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Is T3 (Liothyronine) Effective for Hypothyroidism

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Is T3 (Liothyronine) Effective for Hypothyroidism

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Patients being treated for hypothyroidism is common. This is after more than twenty years of debates for using T3 (liothyronine), which today still remains a controversial topic.

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Is T3 (Liothyronine) Effective for Hypothyroidism

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Tesamorelin is a synthetically produced peptide that mimics a growth hormone releasing hormone. It has shown promise in reducing visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in HIV patients.

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Buying Your Research Peptides from a Reputable Company | Blue Sky Peptide

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Buying Your Research Peptides from a Reputable Company | Blue Sky Peptide

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Buying research grade peptides from a reputable company gives you experiment results that can be relied on and repeated as many times as a researcher needs to be able to discover what different variables can do. If you are on the lookout for peptides for your research, there are a few things that you can do to ensure you are getting them from the most reputable company possible.

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Buying research grade peptides from a reputable company gives you experiment results that can be relied on and repeated as many times as a researcher needs to be able to discover what different variables can do. If you are on the lookout for peptides for your research, there are a few things that you can do to ensure you are getting them from the most reputable company possible. Take a look through this list before you begin your search for the right research peptide company for you.

Buy Locally-From the USA When Possible

There are much higher safety and purity standards within the United States when it comes to research materials, than nearly anywhere else in the world. If you want to be able to perform research that is both safe and accurate, you will want to start that research with a purity and quality you can be assured is guaranteed. For those who happen to buy their peptides from the other side of the world, you could risk having multiple grades of peptides sent to you over different shipments, making your research results undesirable.

Ask for Purity Results from the Company's Own Tests

Every reputable research peptide company does its own standardized testing to make sure they can guarantee what grade of peptide the customer will receive. They tend to perform these types of tests with each new batch of peptides they receive so that they can send out exactly what their customers' need and deserve, as orders are placed. Most reputable companies that are asked to share these results will send them along without thinking twice. If you ask for these results and are either given a reason why they cannot share them, or you are given the run around, you may want to consider going with a different company.

Talk to Their Customer Service

Even before buying something from a company, you can contact their customer service number. You can tell a lot by making this simple phone call. You can see how quickly they pick up the phone, how politely they tend to your requests, and if you ask what their most common complaint is, you can determine how forthright the company is about any issues it has encountered. Once you find out the biggest problem, you can then even ask what they are doing to correct the problem. While this may sound like a lot of work, a ten or fifteen minute phone call could be the reason to buy from or avoid a particular company, depending on what you find out.

Once you have determined how reputable the company you are looking at is, you can decide what type of peptides your research will require. Knowing that you can perform research on the peptides of your choice now, and be able to repeat them again in the future with the same type of results, gives you peace of mind and reliability that most research requires. Find the company that will work best for your needs, and don't settle for anything less. After all, if you settle for less than the best, your results could be the ones to suffer.

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Buy Research Peptides Online | Peptides for Sale | Blue Sky Peptide

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At Blue Sky Peptide, we provide our customers with the highest-grade USA made peptides and research liquids (Bulk quantity is also available) to ensure your research is precise.

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When it comes to peptides, there are quite a few different types of them out there. This can make defining a peptide more difficult. Each peptide has a different intended use depending on which part of the body it is used in, and gives different results when used in research.

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When it comes to peptides, there are quite a few different types of them out there. This can make defining a peptide more difficult. Each peptide has a different intended use depending on which part of the body it is used in, and gives different results when used in research. Here is a basic breakdown of peptides and how they can be used in research to help scientists learn about many different cellular functions.

Basic Definition of a Peptide

Peptides are little more than amino acid chains that are scientifically created and put together in a way that mimics what a body would naturally produce. These chains can be short or long, but when they combine into extra-long chains, they turn into proteins. Generally, if you find a chain of amino acids that is over 50 units long, that is when it becomes a protein. Everything that is alive has some type of amino acids in it naturally, so when scientists are able to recreate these peptides and proteins in a lab, they can study their effects without having to remove them from any living organism. This gives a lot of insight as to how a body would naturally react to different amino acid exposures without ever putting anyone or anything at risk.

The Many Types of Peptides

Peptides can come in a huge variety. Some of them impact how the hormone levels of a body fluctuate, while others simply focus on regulating digestion. There are amino acids for almost every function within every organism, and some organisms even use the same basic types of amino acids for the same standard functions. Plus, with the fact that amino acids break down for the body to reuse as necessary, each type of amino acid can become something else, depending on how it's used within the body. Each type of amino acid chain has a different function within the body, and learning what those functions are can help scientists learn how to control them to avoid medical issues.

Typical Research Benefits of Peptides

The most common use for peptides of many different forms is for research. While it is dangerous for a human to ingest these chemicals, they are great for scientific purposes. First, they are often easy to recreate, making them ideal for multiple studies at the same time. Second, they are easily manipulated so that researchers can test different exposures to different strengths of them and see how the reactions differ. Finally, and most importantly, they do not put anyone in danger during the testing phases because only cellular study or test subjects are used. This can give a lot of insight without ever putting anyone in a dangerous position.

What Can Be Learned from Peptide Studies

Peptide studies often mimic what the body would do naturally, but on a different scale. The different strengths of peptides can provide different benefits or dangers to a body's cells, which is why research studies on test subjects are so important. Peptides can teach scientists about how specific medical conditions react in the face of precise amino chains, which can sometimes even lead to discoveries about how those acids should be focused on in other types of research scenarios.

Peptides can come in many varieties, and can be used for many different things. Research with peptides is teaching scientists a lot about the way that different parts of the body function on a cellular level. These synthesized amino chains can allow scientists to study short and long term reactions without ever having to put any person in danger should there be an adverse reaction, and it can offer valuable insight on how different cells react to different exposures. The ability to study the effects of some reactions in a controlled scientific setting that some people are experiencing naturally in their bodies is bringing peptides to the forefront of medical experimentation.

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Buy Research Peptides Online | Peptides for Sale | Blue Sky Peptide

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At Blue Sky Peptide, we provide our customers with the highest-grade USA made peptides and research liquids (Bulk quantity is also available) to ensure your research is precise.

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What You Need to Know About Epitalon | Blue Sky Peptide

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What You Need to Know About Epitalon | Blue Sky Peptide

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There is a lot of speculation as to what the peptide Epitalon may be capable of under the right research conditions. When it comes to animal testing, this peptide seems to hold a lot of promise in teaching researchers what happens with cellular exposure.

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There is a lot of speculation as to what the peptide Epitalon may be capable of under the right research conditions. When it comes to animal testing, this peptide seems to hold a lot of promise in teaching researchers what happens with cellular exposure. If you have considered beginning or resuming research on the peptide Epitalon, here are some things you should make sure you are aware of.

What Epitalon Looks Like

More often than not, researchers begin working with Epitalon in its lyophilized powder state. This powder is then able to be diluted in water or a mild 1% solution of acetic acid. In its powder state, Epitalon is stable at room temperature for approximately three months. Once diluted, however, the peptide requires a storage temperature of 4 degrees centigrade. At that temperature, Epitalon can safely be used for research for anywhere from two to twenty-one days. If you need the solution to last longer for your research purposes, you need to store it at negative eighteen degrees centigrade.

What Epitalon Does in Research Experiments

When Epitalon is used in experiments, scientists are noticing quite a few promising side effects. Scientists have long known that telomere is partly responsible for the aging of cells and organ function. One of the side effects that cells and organs are showing when exposed to Epitalon is the elongation of telomere, effectively slowing, stopping, or even reversing the effects of aging at the cellular level. There have even been some signs that cells have begun to regenerate and heal after Epitalon exposure. When looked at under a microscope, animal cells are even showing that some correction is coming at the level of the animal's DNA, allowing for incredible results with cellular regeneration and repair.

Epitalon has also shown researchers that it has been able to control the animal's levels of cortisol, melatonin, and re-regulate some issues within female rat's reproduction systems. This regulation is teaching scientists about how cells control themselves, allowing them to learn about each system and how it functions. When Epitalon was exposed to tumors, some different types of tumors shrank and even reversed some of the damage they had caused during their growth. However, one of the most astounding side effects that researchers have begun to notice is that the test subjects are living longer than those not exposed to Epitalon. Some of the subjects have even decreased their mortality rate by as much as 50%, allowing them to live nearly 1.5 times longer than their counterparts that were only exposed to placebos. The rats that lived the extra time after Epitalon also avoided developing any form of Leukemia, which was not true for the control group that only received the placebo.

Epitalon is showing quite a bit of promise when it comes to offering researchers a way to study the effects of aging and how to reverse it within the animal world. If your research is leading you down the same path, you could gain a lot of value from the research that working with Epitalon can provide. Just make sure that you get your peptides from the most reputable place you can find so that all of your results are accurate, safe, and repeatable by other scientists on a long-term basis.

Please Note: Epitalon is not made or intended for any type of human consumption. In fact, exposure through methods such as injection and ingestion is dangerous and can have long-term, harmful effects on the human body. Researchers need to be sure to follow proper procedures when handling Epitalon, just like they should with any peptide. Do not ever use Epitalon for any reason aside from research purposes, and make sure all exposure is follows all proper safety procedures.

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Buy Research Peptides Online | Peptides for Sale | Blue Sky Peptide

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At Blue Sky Peptide, we provide our customers with the highest-grade USA made peptides and research liquids (Bulk quantity is also available) to ensure your research is precise.

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5 Tips When Buying Peptides Online | Blue Sky Peptide

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5 Tips When Buying Peptides Online | Blue Sky Peptide

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When in search of the best research peptides, many people have begun turning to the internet. This medium allows you to compare multiple companies at the same time and hopefully get the best deal for the peptides you are looking for.

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When in search of the best research peptides, many people have begun turning to the internet. This medium allows you to compare multiple companies at the same time and hopefully get the best deal for the peptides you are looking for. The problem with using the internet is there are times where well-meaning buyers get tricked into buying something that is simply too good to be true. If you are nervous this could be your fate, take a look through these tips to help make the buying process a little easier.

Tip #1: Know What You Are Looking For

Before looking where you can buy your research peptides from, make sure you know what type of peptides you want to order. You should know how the peptide should be stored and shipped, what temperature the peptide needs to remain at for stability and longevity, what state the peptide should be shipped and used in (powder, liquid, etc.), and how to dilute the peptide for proper use, if necessary. Knowing these points will help you know the difference between a good company and one that is not being honest with people.

Tip #2: Look for Companies Offering a Product Guarantee

Companies that stand behind the quality of their products will often offer buyers a product guarantee. This means if you are not completely satisfied with what you get in the mail, you can return your peptide for your money back. A company that is not willing to refund your money if you encounter a problem typically is not as secure in the type of peptides they are selling.

Tip #3: Read the Reviews

It is an important step to look through the reviews before you buy anything from any company. This includes the reviews that are on that company's website and the reviews that are posted elsewhere. If the types of reviews match, such as both types of reviews being positive about quality and price, then you are more likely to get a peptide that matches the type of quality your research requires. If you find all good reviews on the company's website but a lot of bad quality reviews elsewhere, think twice before buying anything. The company may have fabricated some of their own reviews to help them appear more helpful than they really are.

Tip #4: Ensure You Get Fast Shipping

It is important to look for a company that is willing to get your research peptides to you quickly. Some peptides have a very short lifespan of stability, which makes the speed at which you receive your peptides imperative. If you cannot find a timeline for shipping easily on their website, you may want to move on to another source.

Tip #5: Don't Only Focus on Price

While price is an important factor, it should not be the most important factor. Just because a company offers a low price does not mean they are able to provide the type of quality you are looking for. Quality should be the most important factor, but if you happen to find amazing quality with a great price, you have the perfect combination set up to help you continue on with your research.

Put the outcome of your research above all else when looking for research peptides online. Look for a company that can provide you the perfect combination of speed, quality, and price, and then buy all of your peptides from that place from now on.

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Buy Research Peptides Online | Peptides for Sale | Blue Sky Peptide

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At Blue Sky Peptide, we provide our customers with the highest-grade USA made peptides and research liquids (Bulk quantity is also available) to ensure your research is precise.

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What to Look for When Buying Clenbuterol | Blue Sky Peptide

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What to Look for When Buying Clenbuterol | Blue Sky Peptide

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Clenbuterol is a B2 receptor agonist that is has become highly sought after for many different types of research. Scientists are performing many different types of tests on their test subjects to learn about the different effects it has when exposed to different types of cells.

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What to Look for When Buying Clenbuterol

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Clenbuterol is a B2 receptor agonist that is has become highly sought after for many different types of research. Scientists are performing many different types of…

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IGF-DES is a synthetic growth hormone peptide presently undergoing study and development to produce the compound and taper its potential uses. The experimentation is almost entirely being done on animal cells to compare how the IGF-DES peptide cooperates with the cells in a natural environment.

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IGF-DES is a synthetic growth hormone peptide presently undergoing study and development to produce the compound and taper its potential uses. The experimentation is almost entirely being done on animal cells to compare how the IGF-DES peptide cooperates with the cells in a natural environment.

DISCLAIMER: IGF-DES has never been intended for human consumption and could be harmful if ingested in any way. It is purely produced for scientific research and development purposes. Do not attempt to use this product for any other purpose aside from research.

Derived from Escherichia coli, IGF-DES is a synthesized peptide that has been developed to mimic growth hormones. It is currently undergoing research to figure out what reactions it has with plant and animal cells, and is showing promise in helping map out cell recognition of insulin. This is also helping scientists learn how cells determine what factors inhibit or enhance cell growth.

