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At the end of the French Revolution, Napoleon was introduced. Napoleon was a military genius, he graduated from a military academy at sixteen years old. He staged a coup d'état in 1799 to overthrow the Directory government; Napoleon named himself the First Consul. The Napoleonic codes codified several branches of law, which included commercial and criminal law, and divided civil law into categories of property and family. The Napoleonic codes made the authority of the men over their families stronger, deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate children. All male citizens were also granted equal rights under the law and the right to religious dissent, but colonial slavery was reintroduced. The laws were applied to all territories under Napoleon’s control. The Political Chances included the Napoleonic Code, the elimination of the estate system, freedom of religion, restoring a centralized government to France, increasing reforms in education, improving the relations with the pope, selling the territory in North America to the U.S. to be able to help fund campaigns, and then Napoleon crowns himself emperor of France in 1804. The downfall occurred due to an invasion of Russia in 1812. The French invaded Russia during winter which was a huge mistake. The Downfall took many turns, which were, a coalition of Europeans defeating Napoleon, and Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, he escaped for one hundred days, yet still, the French were defeated again at Waterloo. Nopleon yet again was exiled, but this time in a prison on the remote island of St. Helena. Napoleon's legacy dominated continental Europe, he installed his own rulers of conquered nations, and he made his own brother king of Spain. Nationalism had begun; which was favoring your country's interests. Napoleon's defeat awoke new feelings of national pride. The Congress of Vienna was held right after Napoleon's last defeat; it was a meeting to decide what to do with Europe, Prince Metternich led the congress. Prince Metternich followed the "balance of power" doctrine, he even restored Europe's "legitimate" monarchies. However, there were changes made by the Congress, Napoleon's land was taken away, and many European boundaries were redrawn.

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During the middle of the French Revolution, from 1792 to 1794, everything took a turn. France made a second attempt to stabilize the government after the women's march on the Palace of Versailles; they were successful in their demands upon King Louis XVI and sending the royals to Paris. The second attempt to stabilize the government was an idea that King Louis XVI would work with the people, so more like a Constitutional Monarchy. King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed; King Louis XVI was executed on January 21, 1793, and Marie Antoinette was executed on October 16, 1793. They were both accused of treason by neglecting the people and attempting to launch a counter-revolution against the people. Maximilien Robespierre led France into the third government, the first republic. This was a big reason the Reign of Terror happened; Robespierre pushed for what he believed was necessary to create the republic he envisioned. He pushes for his views, rather than the people's views; he starts the process of killing anyone who speaks out against the revolution. He got three hundred thousand people arrested for speaking out against the revolution, and seventy thousand people were put to death by Robespierre and the Guillotine. He wanted a republic form of government, but he became a dictator until the military overthrew him. Robespierre was put to death, which ended the Reign of Terror. Joseph-Ignace Guillotine proposed the guillotine device to execute people in a less painful method of execution than the existing methods. The people at first did not enjoy watching the executions with the Guillotine because the process was way too quick. To make it more enjoyable for the spectators, they could buy souvenirs, read a program listing the names of the victims, or even grab a quick bite to eat at a nearby restaurant called “Cabaret de la Guillotine.”; they even designed guillotine toys for the children. The governments of the revolution contained the National Assembly, the Legislative Assembly, the First Republic, and the Directory. The National Assembly was a representation based on the population, the Legislative Assembly was the government trying to keep the people happy and the king happy, the First Republic was for the people and government in charge of executing King Louis XVI, and the Directory contained an upper house and a lower house; the lower house proposed for the legislative government, and the upper house accepted or veto what was proposed by the lower house. The government disbanded making room for a new ruler to take over France.

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The French Revolution began on May 5, 1789. It was divided into three estates, the church officials, nobles, and the commoners. The first estate was the church officials; they did not have to pay taxes, owned ten percent of land, and had only one percent of the population. The second estate was the nobles; they did not have to pay taxes, they had ten percent of the population, and they held jobs in government, the army, and courts. The third estate was the commoners; they had to pay taxes, and they had eighty-nine percent of the population. The third estate was now demanding equality, they were the only estate paying taxes which was unfair, and when they would go to the meetings with the other two estates, it would still get outvoted two to one; they even struggled to pay for food, and they only made fifteen to twenty cents a day. The inequality between the three estates caused the third estate to change to the National Assembly. The one to advocate for the third estate was Robespierre. He believed that France should establish a republic form of government known as incorruptible. They all gather at the tennis court and take the tennis court oath. They all promise not to disturb until a constitution for the free people of France has been written. The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, had created fear that the National Assembly would be dissolved; which made the commoners feel like it was an attack by Louis XVI on their rights. The commoners attempted to rise up against the soldiers at the Bastille; they succeeded in freeing political prisoners and gaining weapons from the armory. The march of the Palace of Versailles on October 5, 1789, had taken place. Women marched on the Palace of Versailles, they were angry over the price of bread; there was a rumor that Queen Marie Antoinette was hoarding all the wheat; they blamed the queen for spending so much money on parties and luxuries. However, they did not return back to the Palace, the news spread quickly through the town, and they closed the gates of the Palace of Versailles.