# data[].attributes.body
1819: Colombian and Venezuelan independence.

# data[].attributes.body
1823: United States issues the Monroe Doctrine which warns Europe against the recolonization of the newly independent Spanish American republics.

# data[].attributes.body
1825: Bolivia declares independence.

# data[].attributes.body
1830: Gran Colombia splits into the separate countries of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador.

# data[].attributes.body
1838: United Provinces of Central America breaks into five republics (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica).

# data[].attributes.body
1898: Spanish-Cuban-American War. Cuban gains independence from Spain; United States takes control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Phillippines.

# data[].attributes.body
1904: Theodore Roosevelt's Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declares the U.S. to be the policeman of the Caribbean.

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1904-14: Panama Canal built.

# data[].attributes.body
1909-33: U.S. Marines occupy Nicaragua, Haiti, and Dominican Republic.

# data[].attributes.body
1928: José Carlos Mariátegui publishes Seven Interpretative Essays on Peruvian Reality.

# data[].attributes.body
1932: Women gain the franchise in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and Uruguay.

# data[].attributes.body
1933: FDR announces "Good Neighbor Policy" for Latin America.

# data[].attributes.body
1948: Creation of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL). The organization launches a development plan with the purpose of contributing to the economic development of Latin America, coordinating actions directed towards this end, and reinforcing economic ties among countries and with other nations of the world.

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1949: Dependency theory arises as a reaction to modernization theories such as the ones supported by CEPAL. Rejecting the notion of modernization as a path to progress, dependency theorists argued that underdeveloped countries were not “primitive” versions of developed countries, but had unique histories, features, and structures of their own.

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1954: CIA overthrows constitutional government of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala.

# data[].attributes.body
1954: General Stroessner comes to power in Paraguay.

# data[].attributes.body
1957-86: Papa Doc and Baby Doc Duvalier rule Haiti as dictators, with US support.

# data[].attributes.body
1964: Military coups end MNR rule in Bolivia and democratic rule in Brazil.

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1961-69: Kennedy's Alliance for Progress tries to bring reform and development to Latin America.

# data[].attributes.body
1964: Military coups end MNR rule in Bolivia and democratic rule in Brazil.

# data[].attributes.body
1965: US forces, fearing a Communist takeover, occupy Dominican Republic.

# data[].attributes.body
1967: Guerrilla hero Ernesto "Che" Guevara is killed in Bolivia while attempting to spark a revolutionary uprising.

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1977-80: President Jimmy Carter makes human rights a major goal in his Latin American policy.

# data[].attributes.body
1979: First auction of “Latin American Art” at Sotheby’s in New York City. It features Diego Rivera, Wifredo Lam, Frida Kahlo, and Fernando Botero, among others.

# data[].attributes.body
1980: Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) guerrilla warfare starts in Peru.

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1980: Archbishop Oscar Romero assassinated in El Salvador for his stance against military repression and human rights abuses. Guerrillas organize the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN).

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1983: Assassination of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop of Grenada. Ronald Reagan orders US forces to invade the small Caribbean island to halt Cuban work on an airstrip.

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1932: Women gain the franchise in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and Uruguay.

# data[].attributes.body
1910-1920 Mexican Revolution:

1910: Francisco I. Madero issues "Plan of San Luis Potosí."

1911: Porfirio Díaz leaves Mexico; Madero becomes president.

1911: Emiliano Zapata issues the "Plan of Ayala" and calls for Land and Liberty.

1913: A military coup led by Victoriano Huerta overthrows Madero, who is later murdered. Venustiano Carranza leads a rebellion against Huerta. After the victory, the Revolutionaries fight among themselves. The forces led by Carranza defeat Francisco (Pancho) Villa and Emiliano Zapata. Carranza becomes President and convokes a new Constitutional Convention.

1914: US forces shell and then occupy Vera Cruz, Mexico.

1916: Pancho Villa raids Columbus, New Mexico.

1916-17: US Expeditionary Force under Gen. John J. "Black Jack" Pershing unsuccessfully pursues Pancho Villa in northern Mexico.

1917: Zimmermann Telegram revealed in which Germany offers to help Mexico recover territory lost to the US in exchange for support in the First World War.

1917: A new Constitution is issued. Carranza becomes Constitutional President.

1919: Zapata is assassinated.

1920: Carranza is overthrown and dies in an ambush. New elections lead to the presidency of Álvaro Obregón.

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1816: Argentina declares independence.

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1818: Chile declares independence.

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1937-1945: Getulio Vargas era in Brazil.

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1956: Museum of Modern Art opens in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

# data[].attributes.body
1895: José Martí launches war for Cuban Independence and is killed.

# data[].attributes.body
1898: Spanish-Cuban-American War. Cuban gains independence from Spain; United States takes control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Phillippines.

# data[].attributes.body
1934: US abrogates the Platt Amendment of 1901 that governed Cuba. Women gain the right to vote in Cuba.