IGF-DES has been found to contain 67 of the most essential amino acids, and has shown to increase the release of different hormones within animal cells during the research conducted thus far. Animal cells have also been shown to undergo hyperplasia, or a significant growth in cell number, when exposed to the natural form of IGF-DES as well. Most of the studies currently going on are comparing animal cells to the natural form of IGF and the synthesized version, IGF-DES. Scientists want to see what differences the cells show when exposed to both of these substances to determine how much different a cell can detect.

Researchers have determined that the freeze dried variety of IGF-DES is the most stable form, and can easily be kept frozen (-18 degrees centigrade) for long-term storage. The powder should never be left at room temperature longer than a period of three weeks in order to maintain purity. Then when the researchers need more of the solution, they are to combine the powder with acetic acid until it reaches the proper pH balance (typically this is 500mcg/mL).

Once IGF-DES has been reconstituted, it requires use within seven days or it may lose its stability. IGF-DES requires storage at 4 degrees centigrade and should never be repeatedly frozen and thawed. Any hypodermic needles that are to be used with IGF-DES should be frozen along with the solution to keep everything at the same level of stability, ensuring the most accurate results no matter what type of research is being conducted.

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At Blue Sky Peptide, we provide our customers with the highest-grade USA made peptides and research liquids (Bulk quantity is also available) to ensure your research is precise.

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Mechano-growth factor is derived from insulin-like growth factor IGF-1. Natural MGF is produced as a result of differential splicing of mRNA that normally expresses this hormone.

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Mechano-growth factor is derived from insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 ¹. Natural MGF is produced as a result of differential splicing of mRNA that normally expresses this hormone ². MGF may be detected in sites of tissue damage ³. For example, it may induce accelerated growth in injured skeletal muscle tissue ⁴. Therefore, it is regarded as a response to mechanical stress on tissues. However, chemical and thermal stress may also be associated in the expression of MGF ⁵. It may be released in response to the presence of myofibrillar proteins, and may increase the concentrations of cyclic AMP in cultured muscle cells ². The inhibition of adenylyl cyclase was also associated with reduced MGF synthesis, suggesting that this enzyme is involved in MGF regulation ⁵. A group of researchers also reported that the administration of hydrocortisone abolished MGF expression in cultured muscle cells and tissues ². Other forms of mechanical stress may also be associated with MGF expression ⁴. Some researchers assert that treatment with MGF results in improved muscle tissue re-modeling following injury ¹. Therefore, MGF may be applied in studies and models of tissue repair and regeneration ⁶. The molecular weight of MGF is nearly 2.9kDa, and it is available as a laboratory-grade compound i. It has a receptor, which is found in locations such as the surfaces of some stem cell types ⁷.

The mechanism by which MGF induces hypertrophy in stressed tissues is not as yet clear ¹. A 2014 study using murine muscle tissue and cells in culture found that it did not affect a number of markers of differentiation ¹. Interestingly, the peptide may be associated with differentiation in other tissue types. Rabbit stem cells incubated with up to 75ng/ml MGF exhibited differentiation into bone cells, which was associated with protein kinase B signaling ⁷. However, no significant differences were reported in this study. Other groups have claimed that protein kinase B and its activation is required for similar effects in cardiac cells ¹. A further study using rat bone progenitor cells indicated that MGF acts to enhance the proliferation, rather than the differentiation, of these cells ⁶. More chronic treatment with MGF, however, may promote differentiation at a later stage of bone tissue development (or regeneration) ⁶.

Hypertrophy and abnormal heart function are detrimental side-effects of myocardial infarction ⁸. Mice that underwent experimental infarctions received chronic MGF treatment for ten weeks ⁸. This resulted in significant improvements in cardiac function, but did not affect hypertrophy, compared to control animals ⁸. It would stand to reason that MGF would be present in the growth plates (sites in bone along which cells proliferate and are distributed to increase the length of said bone) of young animals ⁴. A recent study using infant pigs detected MGF mRNA in these sites ⁴. The peptide, however, does not appear to function to affect proliferation in the growth plates ⁴.

Mechano-growth factor is a truncated form of IGF-1 which may be expressed in vivo in response to a variety of cellular stress. Some studies infer that it functions to enhance the proliferation of cells in response to damage and to induce hypertrophy in growing tissues.
References:

1. Fornaro M, Hinken AC, Needle S, et al. Mechano-growth factor peptide, the COOH terminus of unprocessed insulin-like growth factor 1, has no apparent effect on myoblasts or primary muscle stem cells. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism. 2014;306(2):E150-156.

2. Kravchenko IV, Furalyov VA, Popov VO. Stimulation of mechano-growth factor expression by myofibrillar proteins in murine myoblasts and myotubes. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2012;363(1-2):347-355.

3. Vassilakos G, Philippou A, Tsakiroglou P, Koutsilieris M. Biological activity of the e domain of the IGF-1Ec as addressed by synthetic peptides. Hormones (Athens, Greece). 2014;13(2):182-196.

4. Schlegel W, Raimann A, Halbauer D, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) Ec/Mechano Growth factor--a splice variant of IGF-1 within the growth plate. PloS one. 2013;8(10):e76133.

5. Kravchenko IV, Furalyov VA, Popov VO. Hyperthermia and acidification stimulate mechano-growth factor synthesis in murine myoblasts and myotubes. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2008;375(2):271-274.

6. Xin J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Lin F. Functional and transcriptomic analysis of the regulation of osteoblasts by mechano-growth factor E peptide. Biotechnology and applied biochemistry. 2014;61(2):193-201.

7. Tong Y, Feng W, Wu Y, Lv H, Jia Y, Jiang D. Mechano-growth factor accelerates the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells through the PI3K/AKT pathway. BMC biochemistry. 2015;16(1):1.

8. Shioura K, Pena J, Goldspink P. Administration of a Synthetic Peptide Derived from the E-domain Region of Mechano-Growth Factor Delays Decompensation Following Myocardial Infarction. International journal of cardiovascular research. 2014;3(3):1000169.

9. MGF Product Page. Blue Sky Peptide. 2016

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Buy Research Peptides Online | Peptides for Sale | Blue Sky Peptide

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At Blue Sky Peptide, we provide our customers with the highest-grade USA made peptides and research liquids (Bulk quantity is also available) to ensure your research is precise.

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What is Fragment 176-191? - Blue Sky Peptide

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What is Fragment 176-191? - Blue Sky Peptide

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Fragment 176-191 is a short peptide derived from human growth hormone (GH). It may also be regarded as an analog of the GH-releasing hormone, also known as GRF.

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Semaglutide 5mg Buy Semaglutide 5mg : Unit Size 5mg/vial Unit Quantity 1 vial Purity (Mass Spectrometry and UV) 100% Molecular Formula

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What are Research Peptides? - Blue Sky Peptide

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What are Research Peptides? - Blue Sky Peptide

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Research peptides are small chains of amino acids used in pure and applied biological research but not in the clinic. Although there is overlap in the definitions of both peptides and proteins, peptides are generally defined as a small chain of between 2 and 50 amino acids (AAs).

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Research peptides are small chains of amino acids used in pure and applied biological research but not in the clinic. Although there is overlap in the definitions of both peptides and proteins, peptides are generally defined as a small chain of between 2 and 50 amino acids (AAs). Peptides are further differentiated based on size. Single unbranched strands between 10-20 AAs are called polypeptides, and oligopeptides are greater than 20 AAs long. Proteins are larger macromolecules consisting of hundreds to thousands of AAs that display secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures.

Clinical and academic researchers have used research peptides to probe mechanisms underlying disease and as novel therapeutics. For example, one such study by Ahmed et al. investigated the effects of tatCN21 treatment in an animal model of global cerebral ischemia, the cessation or reduction of blood flow to the brain. TatCN21 is a 21 AA peptide inhibitor of the protein calcium-calmodulin (CaM) dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) that is attached to a "tat sequence," which allows the peptide to be brought into the cell. Ahmed et al. found that treating rats with tatCN21 3 hours after GCI protected neurons against programmed cell death and reduced spatial memory deficits.

Another group investigated using a tat-conjugated peptide to block the interaction of Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Nrf2 is an important transcription factor that activates the cellular antioxidation response and regulates signaling pathways in cancer and inflammation 5,6. Keap1 binds to Nrf2, preventing its activation and nuclear translocation . Steel et al. found that administering tat-conjugated peptide sequences that target this interaction could activate Nrf2 signaling and its downstream target genes in human THP-1 monocytes.

Many peptide hormones have been investigated for their potential beneficial properties in various diseases. Some of these, such as vasopressin, oxytocin, and insulin, have made it to the clinic, while others are in clinical trials ⁸. Currently, 80 peptide medications are approved for medical use. However, bringing new peptides to market requires careful consideration of renal clearance and delivery methods to make sure the drugs make it to their target tissue 9,10.

Research peptides have significantly advanced our understanding in health and disease. However, quality research requires peptides you can trust. Blue Sky Peptide sells the highest-grade research peptides on the market. In addition, we regularly offer BOGO deals, weekly promotions, and a rewards program that gives back when you shop with us. Check out our product catalog or contact us to see what Blue Sky Peptide can do for your research projects. All products from Blue Sky Peptide are for laboratory research only and are not suitable for human consumption. Any other use violates the terms and conditions for purchase.
References:

1. Forbes J, Krishnamurthy K. Biochemistry, Peptide. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)2021.

2. Friedberg F, Winnick T, Greenberg DM. Peptide synthesis in vivo. J Biol Chem. 1947;169(3):763.

3. Ahmed ME, Dong Y, Lu Y, Tucker D, Wang R, Zhang Q. Beneficial Effects of a CaMKIIalpha Inhibitor TatCN21 Peptide in Global Cerebral Ischemia. J Mol Neurosci. 2017;61(1):42-51.

4. Steel R, Cowan J, Payerne E, O'Connell MA, Searcey M. Anti-inflammatory Effect of a Cell-Penetrating Peptide Targeting the Nrf2/Keap1 Interaction. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2012;3(5):407-410.

5. Kobayashi M, Yamamoto M. Molecular mechanisms activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway of antioxidant gene regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005;7(3-4):385-394.

6. Moi P, Chan K, Asunis I, Cao A, Kan YW. Isolation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a NF-E2-like basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator that binds to the tandem NF-E2/AP1 repeat of the beta-globin locus control region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91(21):9926-9930.

7. Itoh K, Wakabayashi N, Katoh Y, et al. Keap1 represses nuclear activation of antioxidant responsive elements by Nrf2 through binding to the amino-terminal Neh2 domain. Genes Dev. 1999;13(1):76-86.

8. Muttenthaler M, King GF, Adams DJ, Alewood PF. Trends in peptide drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(4):309-325.

9. Mitragotri S, Burke PA, Langer R. Overcoming the challenges in administering biopharmaceuticals: formulation and delivery strategies. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13(9):655-672.

10. Katz AI, Emmanouel DS. Metabolism of polypeptide hormones by the normal kidney and in uremia. Nephron. 1978;22(1-3):69-80.

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Buy Research Peptides Online | Peptides for Sale | Blue Sky Peptide

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At Blue Sky Peptide, we provide our customers with the highest-grade USA made peptides and research liquids (Bulk quantity is also available) to ensure your research is precise.

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What Is Fragment 176-191 Peptide? - Blue Sky Peptide

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What Is Fragment 176-191 Peptide? - Blue Sky Peptide

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Fragment 176-191 is a small peptide that comprises the last 15 amino acids (AAs) from the c-terminal end of growth hormone (hGH). During childhood, hGH plays a critical role in growth regulation.

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Fragment 176-191 is a small peptide that comprises the last 15 amino acids (AAs) from the c-terminal end of growth hormone (hGH). During childhood, hGH plays a critical role in growth regulation. However, in adulthood, hGH's most well-known function is metabolic. Among other actions, hGH stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production and release. In addition, the release of hGH from the anterior pituitary gland is stimulated by hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).

Fragment 176-191 and similar hGH fragments have powerful lipolytic and anti-lipogenic properties that have drawn researchers' interest for decades. Early investigation showed that injecting rats with c-terminal fragments of hGH caused a temporary increase in blood glucose and a more persistent boost in plasma insulin. Interestingly, fragments that did not contain AAs 178-191 had no effect. This provided crucial early evidence suggesting a minimum required sequence for a peptide to be biologically active.

Later research found that both hGH and the slightly truncated fragment 177-191 could cause weight loss in mice by promoting lipolysis, although a previous report suggests that it inhibits lipogenesis instead. Additionally, this study indicated that this is because the peptide sequence can boost the production of beta-3 adrenergic receptors (ADRB3) ⁸. Interestingly, it does not appear that fragment 177-191 acts on hGH receptors and, unlike hGH, does not stimulate cell proliferation. These results add to the body of evidence suggesting that hGH may be a prohormone with differentially truncated forms that have their own effects 6,10. Finally, fragment 177-191 co-injected with hyaluronic acid (HA) reduced cartilage degeneration and the degree of motor disability in a rat osteoarthritis model.

These results highlight the utility of fragment 176-191 and related peptides as valuable research tools. Although a phase 2B clinical trial investigating fragment 177-191 as a treatment for obesity stalled, hGH c-terminal fragments provide means to manipulate lipid metabolism in the lab without the interfering factors of IGF-1 signaling alterations or GH receptor. This specificity could one day help researchers uncover novel mechanisms and future therapies.

1. Wade JD, Ng FM, Bornstein J, Pullin CO, Pearce JS. Effect of C-terminal chain shortening on the insulin-antagonistic activity of human growth hormone 177--191. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1982;101(1):10-14.

2. Brinkman JE, Tariq MA, Leavitt L, Sharma S. Physiology, Growth Hormone. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)2021.

3. Bidlingmaier M, Strasburger CJ. Growth hormone. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2010(195):187-200.

4. Ayuk J, Sheppard MC. Growth hormone and its disorders. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82(963):24-30.

