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and Kaitlyn Power

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antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria

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antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria

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Vivika Sheppard
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170110151408.htm

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Elisa Toghranegar

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When most people think of contact lenses, they typically associate them with vision correction. In some cases, people may even wear contact lenses without a corrective prescription solely for cosmetic purposes, such as changing their eye color. Smart contact lenses are a new take on traditional contacts in that they are generally not designed for the strict purpose of improving eyesight. By utilizing advanced technology, these lenses are primarily meant for the purpose of monitoring or maintaining eye and general health. Although most smart contacts are not yet on the market, their development may potentially change how certain conditions are controlled and monitored.
Smart Contacts and Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a condition in which internal fluid in the eyes builds up and puts pressure on the optic nerves, which are the nerves that connect the eyes to the brain. When this happens, it can eventually cause irreversible loss of sight. Currently, doctors treat this condition with eye drops and by monitoring the patient's intraocular pressure (IOP) using an instrument called a Goldmann tonometer. While this is effective to some extent, it is limited in that it only provides a reading at the time of day that the patient has an appointment. Because eye pressure fluctuates throughout the day and night, the measurement taken at the eye appointment only gives the doctor a limited idea of what the patients true IOP range is.

Smart contacts are made to monitor a person's IOP over a 24 hour period. When the lenses are inserted, a strain gauge that is embedded in the lens measures the curvature of the wearer's eye. As the eye pressure fluctuates, there will be changes in the curvature. By keeping the lens in for 24 hours, doctors are able to see when the pressure peaks, which provides them with more accurate information to correctly administer medication and provide care. In order to gather data from the contact lenses, the information is transmitted via an induction loop to a receiver worn by the patient. These contact lenses are not meant for daily wear and are instead meant to be used approximately every six months for 24 hours. Glaucoma-monitoring smart contacts have been available in certain areas in Europe since 2010, but have not yet been approved for use in the United States.
Diabetes and Smart Contact Lenses
Another type of smart contact lens that is not yet in use, is a contact meant for the management of diabetes. When a person is diabetic, he must check his glucose levels on a regular basis. Typically this is done using a blood glucose monitor that requires a drop of blood from a finger prick. Smart contact lenses can make pricking the finger for blood unnecessary, as glucose levels are also detectable in a person's tear film. Glucose is measured by tiny electrodes, or probes, on the contacts. These electrodes transmit the results to a receiving device that is worn by the patient.
Dispensing Eye Medication
Smart contact lenses are also being designed as a dispensing method for eye drops. In eye care, eye drops are crucial in the treatment of many conditions. This can be a problem because often people have difficulty when inserting eye drops. As a result drops are not taken, or they are wasted when they are not put in properly. This can happen because of a fear of eye drops, or because of difficulty handling the small bottles that the drops are dispensed from. Smart contact lenses are being developed to administer eye drops without patient involvement beyond the insertion of the lens. The goal of these contacts is to release medicated drops over a certain period, depending on the type of contact lens used. The idea is that the medication is impregnated on a film that is attached to the contact lens. As the film degrades, the medication is gradually released.
Smart Contact Lenses in the Future
There are many potential ideas and when it comes to the future of smart contacts. In terms of general health care, scientists hope to develop lenses that can accurately measure a person's cholesterol and even blood alcohol levels. In the treatment of eye conditions, some researchers are developing ways to combine contacts that measure a person's IOP and also administer the necessary glaucoma drops. Outside of health care, smart contacts with heads up displays are being researched. This type of contact would map images directly in the wearer's field of vision, without the use of glasses, a monitor or a headset.

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When most people think of contact lenses, they typically associate them with vision correction. In some cases, people may even wear contact lenses without a corrective prescription solely for cosmetic purposes, such as changing their eye color. Smart contact lenses are a new take on traditional contacts in that they are generally not designed for the strict purpose of improving eyesight.

