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^ I will be your CELL MEMBRANE. I'll protect and guard you No Matter What Happen just to make sure that you're safe. ^

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^ I will be you CELL MEMBRANE. I'll protect and guard you NO MATTER WHAT HAPPENS

The cell membrane also known as Plasma Membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings.

It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalix, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.

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Super Vacuole Is On The Way-Angelica Rosal

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Super Vacuole Is On The Way-Angelica Rosal

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Mitochondria - Crissel Zuniega

"Cellphone batteries are like mitochondria because they're the powerhouse of your cell"

Mtochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. They vary considerably in shape and size, but are all composed of four compartments: a smooth outer membrane, a convoluted inner membrane that forms recognizable structures called cristae, the intermembrane space, and the matrix. Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of cells; their function is to convert energy found in nutrient molecules and store it in high-energy phosphate bonds in a molecule called adenosine triphosphate, which is the universal energy-yielding component necessary for the reactions that modulate many fundamental cellular processes. Mitochondrial ATP is produced through the process of oxidative phosphorylation, a process that uses molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

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WE DONT DIE WE MULTIPLY BY RAINNAND MONTANIEL

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WE DONT DIE WE MULTIPLY BY RAINNAND MONTANIEL

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This is LIFE
Genesis 9:7
"And as for you, be fruitful and multiply;Bring forth abundantly in the earth And multiply in it".

I relate on one of the verses of the Bible. For me I think this support the Cell Theory as an evidence proving its true.
•According to the cell theory...
New cells are created by old cells dividing  into two cells.
(Topic is all about the Theory of Cell of plant  and  animal cells there is one part of the cell that can multiply.)

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Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.

Plasma Membrane Structure
- The cell membrane is primarily composed of a mix of proteins and lipids.
-Depending on the membrane’s location and role in the body, lipids can make up anywhere from 20 to 80 percent of the membrane, with the remainder being proteins.
-Lipids help to give membranes their flexibility, proteins monitor and maintain the cell's chemical climate and assist in the transfer of molecules across the membrane.

Function of Plasma Membrane
- Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out.
- It also serves as a base of attachment for the cytoskeleton in some organisms and the cell wall in others.
- It also serves to help support the cell and help maintain its shape.
-It also regulates cell growth through the balance of endocytosis and exocytosis

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Maria Ysabelle Angela H. Parado
-also known as plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane.
-biological membrane that seperates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
-controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.
-protect the cell from its surroundinga.

HISTORY:
The structure has been variously reffered to by different writers as the ectoplast,plasmahaut,hautschicht, plasmatic membrane,plasma membrane,cytoplasmic membrane,cell envelope, and cell membrane.

-some authors that didn't believe that there was a functional permeable boundary at the surface of the cell preferred to use the term plasmalemma for the external region of the cell

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Mitochondria - Turning on the Powerhouse

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. The biochemical processes of the cell are known as cellular respiration. Many of the reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are the working organelles that keep the cell full of energy.

Mitochondria are small organelles floating free throughout the cell. Some cells have several thousand mitochondria while others have none. Muscle cell need a lot of energy so they have loads of mitochondria. Neurons (cells that transmit nerve impulses) don’t need as many. If a cell feels it is not getting enough energy to survive, more mitochondria can be created. Sometimes a mitochondria can grow larger or combine with other mitochondria. It all depends on the needs of the cell.

Mitochondria Structure

Mitochondria are shaped perfectly to maximize their productivity. They are made of two membranes. The

outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae. The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called the matrix.

The folding of the inner membrane increases the surface area inside the organelle. Since many of the chemical reactions happen on the inner membrane, the increased surface area creates more space for reactions to occur. If you have more space to work, you can get more work done. Similar surface area strategies are used by microvilli in your intestines.

What’s in the matrix? It's not like the movies at all. Mitochondria are special because they have their own ribosomes and DNA floating in the matrix. There are also structures called granules which may control concentrations of ions. Cell biologists are still exploring the activity of granules.