5. Vance ML. Growth-hormone-releasing hormone. Clin Chem. 1990;36(3):415-420.

6. Heffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, et al. Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1442-1449.

7. Ng FM, Bornstein J. Hyperglycemic action of synthetic C-terminal fragments of human growth hormone. Am J Physiol. 1978;234(5):E521-526.

8. Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, et al. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology. 2001;142(12):5182-5189.

9. Wu Z, Ng FM. Antilipogenic action of synthetic C-terminal sequence 177-191 of human growth hormone. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1993;30(1):187-196.

10. Devesa J, Almenglo C, Devesa P. Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone in the Body: Is it Really the Hormone for Growth? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2016;9:47-71.

11. Kwon DR, Park GY. Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2015;45(4):426-432.

12. Heike Stier EV, David Kenley. Safety and Tolerability of the Hexadecapeptide AOD9604 in Humans. Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2013;3:7-15.

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Buy Research Peptides Online | Peptides for Sale | Blue Sky Peptide

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At Blue Sky Peptide, we provide our customers with the highest-grade USA made peptides and research liquids (Bulk quantity is also available) to ensure your research is precise.

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How To Order Research Peptides Online - Blue Sky Peptide

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How To Order Research Peptides Online - Blue Sky Peptide

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Proteins and peptides are some of the most commonly used reagents in modern life sciences. From short-chain peptide receptor agonists to biotinylated-antibodies, peptide-based reagents play pivotal roles in every stage of research.

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Proteins and peptides are some of the most commonly used reagents in modern life sciences. From short-chain peptide receptor agonists to biotinylated-antibodies, peptide-based reagents play pivotal roles in every stage of research. The ubiquity of peptides has created a vibrant market for them and protein reagents with many suppliers at different levels. However, not all peptide suppliers are the same, and neither are their products. Therefore, the first step to ordering research peptides online is to identify whether a supplier's products are of the exacting standards needed to conduct effective research.

Bad reagents can ruin an experiment and potentially sink entire projects. More insidiously, research conducted with poorly tested components can get published and contribute to the growing reproducibility crisis in science ¹. In recent decades, irreproducibility has been brought to the forefront in science, with journals like Nature publishing extensively on the topic. In 2015, one study estimated that up to 50% of preclinical research is irreplicable. This has cost approximately $28,000,000,000 in US dollars ⁴.

One key point made by some authors is that differences in reagents, especially protein products like antibodies, have made achieving reproducible results difficult. Therefore, identifying which protein and peptide products are validated is crucial. There are databases and websites in which antibodies from different manufacturers are listed and compared for efficacy, with links to studies that use them ⁵. However, there is no such catalog or comparable resource for small peptide products. This doesn't mean that there is no way to be sure your peptide products are of the purity and quality you expect.

Peptide products should undergo quality control analysis through multiple methods. These techniques include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (NMR) ⁷⁻⁹. A reputable supplier will have quality control reports available on their product pages for some or all of these. Therefore, when shopping for research peptides online, it is pivotal to find quality control reports.

Another factor to consider when shopping for research peptides online is customer service and accountability. Research is not a simple endeavor. Along the course of a project, it is a given that some experiments will not work out. In some cases, this is caused by the reagent. Even high-grade products will not work when used outside of their working conditions. By having direct contact with a peptide supplier, a researcher can troubleshoot issues that arise with their research peptide products. Additionally, a good return policy helps avoid losses if the product is not up to standards or does not match the application.

Finally, and perhaps most obviously, pricing is critical. Research funds aren't unlimited, and materials are only one of many costs that an investigator or lab manager must account for. Many suppliers offer scaling pricing options and periodic special offers. Additionally, some retailers have rewards programs that encourage repeat business.

When searching for research peptides online, Blue Sky Peptides offers affordable peptides that come with quality control reports. We have in-depth customer support and a generous return policy. In addition, our site has regular sales, BOGO offers, discount codes, and our BSP Rewards Program. Visit our website or contact us today to see if our research peptides will meet your research needs.

References:

1. Williams M. Reagent Validation to Facilitate Experimental Reproducibility. Curr Protoc Pharmacol. 2018;81(1):e40.

2. Baker M. 1,500 scientists lift the lid on reproducibility. Nature. 2016;533(7604):452-454.

3. Begley CG, Ioannidis JP. Reproducibility in science: improving the standard for basic and preclinical research. Circ Res. 2015;116(1):116-126.

4. Freedman LP, Cockburn IM, Simcoe TS. The Economics of Reproducibility in Preclinical Research. PLoS Biol. 2015;13(6):e1002165.

5. Antibodypedia. https://www.antibodypedia.com/. Accessed August 28, 2021.

6. Vergote V, Burvenich C, Van de Wiele C, De Spiegeleer B. Quality specifications for peptide drugs: a regulatory-pharmaceutical approach. J Pept Sci. 2009;15(11):697-710.

7. Choules MP, Bisson J, Gao W, et al. Quality Control of Therapeutic Peptides by (1)H NMR HiFSA Sequencing. J Org Chem. 2019;84(6):3055-3073.

8. Stalmans S, Gevaert B, Verbeke F, et al. Quality control of cationic cell-penetrating peptides. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2016;117:289-297.

9. Zeng K, Geerlof-Vidavisky I, Gucinski A, Jiang X, Boyne MT, 2nd. Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Peptide Drug Quality Control. AAPS J. 2015;17(3):643-651.

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Buy Research Peptides Online | Peptides for Sale | Blue Sky Peptide

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At Blue Sky Peptide, we provide our customers with the highest-grade USA made peptides and research liquids (Bulk quantity is also available) to ensure your research is precise.

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The Importance Of Bremelanotide Peptides For Laboratory Research Studies - Blue Sky Peptide

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The Importance Of Bremelanotide Peptides For Laboratory Research Studies - Blue Sky Peptide

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Bremelanotide is a 7 amino acid (AA) analogue of α melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) used in scientific research studies as a treatment for hyposexual sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women. As a peptide, bremelanotide is injected subcutaneously, although intranasal administration has shown efficacy in stimulating sexual arousal in female vitro test subjects.

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Bremelanotide is a 7 amino acid (AA) analogue of α melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) used in scientific research studies as a treatment for hyposexual sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women. As a peptide, bremelanotide is injected subcutaneously, although intranasal administration has shown efficacy in stimulating sexual arousal in female vitro test subjects. Male vitro test subjects with sexual dysfunction also demonstrate increased sexual arousal and erectile responses after subcutaneous bremelanotide injection, including subjects for whom Viagra was ineffective. In addition to its beneficial role in sexual dysfunction studies, bremelanotide has excellent utility in many different fields of neuroscience research.

DISCLAIMER: All products from Blue Sky Peptide are for laboratory research only and are not suitable for human consumption. Any other use violates the terms and conditions for purchase. Bremelanotide should only be used in carefully controlled laboratory conditions with appropriate personal protective equipment. If exposure occurs, immediately rinse the affected area and seek medical help if symptoms present.

Bremelanotide is a melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist that preferentially interacts with the melanocortin receptor subtype 4 (MC4R). The melanocortins and their receptors were first identified as pituitary factors involved in skin darkening in frogs. Eventually, however, the exploration of the melanocortin system extended to mammalian systems. The melanocortin system contributes to skin pigmentation, inflammation, appetite, memory, and sexual behavior.

The different MCR subtypes play distinct roles and are differentially expressed across the body. Melanocortins, also known as melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH), are all small peptide hormones derived from proopiomelanocortin and serve as the primary agonists of MCRs along with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)⁹. MSH peptides come in 3 types: α-MSH, β-MSH, γ-MSH.

MC4R is primarily localized in the brain and is considered a neural MCROne of the primary roles of MC4R is regulating food intake by mediating the effects of leptin. Administering α-MSH reduces feeding in obese rats, especially when applied directly to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), a critical autonomic control center of the brain involved with stress responses, growth, and reproduction. In addition to food intake, MC4R plays a role in other processes like glucose and lipid homeostasis, disease-associated lean body mass wasting, and cardiovascular function.

Reproductive behavior is also intrinsically tied to MC4R and its ligands. Mice with reduced or absent MC4R function exhibit several sexual dysfunctions. Administration of MC4R agonist reversed these effects in some studies and caused erections and ejaculations in some animal models after central nervous system administration.

Considering the breadth of life-essential roles the melanocortin system has, an MC4R-specific agonist like bremelanocortin is valuable for many lines of neuroscience research. In addition, bremelanocortin is extensively characterized in the literature and is well-tolerated by many species, including rats and humans. Therefore, bremelanocortin is, and has been, a powerful research tool.

References:

1. Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(7):684-690.

2. Clayton AH, Althof SE, Kingsberg S, et al. Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial. Womens Health (Lond). 2016;12(3):325-337.

3. Rosen RC, Diamond LE, Earle DC, Shadiack AM, Molinoff PB. Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra. Int J Impot Res. 2004;16(2):135-142.

4. Pfaus JG, Sadiq A, Spana C, Clayton AH. The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. CNS Spectr. 2021:1-9.

5. Wikberg JE, Muceniece R, Mandrika I, et al. New aspects on the melanocortins and their receptors. Pharmacol Res. 2000;42(5):393-420.

6. Shen Y, Fu WY, Cheng EY, Fu AK, Ip NY. Melanocortin-4 receptor regulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity through a protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. J Neurosci. 2013;33(2):464-472.

7. Catania A, Lonati C, Sordi A, Carlin A, Leonardi P, Gatti S. The melanocortin system in control of inflammation. ScientificWorldJournal. 2010;10:1840-1853.

8. Ellacott KL, Cone RD. The role of the central melanocortin system in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis: lessons from mouse models. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006;361(1471):1265-1274.

9. Gantz I, Fong TM. The melanocortin system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003;284(3):E468-474.

10. Tao YX. The melanocortin-4 receptor: physiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(4):506-543.

11. Kask A, Rago L, Wikberg JE, Schioth HB. Evidence for involvement of the melanocortin MC4 receptor in the effects of leptin on food intake and body weight. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998;360(1):15-19.

12. Ferguson AV, Latchford KJ, Samson WK. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus - a potential target for integrative treatment of autonomic dysfunction. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008;12(6):717-727.

13. Hansen MJ, Ball MJ, Morris MJ. Enhanced inhibitory feeding response to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone in the diet-induced obese rat. Brain Res. 2001;892(1):130-137.

14. Mountjoy KG, Mortrud MT, Low MJ, Simerly RB, Cone RD. Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain. Mol Endocrinol. 1994;8(10):1298-1308.

15. Sandrock M, Schulz A, Merkwitz C, Schoneberg T, Spanel-Borowski K, Ricken A. Reduction in corpora lutea number in obese melanocortin-4-receptor-deficient mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2009;7:24.

16. Irani BG, Xiang Z, Moore MC, Mandel RJ, Haskell-Luevano C. Voluntary exercise delays monogenetic obesity and overcomes reproductive dysfunction of the melanocortin-4 receptor knockout mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;326(3):638-644.

17. Van der Ploeg LH, Martin WJ, Howard AD, et al. A role for the melanocortin 4 receptor in sexual function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(17):11381-11386.

18. Bertolini A, Tacchi R, Vergoni AV. Brain effects of melanocortins. Pharmacol Res. 2009;59(1):13-47.

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Buy Research Peptides Online | Peptides for Sale | Blue Sky Peptide

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At Blue Sky Peptide, we provide our customers with the highest-grade USA made peptides and research liquids (Bulk quantity is also available) to ensure your research is precise.

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What Is Snap 8 Peptide? - Blue Sky Peptide

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What Is Snap 8 Peptide? - Blue Sky Peptide

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SNAP 8 peptide’s scientific name is Acetyle Glutamyl Heptapeptide-1. It is being tested for use for anti-wrinkle solutions. Studies show that SNAP 8 has properties that enable it to reduce the depth of wrinkles that are caused by everyday muscle contractions.

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SNAP 8 peptide's scientific name is Acetyle Glutamyl Heptapeptide-1. It is being tested for use for anti-wrinkle solutions. Studies show that SNAP 8 has properties that enable it to reduce the depth of wrinkles that are caused by everyday muscle contractions. In animal test subjects, it has shown significant results around the eyes and forehead. This product is considered to be a milder, more cost-effective and safer alternative to Botulinum Toxin. SNAP 8 works similarly to Botulinum Toxin by targeting the same wrinkle formations, but in a unique way.
Test Results of SNAP 8 Peptide
VIVO testing was performed to determine how effective small peptides are with providing stability for the SNARE complex. This allowed the researchers to follow the thermal stability and formation of the reconstituted SNARE protein complex. This basically evaluates the effectiveness of the peptides that are patterned like SNAP-25 N and its ability to amass with synaptobrein and syntaxin that is being formed with the SNARE complex. The final result was that the short peptides that came from the N-terminal end of SNP-25 were able to compete with the natural protein and stop it from forming SNARE complex by changing the stability.

Another test was done with test subjects. The cream used consisted of 10 percent SNAP 8. Researchers obtained silicon imprints from around the eyes of 17 test subjects. These silicon imprints were taken before the test began. The test subjects applied the cream twice daily, and then another sample was taken 28 days later. The imprints were analyzed using control laser scanning microscopy to see the difference between the skin surface of the sample taken before and after treatment. In order to see a three dimensional view of the samples, skin topography images were created. Within these images, it was observed that the depth of the wrinkles had decreased significantly after receiving treatment for 28 days. The max reduction that was seen with the 10 percent SNAP 8 solution was 63.18 percent.
How SNAP 8 Peptides Work
SNAP 8 is a copy of the N-terminal end of SNAP-25. This competes with SNAP-25 to position itself within the SNARE complex, which then modulates its creation. When the SNARE complex is destabilized slightly, it is impossible for the vesicle to release neurotransmitters in an efficient manner. Because of this, muscle contractions are reduced, so that wrinkles and lines are prevented. It will also help reduce existing fine lines and wrinkles by inhibiting the formation of SNARE complex and the release of catecholamine. With regular use in test subjects, it also prevented the development of wrinkles and lines.

