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https://rebeccacustis.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/0/1/22014596/unit_7_ch._22.pdf
https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/appomattox-court-house
videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rY9zHNOjGrs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzTrKccmj_I

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The Union knew this would not be an easy war so they started to carry out the Anaconda Plan. This strategy was to cut off trading ports, divide the confederacy, then capture Richmond. Lee sent his troops into Maryland. He thought that it would persuade them to join the Confederacy. They had a battle at Antietam Creek that ended up with Lee retreating. Many saw it as a Union victory but it was like a defeat for both because of the amounts of deaths.
This shows just part of the battle

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This was one of the last battles of the Civil War. This is when Lee surrendered his Confederate Army to Grant and the Union Army.  It was a very short battle that ended the four year war.
This is the actual place that Lee surrendered.

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In July Union soldiers marched to Richmond. They sung and cheered on their way there with civilians behind them. They didn't know what was waited for them. A southern spy warned the army and they were ready at Mananas. They met at a creek called Bull Run. The Union thought they had won the war but Jackson had a plan to make a wall. They kept reinforcements coming until the Union soldiers backed down and the Confederates won.
This shows how the confederates made the wall ans kept up reinforcements

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Total War was the strategy that Grant used. He told Sheridan to wage total war in the Shenandoah Valley. This was the strategy that the soldiers would march and destroy everything in their way. All they way to Virginia anything that was in their path and of value they would destroy.
This picture shows how they were burning everything of value.

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In 1863 Lincoln went to give a speech at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg. Many people were invited to speak but he made his speech short and sweet. It dedicated the ground there to the fallen soldiers and made it a burial ground.
This picture shows the document that Lincoln wrote.

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As the war continued Lincoln changed his mind on the goal of the war, now he wanted the goal of the Union to be abolition.  On January 1, 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation was made. It abolished slavery but only in the Confederate States. So, the border states still had slaves. But the Confederate States ignored this order.
This picture shows he document of the Emancipation

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Strengths and Weaknesses of the North and South 

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Strengths and Weaknesses of the North and South 

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Both sides in the war had their advantages and their disadvantages. Some of the North's advantages were larger population, more farms for food, more manufacturers, they had a stronger navy and controlled the seas, more telegraph lines and more miles of railroad. Some of the disadvantages of the north were poor military leadership, unfamiliar with southern territory and fighting an offensive war. Some of the strengths of the south were good military leadership, the size of the south, defensive war, familiar territory, more military schools and they were more passionate about fighting. Some of the disadvantages of the south were smaller population, Mississippi river being being controlled by the north, agriculturally based economy, not many factories, lacked transportation, fewer ships and less telegraph lines.
This shows a naval ship which was one of the norths big advantages

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The Civil War was a war between the Union or the North and the Confederates or the south
This shows how the country was divided during the war

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In the Election of 1860 the four candidates were Lincoln, Breckenridge, Douglas and Bell. All the Republicans were voting for Lincoln but the Democrats were split between Douglas and Breckenridge. The Constitutional Union Party voted for Bell. Since Lincolns opponents were split three ways he won the election. The south though they were in the minority so the southern states started to secede.
This shows one of the campaign posters from the election.

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The Dred Scott Decision was a case that was taken to the Supreme Court by a former slave named Dred Scott. He lived in Missouri with his maser but later his master took him to live in Wisconsin which is a free state. When Scott finally moved back to Missouri he thought he should be free because he lived in a free state. The judges decided that he could not sue for his freedom in supreme court because he was a citizen and that no African American weather or not they were free could become a citizen.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin is a novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe. She had a vision in church one day that she wrote down and made a book out of. It was about an old slave that his master had beat to death. There was also a story about a slave named Eliza that was being chased while she was trying to escape. This book reached the north and it brought a great deal of awareness to the north about what the slaves went through.

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Kansas- Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas 

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Kansas- Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas 

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The Kansas Nebraska Act was a bill passed in 1854 written by Douglas. It created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It also abolished the Missouri Compromise and made the people be able to decide if they wanted slaves or not with the idea of popular sovereignty.

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Clay made a new compromise that would please both the north and the south. His compromise said that California would be apart of the Union as a free state and the New Mexico and Utah territories would come into the union and they could decide whether or not they would allow slavery.  The compromise would also end the slave trade in Washington D.C. It would also have a fugitive slave act in the compromise.
This shows how the land was split up during the compromise.