Using Oxygen to Release Energy

How does cellular respiration occur in mitochondria? The matrix is filled with water and proteins (enzymes). Those proteins take organic molecules, such as pyruvate and acetyl CoA, and chemically digest them. Proteins embedded in the inner membrane and enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle ultimately release water (H₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) molecules from the breakdown of oxygen (O₂) and glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆). The mitochondria are the only places in the cell where oxygen is reduced and eventually broken down into water.

Mitochondria are also involved in controlling the concentration of calcium (Ca²⁺) ions within the cell. They work very closely with the endoplasmic reticulum to limit the amount of calcium in the cytosol.

Mitochondria provide energy in the form of ATP [adenosine triphosphate].

MITOCHONDRIA MEME

PARTS OF MITOCHONDRIA

INNER MEMBRANE - The inner membrane is also loaded with proteins involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis. This membrane surrounds the mitochondrial matrix, where the citric acid cycle produces the electrons that travel from one protein complex to the next in the inner membrane.

OUTER MEMBRANE - The outer membrane is the gateway to the mitochondrion, just like the cell membrane is for the cell. It has porins to allow smaller proteins in and protein complexes to allow bigger proteins in. It works in concert with the inner membrane to allow these proteins into the matrix.

CRISTAE - The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis takes place on this membrane as part of cellular respiration to create ATP and can be seen in the diagram: The cristae increase the surface area of the inner membrane, allowing for faster production of ATP because there are more places to perform the process.

MATRIX - The mitochondrial matrix has several functions. It is where the citric acid cycle takes place. This is an important step in cellular respiration, which produces energy molecules called ATP. It contains the mitochondrial DNA in a structure called a nucleoid.

TRIVIA TIME!!!!!!!!

-There is no real single answer regarding who discovered mitochondria. The process of discovery and identification was a gradual one that has spanned the last century and a half. The first scientists known to identify the existence of mitochondria were working during the mid-1800s. In 1857, Albert von Kölliker described what he called “granules" in the cells of muscles. Other scientists of the era also noticed these “granules" in other cell types.

The discovery of mitochondria in general came in 1886 when Richard Altman, a cytologist, identified the organelles using a dye technique, and dubbed them “bioblasts." He postulated that the structures were the basic units of cellular activity. Carl Benda, in 1898, coined the term mitochondria. He derived the term from the Greek language for the words thread, mitos, and granule, chondros.

-Mitochondria are contained in all eukaryotic cell. Mitochondria can harvest energy from organic compounds to make ATP [adenosine triphosphate]. Mitochondria uses ATP as a main energy currency of cell. Mitochondria have both DNA and ribosomes. Most mitochondrial proteins are made by free ribosomes in the cytosol.

MITOCHONDRIA WORD OF THE WEEK:

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Function:
Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes protein. Protein is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

The location of the ribosomes in a cell determines what kind of protein it makes. If the ribosomes are floating freely throughout the cell, it will make proteins that will be utilized within the cell itself. When ribosomes are attached to endoplasmic reticulum, it is referred to as rough endoplasmic reticulum or rough ER. Proteins made on the rough ER are used for usage inside the cell or outside the cell.

Proteins are an essential part of all cells. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes require protein to function and carry out daily activities. For this reason, ribosomes are extremely important for the survival of living things.

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Cell Wall Structure

What is Cell Wall?
-is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, situated outside the cell membrane.
- It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid.
-It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism.
Why is Cell Wall Important?
-Cell walls are important features of plant cells that perform a number of essential functions, including providing shape to the many different cell types needed to form the tissues and organs of a plant. Forming the interface between adjacent cells, plant cell walls often play important roles in intercellular communication. Because of their surface location, plant cell walls play an important role in plant-microbe interactions, including defense responses against potential pathogens. The desire to understand these and other plant functions help explain the strong interest in wall structure and biosynthesis.
Why do only plant cell have a cell wall?
-In particular, organelles called chloroplasts allow plants to capture the energy of the Sun in energy-rich molecules; cell walls allow plants to have rigid structures as varied as wood trunks and supple leaves; and vacuoles allow plant cells to change size.