Clinical studies show that SNAP 8 helped to reduce wrinkles surrounding the eyes by up to 63.13 percent. Testing for vitro and vivo efficiency showed that SNAP 8 has 30 percent more activity than parent peptides like Argireline.

Disclaimer: SNAP 8 peptide is a solution that is still currently being tested in the scientific community. It is not intended for use on humans or animals. It is recommended to purchase SNAP 8 for the sole purpose of experimentation within a laboratory setting. It should not be purchased and used for any other reason. This substance has not been approved for use by people. It is recommended that experiments conducted with SNAP 8 be performed under experimental circumstances that are under strict lab guidelines. Safety equipment should be used at all times throughout experimentation with this product. In the event that someone is exposed to the substance, thorough cleansing of the area immediately after is recommended to avoid potential harm.

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buy peptides and research liquids online

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SNAP 8 peptide's scientific name is Acetyle Glutamyl Heptapeptide-1. It is being tested for use for anti-wrinkle solutions. Studies show that SNAP 8 has properties that enable it to reduce the depth of wrinkles that are caused by everyday muscle contractions.

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What Is AICAR Ribonuccleotide? - Blue Sky Peptide

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What Is AICAR Ribonuccleotide? - Blue Sky Peptide

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AICAR Ribonuccleotide has shown it regulates various intracellular systems in animal test subjects, such as cellular glucose uptake, biogenesis of mitochondria, glucose transport 4 and B-Oxidation of fatty acids. When researched with animal test subjects, it has also shown to promote the storage of nutrients on a cellular level.

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In scientific terms, AICAR Ribonuccleotide, or AICAR, is an analog of AMP. Studies have indicated it is able to stimulate AMP-dependent proteins kinase activity in animal test subjects. Because of this, it is being researched on animal test subjects in scientific studies to determine whether it can help treat and protect against cardiac ischemic injury. This is a condition that can lead to myocardial infarction. What causes this health problem is a lack of oxygen and flow of blood to the myocardium. It wasn't until the 1980s, when the peptide was first researched on animal test subjects as a way to assist the heart with getting blood while having surgery. Research also shows that it could potentially treat other illnesses like diabetes, since it can boost the metabolic activity of tissues by changing the muscles' physical composition in animal test subject studies.
Medical Use of AICAR Ribonuccleotide
AICAR Ribonuccleotide has shown it regulates various intracellular systems in animal test subjects, such as cellular glucose uptake, biogenesis of mitochondria, glucose transport 4 and B-Oxidation of fatty acids. When researched with animal test subjects, it has also shown to promote the storage of nutrients on a cellular level. In return, this enhances energy production.

AICAR has been used in animal test trials, which had results that indicate the research peptide's ability to regulate the functions of the heart. Scientifically put, the peptide is able to go into cardiac cells to inhibit enzyme production (i.e. adenosine kinase and adenosine deaminase). With the ability to block the enzymes, an increase in glucose (on a cellular level) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases A and B occurs in the skeletal muscle's tissues. It also stops programmed cellular death (or apoptosis) from taking place.

When this peptide was studied on test subjects, the increase in the production of glucose and oxygen allowed the subject's metabolism to reach a homeostasis level more efficiently.
Potential Benefits of AICAR
Due to the amount of testing that has been done, scientists have come up with theoretical benefits that can be linked to peptide. As mentioned above, one of the benefits happens to be AICAR's ability to assist with cardiac ischemic injuries. Ischemic conditions can exist in many different areas of the animals test subject's body and in different forms, such as an embolism or thrombosis. In the case of cardiac ischemic injuries, it is directly related to the myocardium. Some cardiac ischemic episodes are asymptomatic, but can be linked to insufficient blood flow to the brain. This is called angina pectoris.

Research studies have shown that heart attacks too are caused by restriction of blood flow to the heart. Studies have also shown that AICAR Ribonuccleotide can help to treat animal test subjects heart muscle after a heart attack has occurred due to ischemic injury.
Side Effects Associated with AICAR
Through the tests that were performed on animal test subjects using AICAR, it has been proven that there are a couple of side effects associated with it. Since peptides deal mainly with the heart, it's not surprising that the side effects lie here as well. Some of the side effects on animal test subjects include heart valve development defects and abnormal heart tissue growth.

Disclaimer: AICAR Ribonuccleotide should not be used or consumed by humans. The research conducted with this peptide was for experimentation and research purposes only. It should not be purchased for any other use. If purchased, AICAR should only be used under experimental circumstances that are under strict laboratory guidelines. Safety equipment should be worn and used when conducting experiments with AICAR. In the event that exposure occurs, immediate cleansing should take place to avoid harm to the individual.

It's likely that studies for AIRCAR will continue over the next couple of decades. Doing so may one day bring about more ideas for treating and preventing ischemic injuries in animal test subjects.

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buy peptides and research liquids online

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In scientific terms, AICAR Ribonuccleotide, or AICAR, is an analog of AMP. Studies have indicated it is able to stimulate AMP-dependent proteins kinase activity in animal test subjects. Because of this, it is being researched on animal test subjects in scientific studies to determine whether it can help treat and protect against cardiac ischemic injury.

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How Does Letrozole Work? - Blue Sky Peptide

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How Does Letrozole Work? - Blue Sky Peptide

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When animal test subjects are exposed to this research liquid, it has shown to inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which then causes estrogen levels to be suppressed. Studies on animal test subjects have shown to causes the brain and pituitary gland to release larger amounts of follicle stimulating hormones, or FSH.

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Letrozole is the generic name of a currently tested research liquid called Femara. Scientific studies have been conducted on animal test subjects to determine whether this research liquid can be used to treat ovulation issues and unexplained infertility in different test subjects. Letrozole is a research liquid that is classified as an aromatase inhibitor. This research liquid has also been used in animal test subject studies for the treatment of cancer in breast tissue.
How Letrozole is used for Fertility
When animal test subjects are exposed to this research liquid, it has shown to inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which then causes estrogen levels to be suppressed. Studies on animal test subjects have shown to causes the brain and pituitary gland to release larger amounts of follicle stimulating hormones, or FSH. Animal test subjects that had polycystic ovary syndrome or anovulation (issues with ovulating), the FSH increase causes a mature follicle to develop within the ovary and cause egg ovulation. In the medical world, this is known as "induction of ovulation".

Letrozole is also being studied on animal test subjects that are already able to ovulate, but are still having problems getting pregnant. When researched, Letrozole has shown to causes the development of multiple follicles, which results in multiple eggs being released. Scientific studies on animal test subjects indicate this may help to increase chances of animal test subjects from becoming pregnant during a natural menstrual cycle. The scientific term for the process of multiple eggs and follicles being produced is controlled ovarian hyper stimulation or superovulation.
Clomid Vs. Letrozole
Clomid, also known as clomiphene citrate, is another research liquid that is being studied with animal test subjects to help stimulate ovulation when it can't be done naturally on their own. Some of the animal test subject concluded that Clomid didn't work for researched Letrozole and received favorable results. The following results were determined:

Some of the test results who didn't respond to Clomid had their ovulation induced when Letrozole was used.

Some of the animal test subjects that used Clomid and never got pregnant used Famara and conceived.

Unpleasant side effects results in some of the test subjects that used Clomid, making Famara more favorable for them.

Success Rate of Famara-Letrozole
The chances of test subjects becoming pregnant with Famara are pretty much the same as if they used Clomid. This all comes down to the age of the test subject, sperm quality and status of the fallopian tubes.

A higher success rate was found in test subjects that weren't able to ovulate on their own. The following conditions improve the success rate of test subjects by 15% per month:

No other problems with fertility are found in the animal test subjects

The test subject is younger than half of their natural life cycle.

The lowest success rate was in animal test subjects that had unexplained infertility problems, but still ovulate on their own.
Other Uses for Letrozole
This research liquid has also been used on postmenopausal animal test subjects who have had surgery for hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer and advanced breast cancer. It has also been tested on subjects that have received five years of tamoxifen therapy. Research has been done on animal test subjects that are in menopause (natural or artificially induced) who have cancer that's spread from their breast to other areas of the body, and have already had anti-estrogen therapy.

Letrozole is being tested in breast cancer animal test subjects because it inactivates an enzyme called aromatase, which prevents estrogen production. Estrogen is a known source for cancer cell growth.

Disclaimer: Letrozole is a research liquid that has been used for scientific research on animal test subjects for breast cancer and infertility. It is advised that you only purchase this product with the intention of vitro laboratory research and experimentation only. It is not intended for human use or consumption.

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buy peptides and research liquids online

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Letrozole is the generic name of a currently tested research liquid called Femara. Scientific studies have been conducted on animal test subjects to determine whether this research liquid can be used to treat ovulation issues and unexplained infertility in different test subjects.

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What Is Selank Peptide - Blue Sky Peptide

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What Is Selank Peptide - Blue Sky Peptide

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The heptapeptide Selank is one of the newer peptides undergoing extensive research of late. Researchers are trying to understand what the peptide does, how it interacts with different systems within the body of the different test subjects, and what the effects of this peptide are under different experimental circumstances.

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The heptapeptide Selank is one of the newer peptides undergoing extensive research of late. Researchers are trying to understand what the peptide does, how it interacts with different systems within the body of the different test subjects, and what the effects of this peptide are under different experimental circumstances. So far, researchers are learning quite a bit about how this peptide is nearly a synthetic reproduction of tuftsin, which most bodies create naturally within the spleen.

The Origins of Selank

Selank was originally developed out of the Institute of Molecular Genetics, at the Academy of Sciences in Russia. The current peptide sequence has been found to be Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. This is showing researchers that it can inhibit the enzymes that are involved in the degradation of endogenous peptides as well as enkephalins. That is where the basis of the research began with selank.

The initial results were very promising when researchers began looking at the anxiolytic and nootropic effects of the peptide on the test subjects. This peptide began modulating Interleukin-6 expressions, and the brain-derived neurotropic factors in the test subjects of choice, in this case, rats.

What Researchers Are Discovering About Selank

So far, the most important discovery that researchers have made about selank is that it is showing great promise in reducing anxiety within the test subjects it has been tested on. There are no sedation effects being exhibited by the test subjects, but the anxiety and fear the animals were showing prior to exposure to selank is greatly reduced, or even gone in some cases. To make matters even better, this peptide has not shown any type of withdrawal symptoms after exposure to the peptide has stopped, and there are no signs of addictive tendencies being shown by any of the test subjects after repeated exposure to the peptide.

Another benefit that researchers have found is that the risk toxicity associated with exposure to selank is incredibly low. In fact, in numerous experiments, researchers exposed test subjects to much higher than normal doses, up to 500 times the standard dose, and found no ill effects. This makes the risk of any type of overdose with this peptide nearly negligible, allowing for researchers to be able to continuously perform experiments without having to worry about giving any of the test subjects a dose that is slightly too high, harming the animal.

This is helping researchers understand the importance in the regulation of both enkephalins and the endogenous peptides within the body when it comes to controlling anxiety. The more test subjects are exposed to this peptide, the more researchers are learning about the right levels each body needs to have in order to control anxiety. Through this discovery, researchers have also found that the more each test subject is exposed to selank, the stronger their immune system becomes, and the better their body is able to fight off illnesses.

DISCLAIMER: This peptide was solely created for research and experimental purposes, and should not be used for any purpose outside of experiments and research. Ingestion of selank is dangerous, and should not be attempted under any circumstances. Researchers using this peptide should wear all types of protective gear when using it for experiments, and should incidental contact occur, all attire should be thoroughly cleaned immediately.

Selank has the capability of teaching researchers a lot when it comes to how to boost an immune system and how to avoid anxiety. The more researchers can learn through test subject experimentation with selank, the more they will be able to learn about how the body works, and the better they will be able to set up future experiments to continue learning even more.

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The heptapeptide Selank is one of the newer peptides undergoing extensive research of late. Researchers are trying to understand what the peptide does, how it interacts with different systems within the body of the different test subjects, and what the effects of this peptide are under different experimental circumstances.

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What Is Sermorelin Used For - Blue Sky Peptide

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What Is Sermorelin Used For - Blue Sky Peptide

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Sermorelin is one of the most commonly used peptides in growth research around. It is the smallest chain of workable amino acids with 29 acids in a row, which allows research to take place on how growth occurs in different types of exposure.

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Sermorelin is one of the most commonly used peptides in growth research around. It is the smallest chain of workable amino acids with 29 acids in a row, which allows research to take place on how growth occurs in different types of exposure. The potential educational experiences that could come from sermorelin are quite lengthy due to the fact that this peptide can be synthesized so easily. The potential uses of this peptide are only now being discovered as research is just starting to put together what type of experiments this peptide works well with.

What Does Sermorelin Do?

Sermorelin currently has shown the ability to increase the test subject's natural levels of secretion of the pituitary gland's hormones for growth. This had given some test subjects the ability to start growing again after natural growth had stopped. This increase accompanied different doses, with the most effective being the dose that was given daily. The effect hit the test subjects very quickly, as it has a very short half-life of only 12 minutes on average.

So far it has shown growth in the cells that were exposed to the sermorelin within an experimental setting, as well as growth in the test subjects that were exposed to the peptide. There has been no evidence of any type of toxicity within the test subjects genes after exposure to sermorelin, but this has not been thoroughly tested. This peptide has also not been tested on pregnant or lactating test subjects, so the harm this may or may not cause is still unknown.

What Is Sermorelin Used For?