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When any state wanted to join the Union there was one big question. That was weather it was going to be a slave state or a free state. Missouri wanted to join the union but they were trying to decide if it would be a free state or a slave state because at that point in time there was eleven votes for the north and the south in the senate. So, which ever side that Missouri chose to be on that would mean that that side had more power in senate or in congress and one could outweigh the other. So, Henry Clay came up with the idea that they would let Missouri in the Union as a lave state and Maine in the Union as a free stat to keep balance in senate, this would also keep anyone from seceding. The other part of the compromise was that above the line 36, 30' slavery was banned except for in Missouri.

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The Civil War had many causes including the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas Nebraska act, Uncle Tom's Cabin, Dred Scott Case, and Lincoln's Election

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Sectionalism is the idea that you are dedicated to one part of a nation but not the nation as a whole. One way that sectionalism divided the nation was through culture. In the South the culture was to have slaves and that was just part of life. Everyone had slaves that worked on their plantations. On the other hand in the north. They were against slaves. They had done away with slavery a long time ago and they didn't like the idea of it. It was apart of the northerners culture to not have slaves. Another thing that divided the nation was the economy. The north had an economy once again based on slavery. The slaves worked on the plantations and helped to produce so much cotton. In the north however, they had factories. Instead of having slaves hand pick all the cotton or use the cotton gin to get the cotton separated they would take the cotton and make textiles out of it in the textile mills.

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The forty niners moved to the west to get gold and to get rich. They had a hard time getting ti California, they had no police and they had really hard work. Their legacy was that they had enough people to become a state, and they had diverse land of opportunity.

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The missionaries main motivation in moving west was to teach the Native Americans in the west about the Bible and convert them to Christians. Some of their hardships were the Rocky Mountains, they didn't know much about the people they were teaching, the natives weren't very interested in the religion but more so the weapons that they had brought with them, and the missionaries didn't know much about the naive culture. Their legacy was to open the west to settlement.

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The mountain mainly wanted to move west to trade fur and look for valuable fur in the west. Some of their hardships were live hard die young, fur thieves, Indians, wolves, bears, sudden death in rapids and on mountains, diseases and rifles. Their legacy was that they explored most of the west, had supply stations, started the Oregon Trail and let behind personal journals.

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The Mormons motivation to move west was that they needed somewhere to live away from people so they wouldn't get persecuted because of their beliefs.Some of the challenges they faced were persecution, resented power and wealth, mobs and people getting offended by them. Their legacy was that they were the first to settle the Great Basin, they planted their faith and brought along new farming methods.

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The Chinese immigrants motivation to move to the west was a " gold mountain" This gold mountain came along with a greater pay, large houses, more food and clothing. Some of the challenges they faced were that over time mining came more difficult, attitudes towards them changed, they had to pay a fee to mine, people tried to force them into leaving, their shacks were burned, their braids were cut off and they were beat. Their legacy was that they helped to build p the west and make it more interesting with arts, tastes, scents and sounds.

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The pioneers main motivation for moving west was to find new homesteads and new opportunities. Some of their challenges were a long journey, leaving things behind, and the death toll that came along with traveling. Their legacy was that they changed pioneer women, brought out strengths , they built churches and they helped with women's right to vote.

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In 1853 congress negotiated with Mexico to get a small piece of land and the southern point of the Rocky Mountains. This territory was necessary to build a railroad from New Orleans to California.

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The United states and Mexico got in an argument over boundaries. The US offered to buy NM and CA from Mexico for $30 million. But, Mexico refused the offer. Shots were then fired at the Rio Grande. After this congress declared a war on Mexico that was called the Mexican- American War. The US defeated Santa Anta and captured Veracruz and Mexico City. After this Mexico surrendered. The US paid Mexico $15 million for the territory to make it fair.

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After Russia and Spain dropped out of the argument over the Oregon Territory it was left up to the Union and Great Britain to have a peaceful joint occupation. After Lewis and Clark explored this territory and Smith found an easier route to get there the missionaries started to move there. After they said it was like paradise more and more settlers started to move. This was also at the same time that Polk had been elected. He wanted to annex all of the Oregon Territory. He didn't want to start a war so he agreed to split the territory at the 49th parallel.