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Engineered immune cells boost leukemia survival 

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Engineered immune cells boost leukemia survival 

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Ricardo Pena
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/engineered-immune-cells-boost-leukemia-survival-some

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Reading neorological signals to advance prosthetics

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Reading neorological signals to advance prosthetics

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Jacob Schroeder
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160314141412.htm

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Fusing spinal cords to add a second head to a mouse

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Fusing spinal cords to add a second head to a mouse

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Jake Orlick and Nickson Montoya
http://www.businessinsider.com/head-transplant-rat-experiment-2017-4

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Nano-therapy Fights Cancer and Inflammatory Disorders

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Nano-therapy Fights Cancer and Inflammatory Disorders

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Erin Walker and Jevette Bonilla

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160405161413.htm

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Growing artificial human ears inside of miceusing cow and sheep cells

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Growing artificial human ears inside of miceusing cow and sheep cells

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Hannah Duncan and Juan Hernandez

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US scientists say they have moved a step closer to being able to grow a complete human ear from a patient's cells.

In a new development in tissue engineering, they have grown a human-like ear from animal tissue.

The ear has the flexibility of a real ear, say researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

The technique may one day be used to help people with missing or deformed outer ears, they believe.

Tissue engineering is a growing field in medical science, where substitute organs are made in the laboratory in the hope of using them to replace damaged ones.

This research is a significant step forward in preparing the tissue-engineered ear for human clinical trials
Dr Thomas Cervantes, Massachusetts General Hospital

The US research team is working on artificial living ears to help people born with malformed ears or who have lost them in accidents or trauma.

Previously the researchers had grown an artificial ear, the size of a baby's, on a mouse.

In the latest development, published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface, they took living tissues from cows and sheep and grew them on a flexible wire frame that has the 3D shape of a real human ear.

This was then implanted into a rat whose immune system they had suppressed enabling the ear to grow.

"We've demonstrated the first full-sized adult human ear on the rat model," Dr Thomas Cervantes, who led the study, told BBC News.

It was significant for several reasons, he said.

"One - we were able to keep the shape of the ear, after 12 weeks of growth in the rat. And then secondly we were also able to keep the natural flexibility of the cartilage."

Titanium scaffold

The cells were grown on a titanium wire scaffold that is modelled on the dimensions of a real human ear, taken from CT scans.

The new work shows that in theory it is possible to grow up enough cells - at least in animals - to make a full-size human ear.

"In a clinical model, what we would do is harvest a small sample of cartilage, that the patient has, and then expand that so we could go ahead and do the same process," said Dr Cervantes.

"This research is a significant step forward in preparing the tissue-engineered ear for human clinical trials."

He said he expected that the process could move into human clinical trials in about five years.

Other research into bioengineered organs is progressing fast.

About a dozen patients have received transplants of artificial wind pipes coated with stem cells taken from either the patient or a donor.

Meanwhile, a kidney grown in the laboratory has been transplanted into a rat, where it started to produce urine.

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Artificial human ear grown in lab - BBC News

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US scientists say they have moved a step closer to being able to grow a complete human ear from a patient's cells. In a new development in tissue engineering, they have grown a human-like ear from animal tissue. The ear has the flexibility of a real ear, say researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.

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With Iron Nanoparticles, Cryoperserved tissue springs back to Life 

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With Iron Nanoparticles, Cryoperserved tissue springs back to Life 

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Kristal Hill and Sierra Boudreaux

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2017/03/01/cryopreservation-tissue-organ-preservation/#.WQoMMsopDqA

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Protein that kick-starts gene expression in developing embryos.

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Protein that kick-starts gene expression in developing embryos.

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Ally Weissman

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Animal Domestication (The Silver Fox Experiment)

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Animal Domestication (The Silver Fox Experiment)

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Claire Chesney

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National Geographic stories take you on a journey that's always enlightening, often surprising, and unfailingly fascinating. This month-Designing the Perfect Pet

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Gene Editing to Eliminate HIV-1 Using Animal Genomes

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Gene Editing to Eliminate HIV-1 Using Animal Genomes

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Michelle Bui and Maleesa Tran