Currently, the most common use for sermorelin is that of research. Many companies are trying to understand what processes within the body turn on or turn off growth, and this peptide allows for this particular view to be studied. Since the synthesized peptide is so similar to the naturally occurring growth hormones, it allows researchers to get a very solid perspective on how different types of growth occur and how to stop that growth once it's started. The research environment allows for the researchers to view the growth on a cellular level under microscopes, which can help open up roads to new types of research in the future.

If a researcher is looking to do long-term research, the short life of Sermorelin is not going to work very well. However, for a researcher looking to do quick experiments that are easy to repeat to verify information and results, sermorelin is the ideal peptide for this purpose. It has the ability to initiate growth quickly, turn off quickly, and start the experiment over again in a matter of minutes, allowing researchers to view what repeated exposure may do to the test subjects.

DISCLAIMER: Sermorelin is created and distributed for research purposes only. It can be harmful if ingested by human beings, and should be avoided at all times. Should you desire to perform research with Sermorelin, all safety precautions should be taken prior to starting the experiment. Do not consume this peptide under any circumstances, and if accidental ingestion occurs, medical help should be sought out immediately.

Sermorelin has the potential to teach researchers quite a bit under the right circumstances. If the goal is to learn about growth on a fast, cellular level, Sermorelin should be the peptide of choice. The quick reaction of cells with the peptide makes the results found easy to replicate for verification purposes, and allows researchers to quickly and easily make their results known to the public. This short string of amino acids is quite similar to those found naturally within the body of test subjects, making it ideal for study and experimentation purposes.

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Sermorelin is one of the most commonly used peptides in growth research around. It is the smallest chain of workable amino acids with 29 acids in a row, which allows research to take place on how growth occurs in different types of exposure.

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In the world of research liquids, Cabergoline is among one that is teaching scientists quite a bit. They have been studying the effects on numerous test subjects, but the ones that are showing the most promise in terms of research are rats.

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In the world of research liquids, Cabergoline is among one that is teaching scientists quite a bit. They have been studying the effects on numerous test subjects, but the ones that are showing the most promise in terms of research are rats. Researchers are able to see the results quickly, and change their experiments minimally to learn more about what the liquid itself is doing to the test subject's body. The benefits that Cabergoline could offer in terms of knowledge are growing with each new experiment that is being performed.

What Does Cabergoline Interact With?

First discovered in 1981, and patented in 1985, Cabergoline is a synthetic liquid that originated with researchers in Italy. This ergot derivative has shown impressive results in inhibiting prolactin cells on D2 receptors for dopamine. Researchers are regularly using this as a first line of defense when managing prolactins, because this research liquid seems to stick to more D2 receptors than other research liquids in the same family. However, it also sticks with other receptors, such as D3 and D4 receptors, and some of the 5-HT receptors.

What Are the Specifications of Cabergoline?

So far, researchers have discovered that Cabergoline has a half-life that is between 63 and 69 hours, allowing for researchers to perform long-term experiments and see how different test subjects and their cells react to Cabergoline exposure. Once the liquid starts to break down in preparation to exit the body, researchers have found the majority of the remnants to be excreted in the feces of the test subject, instead of the urine. There is very little information on whether or not this research liquid is safe during pregnancy, so those experiments are yet to come. However, rats have shown that it is crossing over into their milk, so it is not recommended to be experimented on during lactation. When it was used during lactation, it did show that the research liquid suppressed the milk production in the female rats, and has since been used to help treat false pregnancies in dogs so help dry up the milk supply.

What Side Effects Have Been Common with Cabergoline?

Researchers have found that most of the side effects that come along with exposure to Cabergoline are totally dependent on the dosage the test subject is exposed to. The more research liquid the rat was exposed to, the higher its chances of having one of these side effects. The most common side effects were nausea, dry mouth, low blood pressure, and constipation. Some of the less common side effects included disturbances in the test subject's sleeping cycles (either trouble sleeping or trouble staying awake), vertigo, irregular heartbeats, depression, and edema. Researchers also noticed that some of the test subjects also had increases in their levels of liver enzymes, but showed no adverse side effects of these increases.

Cabergoline is a very valuable liquid in terms of what it can teach researchers. They are able to see the differences that each dose can make on different cells over longer times than many other research liquids. The side effects that researchers are seeing with exposure to Cabergoline are minimal in comparison to the side effects that come with many of the ailments this research liquid is teaching them about; allowing them to see what damage is being done to the body by the ailments directly. This is helping researchers learn more about the body's response to these ailments, and could help uncover a way to treat them in the future for these test subjects.

DISCLAIMER: Cabergoline is not intended for human use or human consumption in any form. Exposure to this research liquid could cause harm, and should be avoided at all costs. These research liquids are for research purposes only, and should not be used for any other circumstance.

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Sermorelin Acetate, also known as GRF 1-29, is a Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) produced by the brain that stimulates the production and release of Growth Hormone (GH).

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JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Research Grade Pramipexole Free Priority Shipping With Purchase over $99 | USA ONLY Unit Size 60mg/ bottle Unit Quantity 1 bottle Application Molecular Formula C10H17N3S Molecular Weight 211.33 Appearance Clear Physical State Liquid Storage Room Temperature Terms The products we offer are intended for laboratory research use only.

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GHRP-6 (growth hormone releasing peptide 6) is a synthetic compound made of six amino acids. It can elicit the release of growth hormone (GH)1. Early work on GHRP-6 and similar peptides indicated that they have no structural similarity to growth hormone releasing hormone, however2. There are two analogs of GHRP-6; GHRP-6 peptide and [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6. [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 has an antagonist effect on the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), or the receptor for ghrelin3. Therefore, such a peptide may be used in animal studies that assess the role of this important biomolecule in various processes related to hunger and metabolic regulation. For example, ghrelin may have a role in enhancing the release of insulin in response to food intake, through the release of GLP-1 from specialized cells in the intestine4. [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 has demonstrated the ability to counteract this effect4. It may also be used to determine the locations of the GHS-R, e.g. in the ventral tegmental area of the brain3. [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 has demonstrated the ability to reduce the extent of DNA synthesis in the gastric glands of infant rats, indicating a role for ghrelin in the development of the stomach after birth5.

The GHRP-6 peptide, on the other hand, has a dose-dependent agonist effect on the GHS receptor6. However, it appears not to match ghrelin in terms of specificity6. GHRP-6 has demonstrated positive effects on organ growth and regeneration in various studies. Its administration resulted in a threefold increase in the migration, but not proliferation, of rat-intestine epithelial cells, indicating a role for the peptide in restoring gut function7. Intraperitoneal GHRP-6 peptide (at a concentration of 120 μg/kg) also significantly inhibited the effects of an animal model of multiple organ damage (i.e. ischemia-reperfusion injury)7. A combination of GHRP-6 and recombinant human epidermal growth factor (administered at concentrations of either 100 or 600 μg per kg) had a significantly detrimental effects on the neurological damage expected as a result of experimentally-induced ischemic stroke in gerbils8.

References: 1. Pimentel-Filho FR, Ramos-Dias JC, Ninno FB, Facanha CF, Liberman B, Lengyel AM. Growth hormone responses to GH-releasing peptide (GHRP-6) in hypothyroidism. Clinical endocrinology. 1997;46(3):295-300. 2. Ghigo E, Arvat E, Muccioli G, Camanni F. Growth hormone-releasing peptides. European journal of endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 1997;136(5):445-460. 3. St-Onge V, Watts A, Abizaid A. Ghrelin enhances cue-induced bar pressing for high fat food. Hormones and behavior. 2015;78:141-149. 4. Gagnon J, Baggio LL, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Ghrelin Is a Novel Regulator of GLP-1 Secretion. Diabetes. 2015;64(5):1513-1521. 5. Bittar NM, Zulian JG, Ogias D, Gama P. Ghrelin and GHS-R in the rat gastric mucosa: Are they involved in regulation of growth during early weaning? Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2016;32(1):101-107. 6. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature. 1999;402(6762):656-660. 7. Cibrian D, Ajamieh H, Berlanga J, et al. Use of growth-hormone-releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) for the prevention of multiple organ failure. Clinical science (London, England : 1979). 2006;110(5):563-573. 8. Subiros N, Perez-Saad HM, Berlanga JA, et al. Assessment of dose-effect and therapeutic time window in preclinical studies of rhEGF and GHRP-6 coadministration for stroke therapy. Neurological research. 2015:1743132815y0000000089.

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KNOW ABOUT: FOLLISTATIN 344 | Blue Sky Peptide

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Follistatin 344 (or FS-344) acts as a precursor to the protein follistatin when administered to animals as a laboratory-grade peptide. Mature follistatin regulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) through the inhibition of activin ¹. Naturally, activin (also known as activin-A) is classically viewed as an FSH-level promoter, although it may have other roles in accordance to the part of the body in which it is present. Therefore, FS-344 may be present in any tissue that also contains activin (according to some studies on rats). These include skeletal muscle, several vital organs, the thymus and part of the cerebral cortex, although the majority of follistatin molecules may be found in the gonads and anterior pituitary ². Follistatin also has other targets in vivo, the best-studied of which are myostatin and growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF-11) ¹. This may be due to the close homogeneity in structure between activin and these additional proteins ³. Myostatin and GDF-11 were also perceived as similar in function at one time, although more up-to-date research indicates that they have wildly different roles in mammalian systems ³. Myostatin is associated with muscle development after birth, whereas GDF-11 has more diverse functions in development ³. This suggests a diverse range of future applications for follistatin and for derivatives such as FS-344.

There are a number of applications for FS-344 in the laboratory and in animal studies. These may mostly concern experiments on the roles of activin in various tissues, due to the influence of follistatin on this protein. FS-344 is composed of all the amino acids that can comprise the protein, whereas species-specific isoforms are spliced or further processed into slightly smaller variants (e.g. FS-315) ⁴. The presence of FS-344 mRNA was originally confirmed in porcine studies ⁵. It has also been found in rats, and stood out at the time as the most abundant messenger RNA associated with follistatin precursors (of which there are indeed others, e.g. FS-317) in this animal ². FS-344 also distinguishes itself through a novel 27-amino acid tail at the C-terminus, which other smaller follistatin precursors lack ⁵. Follistatin derivatives have also recently attracted attention as research agents in murine models of muscle growth and development 1,6. This is due to the inhibitory effects of the protein on myostatin, which has a role in the negative regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle mass ³.

Some groups have also reported results suggesting roles for follistatin and/or its derivatives in inflammatory processes, scar tissue formation, hair growth and tissue re-modeling 4,7,8. The anti-inflammatory effects of follistatin are most likely to be due to its binding of activin, which has been shown to be released in response to animal models of immune-system challenge ⁸. Follistatin may also reduce mortality in these animals, due to the neutralization of activin and, thus, increased inflammation ⁸. However, activin may also promote tissue re-modeling. Therefore, follistatin may be used to selectively modulate tissue regeneration, leading to the improved control of wound healing and fibrosis in animals affected by disorders of the relevant processes ⁸. Few formal studies have been conducted to elucidate the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of FS-344. However, a study of the same of the splice-variant FS-315 suggests that follistatin exhibits rapid clearance and limited distribution ⁴. Therefore, local (e.g. intramuscular for muscle mass and/or regeneration studies) as opposed to systemic administration may be advisable when incorporating FS-344 into a study.
References:

1. Yaden BC, Croy JE, Wang Y, et al. Follistatin: a novel therapeutic for the improvement of muscle regeneration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014;349(2):355-371.

2. Michel U, Albiston A, Findlay JK. Rat follistatin: gonadal and extragonadal expression and evidence for alternative splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1990;173(1):401-407.

3. Walker RG, Poggioli T, Katsimpardi L, et al. Biochemistry and Biology of GDF11 and Myostatin: Similarities, Differences, and Questions for Future Investigation. Circulation research. 2016;118(7):1125-1142.

4. Datta-Mannan A, Yaden B, Krishnan V, Jones BE, Croy JE. An engineered human follistatin variant: insights into the pharmacokinetic and pharmocodynamic relationships of a novel molecule with broad therapeutic potential. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2013;344(3):616-623.

5. Shimasaki S, Koga M, Esch F, et al. Porcine follistatin gene structure supports two forms of mature follistatin produced by alternative splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988;152(2):717-723.

6. Tsuchida K. Myostatin inhibition by a follistatin-derived peptide ameliorates the pathophysiology of muscular dystrophy model mice. Acta Myol. 2008;27:14-18.

7. Fumagalli M, Musso T, Vermi W, et al. Imbalance between activin A and follistatin drives postburn hypertrophic scar formation in human skin. Experimental dermatology. 2007;16(7):600-610.

8. de Kretser DM, O'Hehir RE, Hardy CL, Hedger MP. The roles of activin A and its binding protein, follistatin, in inflammation and tissue repair. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2012;359(1-2):101-106.

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Follistatin 344 (or FS-344) acts as a precursor to the protein follistatin when administered to animals as a laboratory-grade peptide. Mature follistatin regulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) through the inhibition of activin 1.

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Albuterol is an agonist of the [beta]-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR). It is commonly available in two forms, R-albuterol (or levalbuterol) and S-albuterol ¹. Levalbuterol is often regarded as the active form of this molecule, as S-albuterol as been found to remain in circulation for up to twelve times longer than its other isomer ¹.
Albuterol and Respiration
This class of drug elicits bronchodilation through the recruitment of sodium/potassium ATPases in the alveoli of animal lungs via changes in calcium concentrations ². A recent study has found that this is associated with calcium release-activated calcium channels linked to stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) ². A rat model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) found that the genes for sodium/potassium ATPase-α were significantly increased in response to intratracheal and intravenous albuterol, but only if alveolar ion channel and aquaporin gene expression were elevated beforehand (i.e. by experimental ARDS induction) ³.

