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Chloroplasts/Mitocondria

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Heterotrophs-> photosynthesis

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Peppered moth
Insecticide
Drug resistance

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Homologous- samse structure diff function
Analogous- coevolution same function different structure

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Rate is not constant
Rapid, followed by periods when nothing changes

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Gradual divergence over long spans lead to big changes over many small ones

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Reduced hybrid viability
RH fertility
Hybrid breakdown

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Habitat
Temporal
Behavioral
Mechanical
Gametric

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Same area, mutations (polyploidy) result in reproductive isolation

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Physical geographic barriers

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Founder (rare at high frquencies) and bottleneck (severely decreasing gene pool)
Variance decreases
Reduces Adaptability
Random

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Not random

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Reduces differences that are between 2 populations
Increases variation
Immigration/Emmigration

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Without it's H-W

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Does not always result in a new species, can lead to hybrids

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Served as building blocks(monomers), then joining to produce polymers with ability to replicate, store, and transfer info (RNA). Reactions could have occured in organic soup model or as reactions on solid reactive surface (clay).

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Supported by molecular/genetic evidence (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and shared genetic code)

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Earth formed 4.6 bya
Environment was too hostile until 3.9 bya
Earliest fossils 3.5 bya

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provided inorganic precursors from which organic molecules could have been synthesized due to presence of free energy and absence of oxygen

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Represents derived traits
Lost traits
Speciation
Morphological/Molecular Similarities
Constantly revised

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fossils (transitional fish to amphibians)
morphological homologies
vestigial structures
DNA/proteins
Biogeography
H-W

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are rapid during ecological stress. There are 5 major extinctions.

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Adaptive Radiation when new habitats become available. Caused by reproductive isolation(physics,pre,post zygotic) preventing gene flow.
Usually gradual (unless polyploidy)

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Chemical resistance
Emergent diseases
Finches

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Life Evolves Within a Changing Environment

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Life Evolves Within a Changing Environment

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Large population size
No migration
No mutations
Random mating
No selection

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Chance and random events in small populations.

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Genetic variation that is favored by selection for a specific environment

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Artificial selection

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Not directed by environment. Occur through random changes that make help or hurt.

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Affects evolutionary rate and direction. Different genetic variations can survive.

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A diverse gene pool is necessary for survival of a species in a changing environment.

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Darwin's theory: competition for limited resources, leads to differential survival. Fitness measured by reproductive success