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BUT FIRST LET ME TAKE A CELLFIE - Patrice Legaspi

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BUT FIRST LET ME TAKE A CELLFIE - Patrice Legaspi

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Ang babae ay DNA, DNA - wan

CYTOSOL - Mariela M. Castillo
CYTOSOL ka ba?
........
BAKIT?
Kasi CYTOSOL din ako, CYTOSOLMATE tayo.

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If organelles could talk

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Lysosomes

A simple description of lysosomes is that they are tiny sacs filled with fluid containing enzymes which enable the cell to process its nutrients and are also responsible for destroying the cell after it has died.

Lysosomes are the main sites of digestion, that is the break-down of structures, within cells.
There are, however, some circumstances (diseases / conditions) in which lysosomes begin to 'break-down' living cells - not just useless parts of cells or potentially harmful structures.

A defining characteristic of lysosomes is that each one is bounded by only a single membrane.

Definition:

A lysosome is a type of membrane-bound organelle that is present in animal cells.
Ranging in diameter from approx. 50nm to 1 μm§, lysosomes have a single outer membrane consisting of a phospholipid bilayer and contain acid hydrolases which are enzymes capable of breaking-down macromolecules.

Structure of Lysosomes

The outer surface is formed by a single membrane, a phospholipid bilayer that can fuse with some other membrane-bound organelles.

Approx. spherical shape of diameter ranging up to one micrometre (1 μm).

A single lysosome contains many enzyme molecules.

The enzymes contained within lysosomes are known collectively as acid hydrolases and work best at in acidic environments, i.e. at low pH. The interior of lysosomes is acidic (about pH 4.8 to 5) compared with the slightly basic (about pH 7.2) intracellular fluid, which is also called cytosol, that surrounds organelles such as lysosomes within cells.

Formation of Lysosome

Above: A very simple representation of a primary lysosome being formed from the Golgi body within the cell, then going on to form a secondary lysosome by
merging with a vesicle.

The Golgi Apparatus (also known as the Golgi complex, the Golgi body, or simply the Golgi), which is present in the vast majority of eukaryotic cells, forms tiny vesicles that separate, some descriptions say "bud", from the ends of the Golgi cisternae. Vesicles formed in this way that contain enzymes such as proteases and lipases, are primary lysosomes.

Secondary lysosomes are formed when primary lysosomes fuse with other membrane-bound vesicles.

See the diagram on the right.

Importance of Lysosomes

If they were not enclosed, the enzymes contained within lysosomes could cause damage to other structures within the cell. The rest of the cell is therefore protected by these enzymes being isolated within a membrane - each such membrane and its contents forming an organelle known as a lysosome. In addition to holding potentially harmful enzymes apart from other structures within the cell, lysosomes perform many functions concerned with removing unwanted materials from cells (see below).

Functions of Lysosomes

The functions of lysosomes concern the different ways in which the enzymes contained within the membrane (that defines and encloses the lysosome) affect other materials, which can originate from either outside or inside the cell.

Note that the functions of lysosomes are listed differently in different textbooks - both in terms of the number of functions listed and the words used to describe the various processes. Technical (biology) terms are indicated in bold green below, with explanations of these words being given in standard font.

Release enzymes outside of the cell (exocytosis)
which may serve the purpose of destroying materials around the cell.

Break-down 'digestion' of materials from inside the cell (autophagy)
i.e. by fusing with vacuoles from inside the cell.
This could include digesting worn-out organelles so that useful chemicals locked-up in their structures can be re-used by the cell.

Break-down 'digestion' of materials from outside the cell (heterophagy)
i.e. by fusing with vacuoles from outside the cell.
This could include breaking-down material taken-in by phagocytes, which include many types of white blood cells- also known as leucocyte. Specific mechanisms of heterophagy can be:

phagocytic - by which cells engulf extracellular debris, bacteria or other particles - only occurs in certain specialized cells

pinocytic - by which cells engulf extracellular fluid

endocytic - by which cells take-up particles such as molecules that have become attached to the outer-surface of the cell membrane.

