition of slavery with the 13th Amendment.

However, the war's aftermath brought a challenging period of Reconstruction, marked by social upheaval and attempts to rebuild the nation, as countless of cities are ravaged, blood spilt and important infrastructures broken.

The Civil War's legacy continues to shape American society and politics, such as soldifying the liberal term of "Man is borned equal"

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3.Slavery III: The 13th Amendment and “black codes”

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3.Slavery III: The 13th Amendment and “black codes”

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The 13th amendment abolishing slavery, certified by The Secretary of State

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Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified (approved) on December 6, 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished (get rid of) slavery in the United States.

In 1863 President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaring:

“all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”

Nonetheless, the Emancipation Proclamation did'nt end slavery in the nation since it only applied to areas of the Confederacy currently in a state of rebellion (and not even to the loyal “border states” that remained in the Union).

Lincoln recognized that the Emancipation Proclamation would have to be followed by a constitutional amendment in order to guarantee the abolishment of slavery.

The 13th Amendment was passed at the end of the Civil War before the Southern states had been restored to the Union, and should have easily passed in Congress. However, though the Senate passed it in April 1864, the House initially did not. At that point, Lincoln took an active role to ensure passage through Congress. He insisted that passage of the 13th Amendment be added to the Republican Party platform for the upcoming 1864 Presidential election. His efforts met with success when the House passed the bill in January 1865 with a vote of 119–56.

On February 1, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln approved the Joint Resolution of Congress submitting the proposed amendment to the state legislatures. The necessary number of states (three-fourths) ratified it by December 6, 1865. The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that:

"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."

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January 1, 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, announcing, "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious areas "are, and henceforward shall be free."

April 1864 - The 13th Amendment is passed by the Senate. The House however initially did'nt.

At that point, Lincoln took an active role to ensure passage through Congress. He insisted that passage of the 13th Amendment be added to the Republican Party platform for the upcoming 1864 Presidential election.

January 1865 - The 13th Amendment is passed by the House with a vote of 119-56.

January 31, 1865 - 13th Amendment is passed by Congress.

February 1, 1865 - President Abraham Lincoln approved the Joint Resolution of Congress submitting the proposed amendment to the state legislatures.

December 6, 1865 - 13th Amendment is approved, and abolished slavery in the United States.

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Many states made black codes, this made it harder for african american people to find jobs. Some states also made a restricion of how much property black people could hold.

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The white lady on the Left, and Emmett till on the right

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Emmett till was a young black boy from chi town. While on holiday to Mississippi, he went to the shop. While there he "flirted" to the shop owners wife. A 21 year old white woman. A few days later her husband and his brother came to emmetts familys house and kidnapped emmett. They tortured him and then shot him in the head and dropped him the Tallahatchie River.

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Emmett Till before and after he was tortured

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Emmett was beaten to death and thrown into the river after he was tortured.

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His mother insisted on holding a public open casket funeral to show how he was brutally murdered because of racism. Later the same year a all white jury decided that the woman and her husband wasnt guilty of the murder on emmett. The next year the husband and his brother went on a interview and confessed about their wrong doing. They sold the story for 4000 dollars (around 43k in 2022). Emmetts murder was seen as a stepping stone for the civil rights movement.

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6.Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott

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6.Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott

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Martin Luther King. was a black man who was a baptist minister that spoke upon freedom amongst the black, and fought for their freedom. he spoke from 1956-68. he got assasinated in 1968

Malcom x was also a black person who fought for the freedom of the blacks, Malcom x was a mulsim black man who had gone international.

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The Ten Point Platform is the Program that served as the foundation of the Black Panther Party. The ten points are:

- We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community.

- We want full employment for our people.

- We want an end to the robbery by the Capitalists of our Black Community.

- We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings.

- We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society.

- We want all Black men to be exempt from military service.

- We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people.

- We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails.

- We want all Black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their Black Communities, as defined by the Constitution of the United States.

- We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace.

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10.Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and the Ferguson Riots

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10.Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and the Ferguson Riots