Albuterol is often used as a standard when assessing the binding (and other) properties of novel β2-AR agonists ⁴. It was also recently used to validate the bronchoconstrictive properties of insulin in a study using guinea pigs ⁵. Albuterol has also been found to potentiate concurrently-available corticosteroids and modulate inflammatory responses when inhaled ¹.
Albuterol and Cardiovascular Research
Albuterol has been proposed as a preventative against hypoxia (oxygen deprivation) in anesthetized animals. However, it is also linked to increased risks of cardiac complications (e.g. changes in heart rate) due to its effects on β2-ARs outside the lungs ⁶. An electrophysiological study using mice with experimentally-induced heart failure found that this intervention resulted in significantly decreased bronchial tissue responses to albuterol ⁷. This was most probably due to significant decreases in β2-AR expression following heart failure ⁷.
Albuterol and Body Composition(?)
Albuterol may also have positive effects on fat accumulation and metabolism. A group of researchers have claimed that doses of albuterol, caffeine or both increased lipid breakdown in cultured lipocytes ⁸. They also reported a long-term trend of increased metabolic rates in rats, although increases in lean body mass and reductions in fat mass in response to the combination of caffeine and albuterol was greater compared to those associated with albuterol alone ⁸.
References:
1. Ameredes BT, Calhoun WJ. Levalbuterol versus albuterol. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep.2009;9(5):401-409.

2. Keller MJ, Lecuona E, Prakriya M, et al. Calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels mediate the beta(2)-adrenergic regulation of Na,K-ATPase. FEBS Lett.2014;588(24):4686-4693.

3. Uhlig C, Silva PL, Ornellas D, et al. The effects of salbutamol on epithelial ion channels depend on the etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome but not the route of administration. Respir Res.2014;15:56.

4. Baker JG, Proudman RG, Hill SJ. Salmeterol's extreme beta2 selectivity is due to residues in both extracellular loops and transmembrane domains. Mol Pharmacol.2015;87(1):103-120.

5. Sharif M, Khan BT, Ajmal K, Anwar MA. Acute effect of insulin on guinea pig airways and its amelioration by pre-treatment with salbutamol. J Pak Med Assoc.2014;64(8):932-935.

6. Casoni D, Spadavecchia C, Adami C. Cardiovascular changes after administration of aerosolized salbutamol in horses: five cases. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica.2014;56(1):49-49.

7. Rinaldi B, Capuano A, Gritti G, et al. Effects of chronic administration of beta-blockers on airway responsiveness in a murine model of heart failure. Pulm Pharmacol Ther.2014;28(2):109-113.

8. Liu AG, Arceneaux KP, 3rd, Chu JT, et al. The effect of caffeine and albuterol on body composition and metabolic rate. Obesity (Silver Spring).2015.

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Albuterol is an agonist of the [beta]-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR). It is commonly available in two forms, R-albuterol (or levalbuterol) and S-albuterol 1. Levalbuterol is often regarded as the active form of this molecule, as S-albuterol as been found to remain in circulation for up to twelve times longer than its other isomer 1.

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Anastrozole is a reversible competitive aromatase inhibitor (AI) with high specificity and affinity1,2. It has a chemical formula of C17H19N5 and a mass of 293.366 g/mol.
Anastrozole, Estrogen and Testosterone
This molecule binds to aromatase, which prevents the conversion of estrogen to testosterone ¹. These reductions in estrogen are used in medicine and research to reduce the supply of the hormone to its receptors (ERs) on tumor cells ³. A recent trial of the effects of anastrozole on murine ER-positive carcinoma cells found the AI significantly reduced cell viability and proliferation at a range of doses ³. It may be intuitive therefore to assume a role for anastrozole in the effects of testosterone on its physiological and pathological effects. However, a recent study using male Fisher 344 rats found that anastrozole had little effect on the bone-conserving properties of testosterone. This study randomly allocated orchidectomized rats to dose-regimens of testosterone, anastrozole, trenbolone (a testosterone analog which cannot be converted to estrogen), both anastrozole and trenbolone or placebo ⁴. The 'testosterone'and 'trenbolone' group suppressed the bone loss seen in the placebo group compared to intact animals, but this was not affected positively or negatively in the groups receiving anastrozole ⁴. In addition, anastrozole did not affect the increases in fat mass and decreases in muscle mass seen in the placebo group ⁴.

Anastrozole is an azole, which leads to its classification as a non-steroidal third-generation aromatase inhibitor ⁵. It is electrophilic, which suggests a role in ion channel activation ⁵.
Anastrozole and Pain
Anastrozole has been found to produce the side-effect of pain when used as a treatment or intervention ⁵. This adverse event most often arises in the form of joint or neuropathic (or nerve damage-related) pain ⁵. This azole has demonstrated the ability to induce or increase pain in murine studies ⁵. Anastrozole has been found to target the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, which is a mediator of neuropathic pain, chemical irritation and pain related to inflammatory stimuli 5,6. Mouse models of genetic TRPA1 deficiency and blockade have shown that anastrozole administration resulted in the calcium response of this channel ⁵. This indicates a role for anastrozole in models and studies of neuropathy, inflammatory pain and irriation in the future.
References:
1. Geisler J. Differences between the non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and letrozole--of clinical importance? British journal of cancer.2011;104(7):1059-1066.

2. Cuzick J, Sestak I, Forbes JF, et al. Anastrozole for prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women (IBIS-II): an international, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet.2014;383(9922):1041-1048.

3. Topcul M, Cetin I, Ozlem Kolusayin Ozar M. The effects of anastrozole on the proliferation of FM3A cells. J BUON.2013;18(4):874-878.

4. Beck DT, Yarrow JF, Beggs LA, et al. Influence of aromatase inhibition on the bone-protective effects of testosterone. J Bone Miner Res.2014;29(11):2405-2413.

5. Fusi C, Materazzi S, Benemei S, et al. Steroidal and non-steroidal third-generation aromatase inhibitors induce pain-like symptoms via TRPA1. Nature Communications.2014;5:5736.

6. Trevisani M, Siemens J, Materazzi S, et al. 4-Hydroxynonenal, an endogenous aldehyde, causes pain and neurogenic inflammation through activation of the irritant receptor TRPA1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2007;104(33):13519-13524.

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Anastrozole is a reversible competitive aromatase inhibitor (AI) with high specificity and affinity1,2. It has a chemical formula of C17H19N5 and a mass of 293.366 g/mol. Anastrozole, Estrogen and Testosterone This molecule binds to aromatase, which prevents the conversion of estrogen to testosterone 1.

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IPAMORELIN: ONE GHS ANALOG WITH MANY DIFFERENCES

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IPAMORELIN: ONE GHS ANALOG WITH MANY DIFFERENCES

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Ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide that binds selectively to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). It contains the artificial amino acids 2-aminoisobutyric acid (i.e. 2-methylalanine or Aib) and 2-naphthylalanine (2-Nal) ¹. These differentiate it from the peptide growth hormone releasing protein-1 (GHRP-1), on which it was based ¹. It has been found to have an efficacy and potency in releasing growth hormone comparable to that of GHRP-6 in in vitro and animal trials ¹. Ipamorelin was found to have lower potency, but higher efficacy, that GHRP-2 in a swine pharmacokinetic study ¹. Unlike the peptides GHRP-2 and -6, ipamorelin appears not to be associated with the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or cortisol ¹.
Appetite and the Gastrointestinal System
Ipamorelin is known as a ghrelin mimetic. Like this natural molecule, it increases appetite and gut motility ². A study incorporating a rat model of postoperative decreases in these found that repeated 0.01-1mg/kg doses of ipamorelin significantly increased food intake, fecal output and body weight in the first 48 hours after an experimental surgery ².
Ipamorelin and Diabetes
Ghrelin has been found to elicit significant increases in the pancreatic insulin production of both normal and diabetic rats ³. Therefore, ipamorelin may have similar effects. A study induced diabetes (via strepozocin administration) in rats. Pancreatic tissue samples were then taken from diabetic and control rats and incubated with a range of ipamorelin doses. This resulted in a moderately significant increase in the insulin secretion from the preparations taken from both groups of rats ⁴. Ipamorelin-associated insulin release was successfully inhibited by drugs that block alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors and calcium channels in both 'normal' and 'diabetic' samples ⁴. This implies the mechanism by which ipamorelin stimulates the release of insulin ⁴. Interestingly, alpha-adrenergic and calcium channel blockers fail to inhibit insulin release stimulated by ghrelin in diabetic rats ³. Ipamorelin-mediated insulin release was also significantly blocked by atropine, an acetylcholine receptor antagonist ⁴.
Ipamorelin and Interactions
Growth hormone has been found to counteract the negative effects of repeated steroid treatments on nitrogen balance in the body ⁵. These effects may lead to increased risks of liver damage. A rat study found that ipamorelin significantly reduced prednisolone-mediated urea synthesis, although to a lesser extent than growth hormone ⁵.
References:
1. Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol.1998;139(5):552-561.

2. Venkova K, Mann W, Nelson R, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.2009;329(3):1110-1116.

3. Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Ghrelin stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. J Neuroendocrinol.2002;14(7):555-560.

4. Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett.2004;25(6):403-406.

5. Aagaard NK, Grofte T, Greisen J, et al. Growth hormone and growth hormone secretagogue effects on nitrogen balance and urea synthesis in steroid treated rats. Growth Horm IGF Res.2009;19(5):426-431.

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Ipamorelin: One GHS analog with many differences

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Ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide that binds selectively to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). It contains the artificial amino acids 2-aminoisobutyric acid (i.e. 2-methylalanine or Aib) and 2-naphthylalanine (2-Nal) 1. These differentiate it from the peptide growth hormone releasing protein-1 (GHRP-1), on which it was based 1.

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Sermorelin Acetate Peptide Studies in 2021

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Blue Sky Peptide is a research peptide specialist operating in the United States offering high quality research peptides, which are manufactured using the finest ingredients. This is a well established company, backed by years of experience, with a proven track record for supplying research peptides for scientific vitro studies.

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Buy Fragment 176-191 via the Internet at Competitive Prices and Fast Delivery in 2021

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Blue Sky Peptide is a research peptide specialist operating in the United States offering high quality research peptides, which are manufactured using the finest ingredients. This is a well established company, backed by years of experience, with a proven track record for supplying research peptides for scientific vitro studies.

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Blue Sky Peptide is a leading research peptide specialist supplying quality research peptides to research facilities, educational institutions globally. This very well established company operates via their website from the United States, supplying the finest quality research peptides for scientific vitro studies.

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Blue Sky Peptide is a research peptide specialist operating in the United States offering high quality research peptides, which are manufactured using the finest ingredients. This is a well established company, backed by years of experience, with a proven track record for supplying research peptides for scientific vitro studies.

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The company stocks a complete range of research peptides and liquids including melanotan II, GHRP2 and 6, Pramipexole, Sermorelin acetate and so much more. Full details on the company and their extensive range can be found on their website, which is overflowing with valuable information, including storage recommendations on each peptide, reviews and more.

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About Us: Blue Sky Peptide is a leading supplier of research peptides in the United States. They offer their peptides throughout the country offering only the highest grade products which are all made in the US. The company offers a first class service and affordable prices to researchers and scientists, helping them meet their research goals and budget. Blue Sky Peptide offers years of knowledge and experience with a professional service that they know their clients can rely on and trust. The company also offers a rewards program and free domestic shipping on all orders over $99. To find out more, visit http://www.blueskypeptide.com.

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Blue Sky Peptide is a research peptide specialist operating in the United States offering high quality research peptides, which are manufactured using the finest ingredients. This is a well established company, backed by years of experience, with a proven track record for supplying research peptides for scientific vitro studies.

The company has a solid reputation for their high quality research peptides which they supply to researchers, scientists and chemistry students. They are known for their quality peptides, affordable prices and customer loyalty program. Their focus is to assist clients in completing their research within their budget while achieving accurate test results.

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Blue Sky Peptide is a research peptide specialist operating in the United States offering high quality research peptides, which are manufactured using the finest ingredients. This is a well established company, backed by years of experience, with a proven track record for supplying research peptides for scientific vitro studies.

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THYMOSIN-BETA4 AND ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN TISSUE REGENERATION

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THYMOSIN-BETA4 AND ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN TISSUE REGENERATION

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IGF: THE MUSCLE, BONE AND NERVE PROMOTER

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IGF: THE MUSCLE, BONE AND NERVE PROMOTER

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176-191 AND ITS POTENTIAL IN LIPOLYSIS, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

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176-191 AND ITS POTENTIAL IN LIPOLYSIS, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

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The effects of genetic GRF knock-out on the growth and body composition of mice (KO) compared with that of normal healthy controls. From Sun LY, Spong A, Swindell WR, et al., Growth hormone-releasing hormone disruption extends lifespan and regulates response to caloric restriction in mice. eLife. 2013;2:e01098, reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

176-191 is the common term for a fragment of human growth hormone (hGH). It is often regarded as a mimic of the C-terminus of hGH; in other words, it is a peptide made up of the last 16 amino acids found in the sequence of the hormone. This region of hGH has been linked to the reduction of fat and fat tissue in mammals, by promoting lipolysis and inhibiting lipogenesis1. However, this fragment of hGH has also been associated with the inhibition of insulin, and thus increased risks of hyperglycaemia2. These effects may be related to amino acids 178 to 190 in the hGH sequence2. Conversely, the amino-terminus of hGH has been found to have a significant effect on glucose breakdown mediated by insulin in healthy rats3. Animal studies investigating the properties of a 177-191 fragment have found that this peptide may disrupt the regulation of glycogen synthase in vivo4. This may lead to altered levels of circulating glucose. When the 176th amino acid is added to this fragment, however, it becomes an analog of the growth-hormone releasing factor (GRF). This peptide, as the name suggests, plays a role in the regulation of GH release, and is also known as growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)5. Visit: https://www.blueskypeptide.com/blog/176-191-potential-lipolysis-growth-development/

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176-191 AND ITS POTENTIAL IN LIPOLYSIS, GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

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The effects of genetic GRF knock-out on the growth and body composition of mice (KO) compared with that of normal healthy controls. From Sun LY, Spong A, Swindell WR, et al., Growth hormone-releasing hormone disruption extends lifespan and regulates response to caloric restriction in mice. eLife....