Recycle the products of biochemical reactions that have taken place following materials being brought into the cell by endocytosis (general term for this 'recycling' function: biosynthesis)
Different materials (chemicals) are processed in different ways, e.g. some structures may be processed/degraded within lysosomes and others are taken to the surface of the cell.

Completely break-down cells that have died (autolysis)

In general, the functions of lysosomes involve breaking-down i.e. processing to 'make safe' or make use of, or removing from the cell e.g. by exocytosis, useless and potentially harmful materials such as old worn-out parts of the cell or potential threats such bacteria. Lysosomes can therefore be thought of as the rubbish disposal units within cells.

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The cytoplasm (cytosol) is the protoplasm of a cell outside the cell nucleus.
Gel-like material plus the organelles outside the nucleus.
Cell membrane is the thin outer covering of cell Many important functions of a cell take place in organelles, which are like bits of machinery for doing jobs. The cytoplasm is highly structured: it is not some kind of soup, even though it is made out of 75–80% water.

Cytoplasm (cytosol) contains:
- Complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi Apparatus
it includes:
- dissolved molecules
- water that fills much of the cell

* Cytoplasm (cytosol) does not act like a simple liquid

CYTOPLASM FUNCTION

The cytoplasm functions to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules. Many cellular processes also occur in the cytoplasm.

Some of these process include:
- Photosynthesis
- The first stage of Cellular Respiration, known as glyclosis, mitosis and meiosis

*Cytoplasm (cytosol) helps to move materials, such as hormones, around the cell and also dissolves cellular disease

Organelles
- are tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell

Cytoskeleton is also located within the cytoplasm (cytosol), a network of fibers that help the cell maintain its shape and provide support for organelles.

Cytoplasm's discovery was in 1831, by Robert Brown, and in 1874 received the actual name: cytoplasm.

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An Open Letter to my Lysosome 3 - Francheska O.Vicedo

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An Open Letter to my Lysosome 3 - Francheska O.Vicedo

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"It is known as "The Finisher" becuz it finishes the packaging and trasporting Proteins"

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C ell Wall ka ba? Kasi ikaw ang nag-poprotekta sa akin EHHH!!!!

The plant cell wall is composed of cellulose. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate and is considered a complex sugar because it is used in both protection and structure. The plant cell wall consists of three layers. Each layer has its own unique structure and function.

FUNCTIONS

The cell wall gives the plant its actual shape. It acts as a gatekeeper, because it determines what can come in and out of the cell in order to keep the cell protected. It is kind of like the outside bricks of a castle, only, as you will learn as you read on, there are holes throughout this castle. Those holes do make the cell vulnerable, but they are important to the function of the cell.

A plant cell has a cell wall, whereas an animal cell only has a cell membrane.

A redwood tree and a dandelion both have cell walls on the outside of all of their cells. The cell walls are there to give the plants their shape and support; however, the cell walls act and are constructed a little different to meet the needs of the particular plant. For instance, a 100-foot redwood tree needs a very strong and rigid plant cell wall so that it can grow to its great height and not fall over in the wind. On the other hand, a little yellow dandelion out in the field needs to have more plasticity so that it can bend, not break, as the wind blows through the field.
A dandelion needs to have plasticity to be able to bend in the wind
The cell wall protects the plant and cells from the many insects and pathogens that could harm the plant, but the cell wall still has its vulnerable areas. There are holes all over the cell wall called plasmodesmata. These are holes that allow for nutrients to enter the cell as well as waste to exit the cell. These small holes can cause the cell to lose water, and this is when the plant will start to droop. But as soon as the plant can get a drink, it will bounce right back up to its proper shape.

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION

The plant cell wall is composed of cellulose. Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate and is considered a complex sugar because it is used in both protection and structure. The plant cell wall consists of three layers. Each layer has its own unique structure and function. The layers may vary depending on the type of plant and its needs.

Cell walls are composed of three layers.