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Not many people lived in Texas at first, so Spain started giving away land grants to outside settlers so they could build up the population. Some families moved because they heard of good soil there for growing cotton, but the native people didn't like the settlers because they were outnumbered. Austin proposed that it become an independent state but Santa Anta rejected the proposal and had his army go north. They had a battle at The Alamo which the Texans lost and most died. But, under the leadership of Sam Houston they weren't able to defeat Santa Anta's army. So, after the Mexican- American war Texas became an independent country although most Americans living there wanted it to become a state. After many years of Texas being a country Polk was elected and the Union annexed Texas

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The words Manifest Destiny actually mean " obvious, future that has already been determined by a divine source." But, Manifest Destiny was the idea that America could grow and that the democracy could spread along with freedom.

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Before this reform movement schools were social class based with boys only and little funds. Horace Mann was one of the leaders o this reform movement. He started teacher training schools and helped to improve public school systems. He also helped to get a longer school year and to get girls in school.

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Before this reform movement the conditions in the prisons were very bad. People thought that this was okay because " the insane do not feel heat or cold" Dorthea Dix was one one the main leaders of this movement. She volunteered at the prisons to teach the prisoners. She was the main person who spread the idea of prison reform. After this reform movement they stopped putting the prisoners and the mentally ill together and they made and asylum for the mentally ill.

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Temperance is substance abuse and back in the mid 1800's this substance was alcohol. This movement was made to limit or ban the consumption of alcohol. Many people would turn to alcohol to relieve depression. Along with this there was a lot of abuse. Also, there was a higher crime rate, unemployment, and people becoming homeless. One leader of this movement was John Bartholomew Gough. He was a public speaker but he would also walk around with a bag trying to get any money to support the cause. When he gave his speeches he made them fun to watch so people that weren't even interested in temperance would come and watch. Another leader was Carrie Nation. She was a temperance lecturer that though that alcohol was the main problem in the society. She also thought that anyone could go into a saloon and destroy it without getting caught. So, she went in saloons singing and praying with a bible and hatchet in hand. She would destroy the whole saloon. She was beaten and jailed many times but that didn't stop her it just helped her get national attention for her violence.

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By about 1830 many abolitionists were popping up in the north and the south. Some were women, some men, some black and some white. Their mission was to abolish slavery or to end it. One famous abolitionist was John Brown. His tactic in abolishing slavery was to start a revolution. He tried to steal weapons from a government arsenal and then free slaves by force. He was eventually caught and bung but he got his point across and is still remembered for it.  Another well known abolitionist was Harriet Beecham Stowe. She was the author of " uncle Tom's Cabin". By writing this book she publicized the idea of abolition to many more people and in a way raised awareness.

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Many people looked at women and slaves the same way, neither of them could vote and they could both be disciplined. Many female abolitionists would talk and argue about slavery when really they didn't even have the right to vote about what they were arguing about and their husband or their fathers could choose to vote or something totally different. Many conventions or places that you could give a speech would't let women speak. One place even told someone that even tough she was the one to write her speech that a man had to give it. It is obvious to see that women didn't have the rights that everyone else had. Two of the famous leaders for this movement where Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. The Seneca Falls Convention was a women's rights convention whee the Declaration of Sentiments was written.  It was based off the Declaration of Independence but it talked about man's rights over women. Cady Stanton was the one who declared that women should have a right to vote and Anthony traveled from place to place speaking about women's rights.

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The Indian Removal Act was a law passed by Andrew Jackson in 1830. It said the president had to negotiate with the natives for their removal to the west in exchange for their land in the south. The cause of this was to get all the land east of the Mississippi River so the US could use the land for farming and things like that. The effect of the Indian removal Act was The Trail of Tears. This was the path that the natives took when they were forced out of their homes. Along this trail many natives got diseases and died.

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In 1832 Henry Clay wanted  to recharter the national bank early.  The bill passed congress but Jackson vetoed it because he thought it was dangerous to the people. He also thought it only benefited the rich people and rendered the idea of capitalists in the West. After Jackson was reelected as president he said that the government would no longer deposit money into the national bank and instead deposit the money in to the states banks.

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In 1828 congress passed a law that raised the taxes on imported goods. They wanted to do this to outsell foreign manufacturers and make more money. The northerners liked the law but the southerners didn't because it was more expensive to get goods from factories and they thought it might hurt there cotton sales to other countries. They also thought it was unconstitutional because it was favoring one region. So the vice president told them to declare it illegal. Jackson lowered the tariff but it wasn't much they were still unhappy and South Carolina even threatened to secede. After that Jackson lowered the tariffs even more and the nullification crisis ended.