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ACE-031: NOT JUST A MYOSTATIN INHIBITOR(?)

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ACE-031: NOT JUST A MYOSTATIN INHIBITOR(?)

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ACE-031: Not Just a Myostatin Inhibitor(?) | Blogs

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The ActRIIB receptor. By Emw - Own work. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0... ACE-031: NOT JUST A MYOSTATIN INHIBITOR(?) The ActRIIB receptor. By Emw - Own...

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EPITHALON: A SHORT ASIDE IN THE RESEARCH OF CANCER AND AGING?

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EPITHALON: A SHORT ASIDE IN THE RESEARCH OF CANCER AND AGING?

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ALBUTEROL AND THE STUDY OF LUNG FUNCTION AND REACTIVITY

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ALBUTEROL AND THE STUDY OF LUNG FUNCTION AND REACTIVITY

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Albuterol is historically linked to bronchodilation, as it activates the beta-2 subtype of the adrenergic receptor (β2-AR). It is available as two discrete isomers; S-albuterol and R-albuterol (also known as albuterol). A treatment consisting of a mixture of these isomers may have a complementary effect on therapeutic corticosteroids and a beneficial effect on inflammation, but purified S-albuterol lacks this property1. Albuterol elicits generally beneficial effects in lung tissue through the modulation of different ions, occurring as a result of β2-AR activation. However, these same effects may precipitate into adverse events when albuterol is introduced into different tissues that also possess adrenergic receptors. Visit: https://www.blueskypeptide.com/blog/albuterol-study-lung-function-reactivity/

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ALBUTEROL AND THE STUDY OF LUNG FUNCTION AND REACTIVITY

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Albuterol is historically linked to bronchodilation, as it activates the beta-2 subtype of the adrenergic receptor (β2-AR). It is available as two discrete isomers; S-albuterol and R-albuterol (also known as albuterol). A treatment consisting of a mixture of these isomers may have a complementary...

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Graphs demonstrating the ability of CJC-1295 to reverse M3-receptor knockout- (Br-M3-KO) induced effects on pituitary function in mice. From... Graphs demonstrating the ability of CJC-1295 to reverse...

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EXEMESTANE: THE PROTECTIVE AI WITH AN UNFORTUNATE DRAWBACK

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EXEMESTANE: THE PROTECTIVE AI WITH AN UNFORTUNATE DRAWBACK

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HEXARELIN: A GHRELIN MIMETIC WITH MANY APPLICATIONS

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HEXARELIN: A GHRELIN MIMETIC WITH MANY APPLICATIONS

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The effects of hexarelin, administered both pre- and post-experimentally-induced ischemia, on the intracellular calcium levels of cultured murine cardiomyocytes. Asterisks indicate significant differences. From: Ma Y, Zhang L, Edwards JN, Launikonis BS, Chen C. Growth hormone secretagogues protect mouse cardiomyocytes from in vitro ischemia/reperfusion injury through regulation of intracellular calcium. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35265, reproduced under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License.

Introduction

Hexarelin is a six-amino-acid peptide synthesized with the goal of studying modifications of the growth hormone (GH) pathway. It mimics the action of ghrelin by binding to the growth hormone secretagog receptor 1a (GHS-R1a). Ghrelin, by contrast, has 28 amino acid residues and may require acylation to bind to the GHS-R1a in some tissues1. Synthetic GHSs such as hexarelin are thought to influence GH release via phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (PKC) signaling2. This may affect development in infant animals, normal growth rates and other functions. It may be used in the lab to study these topics, as well as other functions of ghrelin, based on these properties. Ghrelin, hexarelin and other similar synthetic peptides that act as GHSs are known for their effects on appetite and muscle mass3. Hexarelin is also employed in the determination of GHS-R1a presence, locations and functions in new and less-studied species4. Hexarelin may elicit a stronger response to GHS-R1a activation (in terms of calcium release) compared to ghrelin in some species, although the ED50 values of the two compounds may be similar4. This suggests that, while the gene for GHS-R1a may be conserved across species, the presence of ghrelin may not be.
Hexarelin and Anabolic Effects on Muscle
Hexarelin may instigate an increase in calcium influx through activation of the GHS-R1a, as outlined above. However, it may not have these effects in skeletal muscle. A study using isolated rat muscle fibers found that non-peptide GHSs, but not hexarelin or ghrelin, elicited an increase in intercellular calcium via GHS-R1a-independent pathways. On the other hand, hexarelin (50 or 100μM) has been found to enhance the contractility of isolated rat skeletal muscle in a significant, dose-dependent and calcium-independent manner5. This was associated with the activation of the GHS-R1a, as demonstrated by the use of D-Lys3-GHRP-6, which is an antagonist of the GHS-R1a5. Interestingly, this beneficial effect (i.e. modulating the mechanical threshold of muscle cell contraction) was only seen in tissue samples from younger rats. The administration of hexarelin to samples from older rats was unable to alleviate deficits in contractility associated with a deficiency in GH5. This may be due to the ability of hexarelin to elicit significant decreases in resting conductances conveyed by both chlorine and potassium, whereas muscular contractility essentially derives the most benefit from decreases in potassium-related conductance and increases in chlorine-related conductance5.
Hexarelin, Ghrelin and their Differential Roles in Cardiovascular Tissues
Some studies indicate the presence of the GHS-R1a in cardiac tissue, and, therefore, a role for ghrelin in heart tissue function1. Other researchers have also claimed a similar role for hexarelin in vascular and cardiac cells, and that it is associated with beneficial effects on these tissues, particularly in cases of injury or disease6-8. There is some evidence that hexarelin may also alleviate lesion development in mouse models of atherosclerosis1. However, these effects are not associated with GHSR-1a, but with CD36, a cardiovascular receptor at which hexarelin may also be active1.
Hexarelin in Adipose Tissue
There is some evidence that hexarelin is an agonist of CD36, a protein involved in the control of lipolysis and fatty acid breakdown in fat tissue9. Cultured murine adipose tissue was treated with 10μM hexarelin every 12 hours9. This resulted in the activation of CD36, which elicited the decreased expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). As PEPCK is associated with fatty acid breakdown, this indicates that CD36 regulates this process, and is activated by hexarelin9. Visit: https://www.blueskypeptide.com/blog/hexarelin-ghrelin-mimetic-many-applications/

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HEXARELIN: A GHRELIN MIMETIC WITH MANY APPLICATIONS

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The effects of hexarelin, administered both pre- and post-experimentally-induced ischemia, on the intracellular calcium levels of cultured murine cardiomyocytes. Asterisks indicate significant differences. From: Ma Y, Zhang L, Edwards JN, Launikonis BS, Chen C. Growth hormone secretagogues protect mouse cardiomyocytes from in vitro ischemia/reperfusion injury through regulation of intracellular calcium.

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IGF1 levels in mice with GRF signaling deficiency (black bars) compared to normal controls (white bars). Asterisks indicate significant... IGF1 levels in mice with GRF signaling deficiency (black...

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GHRP-2 and -6 are active in vivo through mimicking ghrelin (green). By own work - adapted from http://www.pdb.org/pdb/files/1p7x.pdb using PyMOL, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4790168
GHRP-2 vs GHRP-6 https://www.blueskypeptide.com/blog/ghrp-2-vs-ghrp-6/
Growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs) are relatively small molecules associated with the ability to affect the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) system in some animals. Most GHRPs are made of six amino acids, and were developed with the goal of GHS enhancement and/or study. Their sequences are chosen for the ability to interact with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and to elicit some of the downstream effects of growth hormone release (e.g. increased IGF-1 levels). Therefore, either may be useful when applied to studies investigating the various potential roles of the GHS (also known as ghrelin) in mammalian systems. These are thought to include cardioprotection, the prevention of dysfunctional angiogenesis, the control of leptin signalling and cholesterol levels in circulation 1-3. GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 are two particularly well-studied synthetic GHS analogs. They are comparable in size (818 and 873Da respectivelyi,ii). They are both available as high-quality research-grade compunds, available as lyophilized white solidsi,ii. Both peptides are associated with the classic effects of GHS-R activation (i.e. significant increases in GH and IGF-1 concentrations) and may also be associated with significant increases in GHS-R mRNA levels in cardiac tissues4. They have similar sequences, but have structural differences5. Both peptides have been found to act in tandem with GH-releasing factor (GRF or GHRH) to release GH from the rat pituitary5. Both also have a lysine residue at the NH-terminal, although in the case of GHRP-6, this may be substituted for D-Lys, to generate an isoform that antagonizes the GHS-R6. Therefore, GHRP-6 may have a greater range of application compared to GHRP-2.

Both peptides are thought to be associated with beneficial effects in response to events such as cardiac ischemia, as mentioned above. A study assessed this property using four GHRP variants, including GHRP-2 and (non-DLys) GHRP-6. These were administered subcutaneously to rats that underwent experimentally-induced chronic heart failure, and to identical control animals, at 100µg/kg twice daily for three weeks (or 100µg/kg saline as a placebo). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis (a marker of chronic heart failure) was significantly increased in placebo-treated animals compared to those treated with both GHRP-2 and GHRP-64. Treatment with both ghrelin mimetics also resulted in significant decreases in the stress-related hormones norepinephrine and renin compared to placebo-treated and control animals. GHRP-2 and -6 also had similar and significant effects on the levels of atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone and angiotensin-II compared to placebo-treated animals4. The two peptides also exhibited significant decreases in the abnormal left ventricular dimensions associated with chronic heart failure when compared to that in placebo-treated animals4. Treatment with both peptides also resulted in significantly improved ejection fractions compared to placebo4. Both peptides were also associated with non-significant improvements in diastolic wall (albeit posterior only) thickness post-surgery compared to placebo-treated animals. Both peptides elicited similar effects on GH, IGF-1 and the GSH-R concentrations in experimental animals, as might be expected4. These results indicate that GHRP-2 and -6 demonstrated similar abilities to improve cardiac function by significantly reducing stress and cardiomyocyte death in a model of chronic heart failure. However, neither peptide was associated with significant heart wall remodeling, as may have been expected4.

In conclusion, GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 may have similar effects in the main locations of the GHS-R, i.e. the pituitary and in cardiac tissues. However, GHRP-6 has greater flexibility in terms of structure and receptor-binding activity when compared to GHRP-2.
References:

1. Berlanga J, Cibrian D, Guevara L, et al. Growth-hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP6) prevents oxidant cytotoxicity and reduces myocardial necrosis in a model of acute myocardial infarction. Clinical science (London, England : 1979). 2007;112(4):241-250.

2. Madhavadas S, Kutty BM, Subramanian S. Amyloid beta lowering and cognition enhancing effects of ghrelin receptor analog [D-Lys (3)] GHRP-6 in rat model of obesity. Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics. 2014;51(4):257-262.

3. Zaniolo K, Sapieha P, Shao Z, et al. Ghrelin modulates physiologic and pathologic retinal angiogenesis through GHSR-1a. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2011;52(8):5376-5386.

4. Xu XB, Pang JJ, Cao JM, et al. GH-releasing peptides improve cardiac dysfunction and cachexia and suppress stress-related hormones and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats with heart failure. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology. 2005;289(4):H1643-1651.

5. Cheng J, Wu TJ, Butler B, Cheng K. Growth hormone releasing peptides: a comparison of the growth hormone releasing activities of GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 in rat primary pituitary cells. Life sciences. 1997;60(16):1385-1392.

6. Luque EM, Torres PJ, de Loredo N, et al. Role of ghrelin in fertilization, early embryo development, and implantation periods. Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2014;148(2):159-167.

7. GHRP-2 Product Page. Bluesky Peptides. 2016

8. GHRP-6 Product Page. Bluesky Peptides. 2016

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
GHRP-2 and -6 are active in vivo through mimicking ghrelin (green). By own work - adapted from http://www.pdb.org/pdb/files/1p7x.pdb using PyMOL, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4790168 GHRP-2 vs GHRP-6 https://www.blueskypeptide.com/blog/ghrp-2-vs-ghrp-6/ Growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs) are relatively small molecules associated with the ability to affect the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) system in some animals.

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Penzu is a free online diary and personal journal focused on privacy. Easily keep a secret diary or a private journal of notes and ideas securely on the web.

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blueskypeptide

This image shows the difference in size and length between a mouse carrying a mutation that impairs the release of GRF (Br-M3-KO, right) in the brain and an identical healthy control (left). From: Gautam D, Jeon J, Starost MF, et al. Neuronal M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are essential for somatotroph proliferation and normal somatic growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009;106(15):6398-6403, available through PNAS Open Access
What is CJC-1295 No DAC?
CJC-1295 is an isoform of the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), also popularly known as GH-releasing factor or GRF. This protein is produced in the hypothalamus of many animals, and targets receptors on somatotrophic cells in the pituitary when released1. It may be applied as a treatment for growth disorders, or with the intention of tissue mass enhancement; in which case it is bound to a drug-affinity complex (or DAC) which is intended to control its release over time when administered. However, the peptide as referred to in the title above is CJC-1295 NO-DAC, or modified GRF without DACi. Therefore, it may also be referred to as modGRF, or the first 29 amino acids that comprise the original GRF moleculei. Native GRF, on the other hand, may have as many as 44 amino acids2, although residues 1-29 have been shown to exert all the biological properties associated with this protein3. modGRF weighs just under 3.4kDa, is synthetically produced and is suitable for research use onlyi. The main function of modGRF is to enhance the release of GH, as mentioned above. Therefore, it may be useful in studies of growth and development. Some studies indicate that modGRF has pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic properties that are superior to endogenous GHRH4. It may have increased activity in vivo and a greater half-life compared to un-modified GRF4.

