# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
agriculture anthropology aquaculture aquatic ecology agricultural conservation avian ecology behavior economics bioacoustics biodiversity conservation biological oceanography boreal forest carbon carbon cycling cities climate climate change climate change adaptation climate change mitigation coastal ecology coastal and marine conservation coastal habitat restoration coastal resource management coastal restoration coastal risk coastal risk and resilience community conservation community ecology community engagement community planning conservation biology conservation finance conservation for cities conservation partnerships conservation planning conservation policy conservation science conservation strategies development coral reefs coral reef ecology coral reef health decision science development by design disaster risk reduction ecological economics economics ecosystems ecosystem carbon flux ecosystem services energy energy siting and migration environmental economics environmental policy equity estuarine and watershed restoration finance fire ecology fisheries fisheries management forest ecology forest monitoring forestry forests food security freshwater and marine science freshwater conservation freshwater ecology habitat restoration human behavior human well being hydropower geographic information systems ghg emissions /removals great lakes great lakes water quality grassland songbird ecology indigenous peoples infrastructure invasive species management investing interdisciplinary ecology landscape and watershed spatial planning landscape ecology land use change land use planning lead scientists local communities marine conservation marine ecology marine policy marine protected areas marine spatial planning migratory species conservation mitigation planning monitoring natural climate solutions natural resource management nonparametric statistics ocean acidification optimal monitoring oyster reef restoration pacific islands plant phenology policy population genetics population modelling prairie butterfly ecology private lands conservation public health public land use rare species redd+ remote sensing restoration ecology return on investment rivers science synthesis and meta-analysis social monitoring socioeconomics soil soil science songbird conservation source water protection spatial ecology spatial planning spatial statistics species distribution modeling sustainable agriculture sustainable cities sustainable development sustainable forest management sustainability terrestrial ecology urban sustainability valuing nature's benefits water funds water markets water security water use welfare economics wetland restoration wildlife ecology wildlife management

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Nature Conservancy is tackling the root causes of some of the toughest problems facing people and nature today, replicating good ideas to save many places and improve people's lives.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Floods in China, COVID-19, and climate change"

# data[].attributes.subject
"Floods in China, COVID-19, and climate change"

# data[].attributes.body
This journal article explains that climate change may be causing extreme weather and high precipitation in China. It also goes on to explain how the flooding poses a health risk because it may increase the risk of catching communicable diseases, encountering environmental contaminates/pollution, and interrupt treatment for things like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.

# data[].attributes.headline
"Assessment of the impact of climate change on urban flooding: A case study of Beijing, China"

# data[].attributes.subject
"Assessment of the impact of climate change on urban flooding: A case study of Beijing, China"

# data[].attributes.body
This journal article finds that low impact development (LID) practices can prevent flooding.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Assessment of the impact of climate change on urban flooding: A case study of Beijing, China | Journal of Water and Climate Change | IWA Publishing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
HIGHLIGHTS. The DFQDM method for daily precipitation correction of the climate model is proposed.The TFV of SSP5-8.5 and SSP2-4.5 increased by 45.43 and 20.8% i

# data[].attributes.body
Low impact development is a way to manage runoff (storm water) in cities by using natural landscapes to absorb the water. Some examples of LID practices that may be plausible in Beijing include rooftop gardens and permeable pavements.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The term low impact development (LID) refers to systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes that result in the infiltration, evapotranspiration or use of stormwater in order to protect water quality and associated aquatic habitat. EPA currently uses the term green infrastructure to refer to the management of wet weather flows that use these processes, and to refer to the patchwork of natural areas that provide habitat, flood protection, cleaner air and cleaner water. At both the site and regional scale, LID/GI practices aim to preserve, restore and create green space using soils, vegetation, and rainwater harvest techniques. LID is an approach to land development (or re-development) that works with nature to manage stormwater as close to its source as possible. LID employs principles such as preserving and recreating natural landscape features, minimizing effective imperviousness to create functional and appealing site drainage that treat stormwater as a resource rather than a waste product. There are many practices that have been used to adhere to these principles such as bioretention facilities, rain gardens, vegetated rooftops, rain barrels and permeable pavements. By implementing LID principles and practices, water can be managed in a way that reduces the impact of built areas and promotes the natural movement of water within an ecosystem or watershed. Applied on a broad scale, LID can maintain or restore a watershed's hydrologic and ecological functions.

You will find fact sheets and technical reports both here and on EPA's Green Infrastructure pages.

Green Streets Handbook: This handbook is intended to help state and local transportation agencies, municipal officials, designers, stakeholders and others to select, design and implement site design strategies and green infrastructure practices for roads, alleys and parking lots. The document provides background information on street and road typologies and offers a programmatic framework to use when identifying areas that can be initially designed or later retrofitted with green infrastructure practices or systems.

Saving the Rain: Green Stormwater Solutions for Congregations: This guide was created to help congregations work through the process of enhancing their grounds by implementing green stormwater management practices.

Green Infrastructure in Parks: A Guide to Collaboration, Funding, and Community Engagement: This guide is intended to encourage partnerships between park agencies and stormwater agencies aimed at promoting the use of green infrastructure on park lands. Green infrastructure can help to maximize the environmental, economic, and social benefits of parks. It includes recommendations on the types of projects that are most likely to attract positive attention and funding, and which provide a wide range of benefits.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Urban Runoff: Low Impact Development | US EPA

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Low Impact Development ( LID) is an approach to land development (or re-development) that works with nature to manage stormwater as close to its source as possible.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster and occur when an overflow of water submerges land that is usually dry. Floods are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt or a storm surge from a tropical cyclone or tsunami in coastal areas.

Floods can cause widespread devastation, resulting in loss of life and damages to personal property and critical public health infrastructure. Between 1998-2017, floods affected more than 2 billion people worldwide. People who live in floodplains or non-resistant buildings, or lack warning systems and awareness of flooding hazard, are most vulnerable to floods.

There are 3 common types of floods:

Flash floods are caused by rapid and excessive rainfall that raises water heights quickly, and rivers, streams, channels or roads may be overtaken.

River floods are caused when consistent rain or snow melt forces a river to exceed capacity.

Coastal floods are caused by storm surges associated with tropical cyclones and tsunami.

Between 80-90% of all documented disasters from natural hazards during the past 10 years have resulted from floods, droughts, tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe storms. Floods are also increasing in frequency and intensity, and the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation is expected to continue to increase due to climate change.

# data[].attributes.body
This video about low impact development explains how we can manage runoff in a beneficial way that prevents contamination and treats the water as a resource.

# data[].attributes.body
Although climate change may increase high precipitation, China has always struggled with flooding. However, with the increasing urbanization of Chinese cities, poor city planning and insufficient drainage systems has made China even more vulnerable to flooding.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Before 2006, there were no clear record for urban flooding in China. On the contrary, some data of flood was collected carefully. Based on the "Bulletin of Flood and Drought Disaster in China (2007-2016)" (MWR, 2007-2016), the scope of flood, which includes areas affected by flood and the number of deaths, and losses caused by flood, which includes the number of collapsed buildings and direct economic losses in China from 1980 to 2016 which can be summarized as follows.

The average area that affected by flood in 1980s was approximately 10.4 million hectares, and the average area that affected by flood from 2010 to 2016 was around 9.9 million hectares. By adding a trendline on the graph (Fig. 1), the area affected by flood in China turns to slowly decrease from 1980s to 2016.

As shown in Fig. 2, it is obvious that the number of deaths decreased relatively rapidly from 1980s to 2016. In average, there are about 4349 people died per year because of flood in 1980s, and 954 people died per year from 2010 to 2016, which can be a strong evidence to show the successful development of economic society in China because the government has strove to create a much safer living environment for the public.

The change of the number of collapsed buildings (Fig. 3) is similar as the change of the number of deaths (Fig. 2). The number of collapsed buildings caused by flooding was reduced from 1980s to 2016. The average numbers of collapsed buildings in 1980s and from 2010 to 2016 are 154 and 70 buildings, which strongly proves that the construction quality in China has soared.

Due to the information gap before 1990, only the data of direct economic losses caused by flood from 1990 to 2016 are in record. The trend of the change of direct economic losses caused by flood in these 27 years keeps raising. Nowadays, economy is highly concentrated in cities. Almost half of these economic losses were contributed by cities. It was proved that the frequency of urban flooding increased from nearly 1 times in every 2 years to more than 3 times per year in some major cities (Z. Zhang et al., 1992; J. Zhang et al., 2016).

To explore the potential relationship, the data of flood-affected area is adjusted by a factor of 45, the data of deaths and direct economic losses caused by flood is adjusted by a factor of 10. As shown in Fig. 5, begin from 1990, the trend of the change of flood-affected area, deaths, collapsed buildings, and direct economic losses caused by flood were similar, which indicates that population and economics in China are highly concentrate in places vulnerable to floods, and there was a strong chain reaction between factors displayed in Fig. 5.

According to the collection of flood and drought distribution data from 1980 to 2000 (Zhang, 2003), the number of cities that are potential to be flooded is summarized as shown in Fig. 5, which covered the whole range of China and included data collected from 120 sites, but it was not updated after 2000.

Due to the lack of data collection of exact number of cities where urban flooding has happened in 1980s, the trend of increasing number of flooded cities can be roughly estimate by data displayed in Fig. 6. By applying a trendline, the average number of potential flooded cities in 1980s is calculated as 37, and the average number of potential flooded cities from 2010 to 2017 is calculated as 48, which indicates that the number of potential flooded cities increased by approximately 30 % from 1980s to now.

Begin from 2006, the Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China (MWR) began to collect the number of cities that were flooded in each year. Data from 2006 to 2016 is shown in Table 1. There are over 650 cities in China. As recorded by MWR, approximately 25 % of cities in China were flooded in each year from 2006 to 2016. Even for those cities located in west-northern and semi-arid regions, such as Taiyuan in Shanxi province, they also suffered from urban flooding. Thus, urban flooding is become as one of the most urgent problems in China right now.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Abstract. With the rapid development of cities in China, urban flooding becomes a growing problem, which not only affect the living quality of the public, but also threatens urban safety. Recently, urban flooding is attached more attention.

# data[].attributes.body
This article explains how Beijing and neighboring cities were affected by the flood.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Beijing’s rainfall is the heaviest recorded in 140 years, reaching nearly 30 inches between Saturday and Wednesday. The downpours have triggered landslides and floods. Thousands have been evacuated.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A provincial leader set off an outcry by urging cities to serve as a “moat” for the capital, as diverted floodwaters sent scores of residents fleeing.

# data[].attributes.headline
Anger Builds in Towns Deliberately Flooded, in Part, to Save Beijing

# data[].attributes.subject
Anger Builds in Towns Deliberately Flooded, in Part, to Save Beijing

# data[].attributes.body
This article and video is about the anger of those living outside of Beijing in the Hebei Province where the floodwater was diverted.

# data[].attributes.body
This video shows the devastation that the heavy rainfall caused.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Deadly flooding strikes Beijing in wake of typhoon