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The cell nucleus​ is a membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. It is the command center of a eukaryotic cell and is commonly the most prominent organelle in a cell.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS

The cell nucleus is bound by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. This membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Like the cell membrane, the nuclear envelope consists of phospholipids that form a lipid bilayer. The envelope helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus and assists in regulating the flow of molecules into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.

Chromosomes are located within the nucleus. Chromosomes consist of DNA, which contains heredity information and instructions for cell growth, development, and reproduction. When a cell is "resting" i.e. not dividing, the chromosomes are organized into long entangled structures called chromatin and not into individual chromosomes as we typically think of them.

THE NUCLEOLUS

Contained within the nucleus is a dense structure composed of RNA and proteinscalled the nucleolus. The nucleolus contains nucleolar organizers, which are parts of chromosomes with the genes for ribosome synthesis on them. The nucleolus helps to synthesize ribosomes by transcribing and assembling ribosomal RNA.

A ribosome is composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

The nucleus regulates the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm through the use of messenger RNA (mRNA). Messenger RNA is a transcribed DNA segment that serves as a template for protein production. It is produced in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores of the nuclear envelope.

Once in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and another RNA molecule called transfer RNAwork together to translate mRNA to produce

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MITOCHONDRIA (picture) = Laurence Faith Timtiman 

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MITOCHONDRIA (picture) = Laurence Faith Timtiman 

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MITOCHONDRIA = Laurence Faith Timtiman

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CELL WALL - Jamin Paulo Elbanbuena 😂👍

A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, situated outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. Cell walls are present in most prokaryotes (except mycoplasma bacteria), in algae, plants and fungi but rarely in other eukaryotes including animals. A major function is to act as pressure vessels, preventing over-expansion of the cell when water enters.

PLANT CELL WALL FUNCTION
A major role of the cell wall is to form a framework for the cell to prevent over expansion. Cellulose fibers, structural proteins, and other polysaccharides help to maintain the shape and form of the cell. Additional functions of the cell wall include:

Support - the cell wall provides mechanical strength and support. It also controls the direction of cell growth.​
Withstand turgor pressure - turgor pressure is the force exerted against the cell wall as the contents of the cell push the plasma membrane against the cell wall. This pressure helps a plant to remain rigid and erect, but can also cause a cell to rupture.​
Regulate growth - sends signals for the cell to enter the cell cycle in order to divide and grow.
Regulate diffusion - the cell wall is porous allowing some substances, including proteins, to pass into the cell while keeping other substances out.​
Communication - cells communicate with one another via plasmodesmata (pores or channels between plant cell walls that allow molecules and communication signals to pass between individual plant cells).​
Protection - provides a barrier to protect against plant viruses and other pathogens. It also helps to prevent water loss.​
Storage - stores carbohydrates for use in plant growth, especially in seeds.

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There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER). Both types are present in plant and animal cells. The two types of ER often appear as if separate, but they are sub-compartments of the same organelle. Cells specialising in the production of proteins will tend to have a larger amount of rough ER whilst cells producing lipids (fats) and steroid hormones will have a greater amount of smooth ER.

Part of the ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope. The Golgi apparatus is also closely associated with the ER and recent observations suggest that parts of the two organelles, i.e. the ER and the Golgi complex, are so close that some chemical products probably pass directly between them instead of being packaged into vesicles (droplets enclosed within a membrane) and transported to them through the cytoplasm

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

This is an extensive organelle composed of greatly convoluted but flattish sealed sacs, which are contiguous with the nuclear membrane. It is called ‘rough’ endoplasmic reticulum because it is studded on its outer surface (the surface in contact with the cytosol) with ribosomes. These are called membrane bound ribosomes and are firmly attached to the outer cytosolic side of the ER About 13 million ribosomes are present on the RER in the average liver cell. Rough ER is found throughout the cell but the density is higher near the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus.

Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are called ‘membrane bound’ and are responsible for the assembly of many proteins. This process is called translation. Certain cells of the pancreas and digestive tract produce a high volume of protein as enzymes. Many of the proteins are produced in quantity in the cells of the pancreas and the digestive tract and function as digestive enzymes.

The rough ER working with membrane bound ribosomes takes polypeptides and amino acids from the cytosol and continues protein assembly including, at an early stage, recognising a ‘destination label’ attached to each of them. Proteins are produced for the plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, plant vacuoles, lysosomes, endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum itself. Some of the proteins are delivered into the lumen or space inside the ER whilst others are processed within the ER membrane itself. In the lumen some proteins have sugar groups added to them to form glycoproteins. Some have metal groups added to them. It is in the rough ER for example that four polypeptide chains are brought together to form haemoglobin.

Protein folding unit
It is in the lumen of the rough ER that proteins are folded to produce the highly important biochemical architecture which will provide ‘lock and key’ and other recognition and linking sites.

Protein quality control section
It is also in the lumen that an amazing process of quality control checking is carried out. Proteins are subjected to a quality control check and any that are found to be incorrectly formed or incorrectly folded are rejected. These rejects are stored in the lumen or sent for recycling for eventual breakdown to amino acids. A type of emphysema (a lung problem) is caused by the ER quality control section continually rejecting an incorrectly folded protein. The protein is wrongly folded as a result of receiving an altered genetic message. The required protein is never exported from the lumen of rough ER. Research into protein structure failures relating to HIV are also focusing on reactions in the ER.

Rigorous quality control plays a part in cystic fibrosis
A form of cystic fibrosis is caused by a missing single amino acid, phenylanaline, in a particular position in the protein construction. The protein might work well without the amino acid but the very exacting service provided by the quality control section spots the error and rejects the protein retaining it in the lumen of the rough ER. In this case the customer (the person with cystic fibrosis) loses out completely due to high standards when a slightly poorer product would have been better than no product at all.

From Rough ER to Golgi
In most cases proteins are transferred to the Golgi apparatus for ‘finishing’. They are conveyed in vesicles or possibly directly between the ER and Golgi surfaces. After ‘finishing’ they are delivered to specific locations.

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Smooth ER is more tubular than rough ER and forms an interconnecting network sub-compartment of ER. It is found fairly evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
It is not studded with ribosomes hence ‘smooth’ ER.
Smooth ER is devoted almost exclusively to the manufacture of lipids and in some cases to the metabolism of them and associated products. In liver cells for example smooth ER enables glycogen that is stored as granules on the external surface of smooth ER to be broken down to glucose. Smooth ER is also involved in the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex and endocrine glands.

Smooth ER – the detox stop
Smooth ER also plays a large part in detoxifying a number of organic chemicals converting them to safer water-soluble products.
Large amounts of smooth ER are found in liver cells where one of its main functions is to detoxify products of natural metabolism and to endeavour to detoxify overloads of ethanol derived from excess alcoholic drinking and also barbiturates from drug overdose. To assist with this, smooth ER can double its surface area within a few days, returning to its normal size when the assault has subsided.

The contraction of muscle cells is triggered by the orderly release of calcium ions. These ions are released from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

To more information:
http://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/

The picture below is an endoplasmic reticulum:

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" A world without chloroplast, is like mars."

Chloroplasts are the food producers of the cell. The organelles are only found in plant cells and some protist such as algae. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. The entire process is called photosynthesis and it all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast.

Plants are the basis of all life on Earth. They are classified as the producers of the world. In the process of photosynthesis, plants create sugars and release oxygen. The oxygen released by the chloroplasts is the same oxygen you breathe every day. Mitochondria work in the opposite direction. They use oxygen in the process of releasing chemical energy from sugars.

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What do you call the leader of the Biology Group?
-NUCLEUS

~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~

What is a nucleus?
In cell biology, the nucleus  is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others have many.

Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome and are structured in such a way to promote cell function. The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nuclear matrix (which includes the nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.

Because the nuclear membrane is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear poresare required to regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound sub compartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of sub-nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.

(Who discovered nucleus in a cell?
-Franz Bauer and Robert Brown)

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“I'm your cell. You're my mitochondrion. I just can't breath (cellular respiration) without you. You are my will to live.”