# data[].attributes.body
1948: Museum of Modern Art (MAM) opens in São Paulo, Brazil, based on the MoMA model. The following year (1949) another Museum of Modern Art opens in Rio de Janeiro.

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1939-1959: Fulgencio Batista era in Cuba.

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1970: Salvador Allende in Chile elected president in Chile, and becomes the first democratically elected socialist to take power in Latin America.

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1966: Argentinian sculptor Julio Le Parc wins the international prize at the Venice Biennial.

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1951: São Paulo Biennial opens in São Paulo, Brazil.

# data[].attributes.body
1974-1976: Isabel Martínez de Perón assumes presidency of Argentina.

# data[].attributes.body
1953: Fidel Castro launches a failed uprising at the Moncada Barracks in Santiago, Cuba. He defends his actions with a speech History Will Absolve Me.

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1959: Triumph of Cuban Revolution:

1960: CIA plots to depose or assassinate Fidel Castro in what is eventually named "Operation Mongoose."

1961: Eisenhower administration breaks diplomatic relations with Castro in Cuba.

1961: Failed Bag of Pigs invasion of Cuba.

1962: Missile Crisis with the US, Cuba, and the USSR.

1970: Failed Ten Million Ton Harvest.

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1971: Chilean Pablo Neruda awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.

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1975: Cuban government passes law making childcare and housework equal responsibility of men and women.

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1973: CIA-backed coup overthrows Allende in Chile; military government under General Augusto Pinochet kills thousands of opponents.

# data[].attributes.body
1976: On March 24, generals Videla, Massera and Agosti form a military junta in Argentina. Their resulting "guerra sucia" (Dirty War) lasted until 1983 and killed or "vanished" thousands of people.

# data[].attributes.body
1964: Military coups end MNR rule in Bolivia and democratic rule in Brazil.

# data[].attributes.body
1988: Pinochet loses plebiscite in Chile that was to extend his military rule.

# data[].attributes.body
1982: British victory in the Malvinas/Falklands war leads to the collapse of the military government in Argentina and a return to civilian rule.

# data[].attributes.body
1931: Diego Rivera has a solo exhibition at the MoMA.

# data[].attributes.body
1938: Lázaro Cárdenas nationalizes the oil industry in Mexico.

# data[].attributes.body
1953: Women gain the franchise in Mexico.

# data[].attributes.body
1953: Museum of Modern Art opens in Mexico City.

# data[].attributes.body
1957: Diego Rivera dies in Mexico.

# data[].attributes.body
1968: A large and important Student Movement ends with police and army massacring on students at the Plaza of Tlatelolco in Mexico City. The massacre happens less than a week before the opening of the Olympic Games in the same city.

# data[].attributes.body
1990: The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens the show “Mexico: Splendors of 30 Centuries.” President Carlos Salinas attends the opening.

# data[].attributes.body
1838: United Provinces of Central America breaks into five republics (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica).

# data[].attributes.body
1909-33: U.S. Marines occupy Nicaragua, Haiti, and Dominican Republic.

# data[].attributes.body
1927: Augusto Cesár Sandino launches first Sandinista uprising in Nicaragua.

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1936-1979: Somoza era in Nicaragua.

# data[].attributes.body
1956: US-supported dictator Anastasio Somoza assassinated in Nicaragua.

# data[].attributes.body
1961: Nicaraguan guerrillas organize the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN).

# data[].attributes.body
1979: Sandinistas take power in Nicaragua.

# data[].attributes.body
1819: Colombian and Venezuelan independence.

# data[].attributes.body
1830: Gran Colombia splits into the separate countries of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador.

# data[].attributes.body
1962: Museum of Modern Art opens in Bogota, Colombia.

# data[].attributes.body
1967: Colombian Gabriel García Márquez publishes One Hundred Years of Solitude that becomes Latin America's most famous novel and a classic example of magical realism. Guatemalan Miguel Ángel Asturias awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.

# data[].attributes.body
1968: Latin American bishops meeting in Medellín, Colombia, embrace liberation theology and announce a 'preferential option for the poor.'

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1982: Colombian Gabriel García Márquez awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.

# data[].attributes.body
1994: US, Mexico, and Canada form NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement.

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1987: Exhibition “Art of the Fantastic: Latin America, 1920-1987” opens at the Indianapolis Museum of Art. The show was among the first in a wave of exhibitions of Latin American and Latino art supported by the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

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1989: George Bush orders invasion of Panama to capture one-time dictator Manuel Noriega.

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1992: Peace agreement ends civil war in El Salvador.

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1993: Exhibition “Latin American Artists of the Twentieth Century” opens at MoMA. The show was conceived as part of the 500th anniversary year of the “discovery” of America.

# data[].attributes.body
1994: US, Mexico, and Canada form NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement.