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We are only 20 years into the new millennium; however, it is evident that our country values community support. The social work profession has expanded allowing more proactive measures to be in place to help those in need. There have been several new and revised public policies set in place by the government that help individuals, as well as a push for public safety throughout the nation to protect against violence.

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During this period, social values circled back to those that were reflected in the Elizabethan era. A huge emphasis was placed on the individual and not any environmental factors. Assistance was only given to those who were deemed to be socially worthy of aid. The emphasis during this time was given primarily to the local government compared to the federal government, allowing communities to stand up for one another, in a limited compacity.

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During this period, there was a significant emphasis on group rights. Many individuals were challenging authorities, questioning the rights of women, and even pushing antiwar campaigns. Because of this time when individuals were questioning social values, there developed some generational friction throughout the nation creating some disunity. During this period, there was a value shift to supporting minorities and challenging traditional thinking.

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During this period, women had the opportunity to enter the workforce fulfilling nontraditional positions and through war efforts, many men had the opportunity to travel and be introduced to new and diverse cultures. From these challenging but exciting opportunities families started to separate into more suburban regions. As the war came to an end, there was a rise in national pride shifting from a value on the individual to an emphasis on others.

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During this period, economic distress was widespread throughout the nation. The government once again intervened in creating programs and policies to help those in need. These policies are still in place today and while they have been revised many of the same underlying principles are still in place. Individuals invested in advocating for others were now able to recognize the residual and institutional approach and how cases should not only be addressed from an individual level but also at a community level examining the environment around them.

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During this period, workers' rights were under debate and individuals wanted safer working environments and protections from their employers. There was also a huge shift in perspective from looking only at individuals in need to an imbalance in social or economic systems.

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During this period, a significant moment in history was made by abolishing slavery; however, though all individuals were free there was severe racism still seen throughout the world. Many people after the war were left unemployed and lacking any education. The government showed its support, although limited, to helping others by the establishment of the Freedman's Bureau which would remain in existence until the economic restoration of the nation. There was a value shift from the church meeting the needs of the individual to the government intervening for those that need assistance.

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During this period, there was a huge emphasis on institutionalizing individuals with needs. These centers lacked any restoration or treatment options for the public. Institutions, in theory, were seen as a way for individuals to share resources. The was a higher value placed on shared resources among community members.

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This system reflects some of the modern values held today. Assistance was provided to individuals based on the person's work capacity. The family unit was viewed as the best economic support of the time. The community, government, and church were not proactive in helping individuals before they fell into poverty; instead, they would only assist once all other resources had been exhausted. Many times cases were addressed on an individual level with no concern for environmental effects. There was a high-value system for the individual and little focus on the environment or community support.

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She developed many programs and services to help the people who stayed there get back on their feet and adjust to their surroundings and communities. She had settlement workers focus on changing the environment instead of the individual and they did that by advocating for better services, programs, and conditions with regards to health and employment opportunities. She was also very involved and vocal about legislation and fought tirelessly for children’s rights, labor, and education.

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She took the concept of social work from being something that people volunteered to do arbitrarily to an actual occupation where social workers could help people and make a living for themselves in the process. She also wrote Social Diagnosis, which was the first social work practice book to explain how to understand and identify client’s problems. She solidified social work as a profession and emphasized focusing on the individual to fix the various social needs and shortages of society.

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Jane Addams was a contemporary of Mary Richmond and also played a large part on developing social work. She was the director of Hull House, the second settlement from the Settlement Movement. The Settlement Movement evolved shortly after the Charity Organization Society and its focus was combatting poverty by making peoples’ environments more friendly, helpful, and inclusive. This included helping immigrants adjust to life in America and providing residency for them while they made that adjustment. Jane Addams lived at the Hull House and made that house a home for over 50,000 people.

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Mary Richmond was a key figure in the beginning of social work professions and is considered the mother of professional social work. She was a primary leader and administrator of the Charity Organization Society (COS) which was the first organized social effort to eliminate poverty. The COS’ focus was to change the individual’s behavior by friendly visitors who were volunteers to guide people in becoming healthy, productive adults. Mary Richmond encouraged training for those people and worked to develop the first school of professional training for social workers.

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Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor and the Children’s Aid Society

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Association for the Improvement of the Condition of the Poor and the Children’s Aid Society

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These two groups addressed the consequences of urbanization, poverty, and immigration. Founded in 1843 and 1853 these groups were developed and created to compensate for the inactive government response.

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Using the Justices of Peace, Parliament helped categorized the poor into three categories and provide them a way to solve the problem of poverty.

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Helen Reinherz was a professor and pioneer for social work. She used her independence, work ethic, and intellect to help develop the people around her to further stretch their social work to more people who needed their help. Helen focused on preschool children and adolescents when she became the principal investigator during the Simmons Longitudinal Study.

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Eulene worked on multiple levels for the government and is well decorated in awards. Focusing much of her personal efforts in Alabama, the rest of the states were able to see this and apply it to help the social work in their states. Towards the end of her retirement, Eulene became the executive director of NASW and still continued to volunteer work for the children in Alabama.

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Katherine was such an influential woman in social work. As the United States representative on the executive board of the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, Katherine worked with world leaders to provide social work for children world wide. In addition, she was appointed by president Eisenhower as chief of the Children’s Bureau in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

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With a big impact in group social work, Grace wrote many books to help teach those working in social groups. In 1942, Grace was appointed as the federal War Relocation Authority and continued to write many books.

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Edith was an important figure during the Great Depression and on as she was an American economist, statistician, social worker, educator, and author who looked at the economy to help improve the individuals who needed much help during this time. She contributed but to the legislation and public policy for social security.

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Best known as an activist for anti-lynching crusade, Ida was a leader in the civil rights movement for the advancement of colored people. Ida was an investigative journalist, educator, and founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

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As the founder of the Red Cross, Clarissa proved to be a very influential woman. Risking her life to bring supplies and support the soldiers during the civil war brought her much attention. Clarissa taught herself nursing and started the American Red Cross 1881

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The terrorist attack of 9/11, the recession of 2001, and the Great Recession of 2008 all caused an increased need for social services.
TARP was created to support struggling companies. The Affordable Care Act was an attempt to create health care coverage for the uninsured.

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Americans became frustrated at the amount of poverty still around even after all the government’s efforts, resulting in the movement of control from the federal level to the local level.
AFDC and TANF were passed in the 1990s. The result was limiting the time families could receive public assistance, forcing parents to find work.

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The elderly and the poor were still struggling with medical care during this time. Racial inequality was also still a huge problem. Additionally, there was a large group of poor Americans in desperate economic deprivation.
Medicare and Medicaid were passed to help with the health problems. The Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act were passed to prohibit racism and discrimination. The War on Poverty was a series of policies to help fight poverty.

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World War II required the US to turn their resources towards the war.
The GI Bill helped returning soldiers by funding education, training, loans, and more.

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The Great Depression was the biggest economic downturn in history and led to widespread extreme poverty.
To help alleviate this poverty, President Roosevelt put the New Deal in action. It’s goal was to provide temporary financial relief and help find long-term employment. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided long-term protection.

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After the Civil War, the economy experienced great growth and rapid industrialization. A huge influx of immigrants led to crowding, causing poor health and poverty.
The Charity Organization Societies and the Settlement Movement were two major organized social welfare efforts, which served as a foundation for the social work profession.

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The Civil War resulted in enormous economic and social change.
The Freedman’s Bureau was created as the first federal social service program. Its goals included assistance to newly freed slaves, medical care, and reuniting families.

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During this period, America was growing due to large amounts of European immigrants coming in with little to no resources. Communities couldn’t afford to take care of everyone.
To help with this problem, residential institutions including asylums, almshouses, and orphanages were created.

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Colonists from England struggled with illness, deprivation, and death, causing people to immediately form some sort of community support system.
The Elizabethan Poor Laws stated the public’s responsibility to help the poor.