The mitochondrion (plural; mitochondria) is a double membrane-bound organelle found in all eukaryotic organisms. Some cells in some multicellular organisms may however lack them (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). A number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids, and diplomonads, have also reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures.

The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος, mitos, “thread”, and χονδρίον, chondrion, “granule” or “grain-like”. Mitochondria generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.

Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm in diameter but vary considerably in size and structure. Unless specifically stained, they are not visible. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling, cellular differentiation,  and cell death, as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth.

Mitochondrion acts as the digestive system in cell which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich in molecules for the cell or the cellular respiration.

The first observations of intracellular structures that probably represented mitochondria were published in the 1840s.

Significant people in the history of mitochondrion:

Richard Altmann - established mitochondria as cell organells and called them “bioblasts”

Carl Benda - the one who coined the term “mitochondria” in 1898

Friedrich Meves - made the first recorded observation of mitochondria in plants in cells of the white waterlily, Nymphaea alba, and in 1908, along with Claudius Regaud, suggested that they contain proteins and lipids

Benjamin F. Kingsbury - In 1912, first related them with cell respiration, but almost exclusively based on morphological observations.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion

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The Cell Nucleus

The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of the cell. This organelle has two major functions: it stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell's activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).

QUOTE:

Inventor:
Robert Brown

The nucleus was also described by Franz Bauer in 1804 and in more detail in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Linnean Society of London. Brown was studying orchids under microscope when he observed an opaque area, which he called the "areola" or "nucleus", in the cells of the flower's outer layer.

POEM:

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I will be the Nucleus of your life or in short the Center of your life I will make your life Complete!!

The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully-enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.

Nucleus is like a brain of the cell. It helps control eating , movement, and reproduction.
Nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell. It contains the DNA of the cell.

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Ikaw Ang Mitochondria Ng Buhay ko Kasi Ikaw Lang nagbibigay lakas sa buhay ko! #MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. The biochemical processes of the cell are known as cellular respiration. Many of the reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria. Mitochondria are the working organelles that keep the cell full of energy.

Mitochondria are small organelles floating free throughout the cell. Some cells have several thousand mitochondria while others have none. Muscle cells need a lot of energy so they have loads of mitochondria. Neurons (cells that transmit nerve impulses) don’t need as many. If a cell feels it is not getting enough energy to survive, more mitochondria can be created. Sometimes a mitochondria can grow larger or combine with other mitochondria. It all depends on the needs of the cell.

Mitochondria Structure

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CYTOPLASM
*The cytoplasm was discovered in 1835 by three biologists, George E Palade, Albert Claude and Christian de Duve. It was Robert Hooke who discovered the cell in 1831 and laid down the fundamentals for the study of the cell.

*The cytoplasm is a dense, jelly-like substance found in every cell. The function of the cytoplasm is to provide structure and form to the cell. It allows nutrients to flow in and out of the cell. The cytoplasm allows the various cell organelles, such as the mitochondria and the ribosomes, to anchor in the cell.

*The nucleus lies in the center of the cytoplasm and plays a very important role during cell division.

CYTOPLASM

Thick jelly-like substance of the cell

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^ I Will Be Your Cell Membrane. I’ll protect and guard you No Matter What Happen just to make sure that you’re safe. ^

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AKO ANG CELL MEMBRANE NG BUHAY MO DAHIL PALAGI KONG BABANTAYAN YANG PUSO MO!! XD

Cell Membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.
•The basic function of cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surrounding or it controls what molecules are allowed in or out of the cell.

1. •It is considered as a guard of the cell.

The Picture of a Plasma Membrane/Cell Membrane

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One of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste removal is the lysosome. Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

Lysosomes is a sacs of enzymes that digest cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids.​

Lysosomes are surrounded by a membrane composed of phospholipids that separate the inside of the lysosomes from the membrane's external environment.

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The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell'sgenetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.

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Ribosomes are the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains.Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunit, which reads the RNA, and the large subunit, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins.The job of the ribosome is to make new proteins. It does this by moving along a strand of RNA and building a protein based on the code it reads. Making a protein this way is called translation.