Human GRF (or GRF1-44) may be regarded as a 'reference' GRF, and was used as a template for many GRF analogs. However, its modification in respect to the isoforms of other species may confer benefits. For example, substituting the first two amino acids for those of the murine sequence reportedly inhibits metabolism by a peptidase, thus improving stability in cell culture studies2. Additionally, replacing the eighth residue in the human sequence (asparagine) with serine, (as in the rat sequence) threonine (mouse) or glutamine (synthetic) results in further stability and enhanced conformity to one peptide conformation2. Substituting alanine for the original glycine at the fifteenth residue is thought to increase receptor binding2. Another measure of GRF optimization is truncation, as outlined above. This may make improve many factors of potency for this molecule2.

GRF has other targets beside GH. The administration of CJC-1295 has resulted in significant increases in the release of IGF-13. Endogenous GRF, GH and IGF-1 form a regulatory 'axis' that may also control pro-inflammatory mechanisms when activated5. The peptide has also demonstrated the ability to reduce growth deficits in a mouse model of GHRH knockout. Knockout mice treated with 2µg CJC-1295 daily for five weeks achieved significantly increased total body weight and length compared to placebo-treated knockout animals6. The body weight and length of knockout mice treated daily with CJC-1295 was also comparable to 'normal' untreated mice6. Therefore, modGRF may also have profound effects on growth in experimental animals. It may also be used to assess the abnormal response to GRF that has been observed in rodent models of obesity7. Rats with genetically-induced obesity have exhibited significant decreases in GH release following treatment with GRF in a time-dependent manner (i.e. at eight weeks following birth compared to six weeks)7. In summary, modGRF is a useful lab-grade peptide that may be applied to studies of growth, development and metabolic disorders.
References:

1. Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J, Frohman LA, Kopchick JJ. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects. Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society. 2009;19(6):471-477.

2. Campbell RM, Stricker P, Miller R, et al. Enhanced stability and potency of novel growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) analogues derived from rodent and human GRF sequences. Peptides. 1994;15(3):489-495.

3. Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Pulsatile Secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) Persists during Continuous Stimulation by CJC-1295, a Long-Acting GH-Releasing Hormone Analog. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;91(12):4792-4797.

4. Jette L, Leger R, Thibaudeau K, et al. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-3058.

5. Qin YJ, Chan SO, Chong KKL, et al. Antagonist of GH-releasing hormone receptors alleviates experimental ocular inflammation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014;111(51):18303-18308.

6. Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, et al. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism. 2006;291(6):E1290-1294.

7. Renier G, Gaudreau P, Deslauriers N, Petitclerc D, Brazeau P. Dynamic of the GRF-induced GH response in genetically obese Zucker rats: influence of central and peripheral factors. Regulatory peptides. 1990;28(1):95-106.

8. CJC-1295 NO-DAC Product Page. Bluesky Peptides. 2016

This image shows the difference in size and length between a mouse carrying a mutation that impairs the release of GRF (Br-M3-KO, right) in the brain and an identical healthy control (left). From: Gautam D, Jeon J, Starost MF, et al. Neuronal M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are essential for somatotroph proliferation and normal somatic growth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009;106(15):6398-6403, available through PNAS Open Access
What is CJC-1295 No DAC?
CJC-1295 is an isoform of the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), also popularly known as GH-releasing factor or GRF. This protein is produced in the hypothalamus of many animals, and targets receptors on somatotrophic cells in the pituitary when released1. It may be applied as a treatment for growth disorders, or with the intention of tissue mass enhancement; in which case it is bound to a drug-affinity complex (or DAC) which is intended to control its release over time when administered. However, the peptide as referred to in the title above is CJC-1295 NO-DAC, or modified GRF without DACi. Therefore, it may also be referred to as modGRF, or the first 29 amino acids that comprise the original GRF moleculei. Native GRF, on the other hand, may have as many as 44 amino acids2, although residues 1-29 have been shown to exert all the biological properties associated with this protein3. modGRF weighs just under 3.4kDa, is synthetically produced and is suitable for research use onlyi. The main function of modGRF is to enhance the release of GH, as mentioned above. Therefore, it may be useful in studies of growth and development. Some studies indicate that modGRF has pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic properties that are superior to endogenous GHRH4. It may have increased activity in vivo and a greater half-life compared to un-modified GRF4.

Human GRF (or GRF1-44) may be regarded as a 'reference' GRF, and was used as a template for many GRF analogs. However, its modification in respect to the isoforms of other species may confer benefits. For example, substituting the first two amino acids for those of the murine sequence reportedly inhibits metabolism by a peptidase, thus improving stability in cell culture studies2. Additionally, replacing the eighth residue in the human sequence (asparagine) with serine, (as in the rat sequence) threonine (mouse) or glutamine (synthetic) results in further stability and enhanced conformity to one peptide conformation2. Substituting alanine for the original glycine at the fifteenth residue is thought to increase receptor binding2. Another measure of GRF optimization is truncation, as outlined above. This may make improve many factors of potency for this molecule2.

GRF has other targets beside GH. The administration of CJC-1295 has resulted in significant increases in the release of IGF-13. Endogenous GRF, GH and IGF-1 form a regulatory 'axis' that may also control pro-inflammatory mechanisms when activated5. The peptide has also demonstrated the ability to reduce growth deficits in a mouse model of GHRH knockout. Knockout mice treated with 2µg CJC-1295 daily for five weeks achieved significantly increased total body weight and length compared to placebo-treated knockout animals6. The body weight and length of knockout mice treated daily with CJC-1295 was also comparable to 'normal' untreated mice6. Therefore, modGRF may also have profound effects on growth in experimental animals. It may also be used to assess the abnormal response to GRF that has been observed in rodent models of obesity7. Rats with genetically-induced obesity have exhibited significant decreases in GH release following treatment with GRF in a time-dependent manner (i.e. at eight weeks following birth compared to six weeks)7. In summary, modGRF is a useful lab-grade peptide that may be applied to studies of growth, development and metabolic disorders.
References:

1. Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J, Frohman LA, Kopchick JJ. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects. Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society. 2009;19(6):471-477.

2. Campbell RM, Stricker P, Miller R, et al. Enhanced stability and potency of novel growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) analogues derived from rodent and human GRF sequences. Peptides. 1994;15(3):489-495.

3. Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Pulsatile Secretion of Growth Hormone (GH) Persists during Continuous Stimulation by CJC-1295, a Long-Acting GH-Releasing Hormone Analog. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2006;91(12):4792-4797.

4. Jette L, Leger R, Thibaudeau K, et al. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-3058.

5. Qin YJ, Chan SO, Chong KKL, et al. Antagonist of GH-releasing hormone receptors alleviates experimental ocular inflammation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014;111(51):18303-18308.

6. Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, et al. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism. 2006;291(6):E1290-1294.

7. Renier G, Gaudreau P, Deslauriers N, Petitclerc D, Brazeau P. Dynamic of the GRF-induced GH response in genetically obese Zucker rats: influence of central and peripheral factors. Regulatory peptides. 1990;28(1):95-106.

8. CJC-1295 NO-DAC Product Page. Bluesky Peptides. 2016

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This image shows the difference in size and length between a mouse carrying a mutation that impairs the release of GRF (Br-M3-KO, right) in the brain and an identical healthy control (left). From: Gautam D, Jeon J, Starost MF, et al. Neuronal M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are essential...

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The effect of ipamorelin treatment on diabetic (D/IPA) and healthy (C/IPA) mice compared to saline-treated controls. From: Johansen PB... HOW IPAMORELIN WORKS The effect of ipamorelin treatment on...

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KNOW ABOUT: THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TB500)

https://www.blueskypeptide.com/blog/know-thymosin-beta-4-tb500/

- Cells containing thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) co-localize to alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), indicating that the protein is active in the presence of fibrosis (induced by experimental chronic liver damage generated by treatment with CCI4). From: Kim J, Wang S, Hyun J, et al. Hepatic Stellate Cells Express Thymosin Beta 4 in Chronically Damaged Liver. PloS one. 2015;10(3):e0122758, reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

Thymosin beta-4 is a protein originally discovered as an isolate from the mammalian thymus gland ¹. It is one of a family of thymosins, which are low-weight acidic molecules that can act as cytopoietics. This means that they can control the movement and/or differentiation of cells by neutralizing the ability of individual actin proteins (or monomers) to polymerize into filaments ². On the other hand, thymosins also aggregate the actin monomers, thus allowing or preventing the formation of subsequent filaments ². At a certain scale, this may promote or prevent the differentiation of a cell such as a pluripotent stem cell into another, such as an osteocyte or a neural cell. Therefore, molecules such as thymosins (of which thymosin beta-4 is the most common in mammals ³) may play a significant role in postnatal development or the regeneration of some tissues. The influence of thymosin beta-4 over actin may also control cellular migration and angiogenesis ⁴. It follows, therefore, that the protein also has potential as an agent of wound repair. Thymosin beta-4 is available as a synthetic, laboratory-grade peptide known as TB500 i. Its molecular weight is just over 4.9kDa, and it is supplied as a white solid i.

TB500 also has anti-inflammatory properties. It has demonstrated the ability to attenuate the release of NO and prostaglandin E4 in cellular models of reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure ⁵. However, it may also upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and several interleukins (e.g. IL-6 and -8) in periodontal cells ⁵. As these molecules are also osteoclastogenic ⁵, it implies an additional role for TB500 in the regulation of bone formation. The peptide also inhibited the activation of NFkappaB in murine macrophages in this study ⁵. TB500 also concerns the release of acSDKP, an anti-inflammatory peptide fragment. This fragment is in fact a breakdown product of TB500, but this metabolism is regulated by a number of interesting factors ⁶. The co-incubation of TB500 with homogenated rodent kidney tissue resulted in a significant increase in the release of acSDKP ⁷. This is controlled by a complex regulatory mechanism which involves peptidases that only cleave molecules of specific fragments, necessitating the hydrolysis of TB500 by meprin-alpha before acSDKP may be cleaved from it ⁷. TB500 may also be of interest to researchers studying the fibrosis of various organs ⁸. One group has recently published results that indicate significant decreases of inflammation in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis ⁹. acSDKP has been shown to decrease renal fibrosis in mice, in that treatment with the fragment resulted in the reduced deposition of fibronectin and collagen (i.e. major components of scar tissue) and the reduced migration of macrophages and myofibroblasts to a site of damage ⁶. The up-regulation of thymosin beta-4 is also associated with the activation of hepatic stellate cells, which appear to co-localize to alpha-smooth muscle actin (a marker of chronic liver damage as observed in mouse models of the same) ¹⁰.

In general, TB500 is a peptide involved in complex regulatory and developmental processes in vivo. It appears to be a viable component of the control of tissue regeneration, cell differentiation and inflammation. Therefore, B500 may be applied to models of disorders such as abnormal fibrosis, osteolytic inflammation (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) and various states of postnatal development.

1. Goldstein AL, Slater FD, White A. Preparation, assay, and partial purification of a thymic lymphocytopoietic factor (thymosin). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1966;56(3):1010-1017.

2. Huff T, Muller CS, Otto AM, Netzker R, Hannappel E. beta-Thymosins, small acidic peptides with multiple functions. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology. 2001;33(3):205-220.

3. Cha HJ, Philp D, Lee SH, Moon HS, Kleinman HK, Nakamura T. Over-expression of thymosin beta 4 promotes abnormal tooth development and stimulation of hair growth. The International journal of developmental biology. 2010;54(1):135-140.

4. Philp D, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle development. Mechanisms of ageing and development. 2004;125(2):113-115.

5. Lee S-I, Yi J-K, Bae W-J, Lee S, Cha H-J, Kim E-C. Thymosin Beta-4 Suppresses Osteoclastic Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. PloS one. 2016;11(1):e0146708.

6. Zuo Y, Chun B, Potthoff SA, et al. Thymosin beta4 and its degradation product, Ac-SDKP, are novel reparative factors in renal fibrosis. Kidney international. 2013;84(6):1166-1175.

7. Kumar N, Nakagawa P, Janic B, et al. The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP is released from thymosin beta4 by renal meprin alpha and prolyl oligopeptidase. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology. 2016:ajprenal.00562.02015.

8. Peng H, Xu J, Yang XP, et al. Thymosin-beta4 prevents cardiac rupture and improves cardiac function in mice with myocardial infarction. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology. 2014;307(5):H741-751.

9. Conte E, Genovese T, Gili E, et al. Protective effects of thymosin beta4 in a mouse model of lung fibrosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2012;1269:69-73.

10. Kim J, Wang S, Hyun J, et al. Hepatic Stellate Cells Express Thymosin Beta 4 in Chronically Damaged Liver. PloS one. 2015;10(3):e0122758.

11. TB500 Product Page. Blue Sky Peptide. 2016

References:

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KNOW ABOUT: THYMOSIN BETA 4 (TB500) https://www.blueskypeptide.com/blog/know-thymosin-beta-4-tb500/ - Cells containing thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) co-localize to alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), indicating that the protein is active in the presence of fibrosis (induced by experimental chronic liver damage generated by treatment with CCI4). From: Kim J, Wang S, Hyun J, et al.

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Blend CJC 1295 NO DAC 5MG with GHRP-2 5MG has been studied to see how it can increase the output of growth hormones from the pituitary gland within many test subjects.

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