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The spoils system is the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs. Jackson showed this because he believed that it was more democratic to rotate people through jobs than to have someone serve a lifelong job in the government. So, when Jackson came into office he removed many people from office which made many people angry.

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The steam engine was invented by Thomas Newcomer in 1712. It was used in factories, mills, and transportation. It basically turned water into steam that turned a wheel and powered an engine. This allowed factories to be located anywhere not just by rivers, it made river travel easier, allowed railroads to develop, and the profit from goods increased.

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The power loom was a machine that took thread and wove it into cloth. This machine saved time and money.This is where the modern factory was born. This also changed the lies of many women. They would be the ones working on the power looms and it was one of the first times that women could work for money.

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The factory system is the idea to use machinery in the factories that run on water or steam. Then later on they were run by electricity instead. It is just the method of manufacturing using machinery.

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The cotton gin was a machine produced by Eli Whitney in 1794. It was a machine that separated cotton from the seeds instead of having to separate and clean it by hand. After the invention the demand for slaves went up. One slave with the cotton gin could do the work of 50 slaves without the cotton gin. Cotton was being produced way faster than before and in larger amounts. The cotton was then know as "White Gold"

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The Reform Movements in the mid 1800's were inspired by a revival or a great religious feeling. The new religious movement made many people want to reform the society so they did. They started to make changes to women's rights,  slavery and abolition, temperance or substance abuse,  prisons and education. This was also known as the Second Great Awakening.

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The Underground Railroad was a system of people and places that helped runaway slaves escape to freedom. They included different safe houses and places for the slaves to stay and not get caught by their masters. Most of the slaves were either trying to escape to the northern free states or to Canada. One effect of this was that many rebellions started. For example Nat Turner's Rebellion. After the slaves were free they wanted to get back on their masters so they revolted.  Another effect was that many slaves were freed but there was also a great amount that didn't.

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Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States. He first took part in the American Revolution but then became a lawyer. Not long after that he served in the House and the Senate. After that he became more popularly known in the War of 1812. After a long debate and multiple ties Andrew Jackson became president.

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The Industrial Revolution was a time from the late 1700s to the early 1800s about industrializing the way of life in the nation. The culture changed from all agriculture based to all about factories and inventions. One positive effect of this was that goods were made quicker and more goods were produced. Anther positive effect was that more money was being made off of all the goods that were being made. One negative effect was that there was more child labor because the factory owners needed someone to work in the factories so they used kids. Another negative effect was that the quality of the goods lessened because they were being mass produced instead of things being handmade one at a time.

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sources-
http://www.billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/bill-of-rights/
https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=23
videos-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMXqg2PKJZU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3Ox6vGteek

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How To Choose A President/ Electoral College 

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How To Choose A President/ Electoral College 

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There was also another debate at the Constitutional Convention, how to choose a president. First the delegates had to decide if they wanted to have a government with a single executive or a nation with a three- member executive. The delegates that wanted a single executive thought that leadership would be clear and that timely and responsible leadership can only come from one person. The delegates that wanted a three- member executive thought that a chief executive would be to much like King George lll and that if they had three different people from different parts of the country that they could lead better. Obviously, they decided one a single executive. The other decision was how was the nation going to chooses the president. There was three ideas, the congress elects, the people elect and they have assigned electors that elect. They came together to make the Electoral College which is how we choose our president now. The electoral college is made up of electors who cast votes to elect the president every four years. Each state has as many electors in the Electoral College as the number of senators and representatives that they send to congress.
This picture shows the number of electoral college votes each state gets.

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The Great Compromise was another one of the compromises made at the Constitutional Convention. It was made to figure out how the states and the people would be represented i government. One idea was the Virginia Plan made by James Madison and Edmund Rudolph. They wanted a strong national government with three branches, the legislature, executive, and judicial. They also wanted it to have a bicameral congress with a House of Representatives and a Senate. Each states representation in congress would be determined by population. The other idea was the New Jersey Plan made by William Patterson. He wanted a government with three branches also, the legislative, judicial, and the executive. Unlike the Virginia Plan, Patterson wanted to have a one house congress with each state having the same representation/ votes in congress. In conclusion, Roger Sherman made the Connecticut Plan which is also known as The Great Compromise. He wanted t have a bicameral congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The house would represent the people and the number of representatives a state had would be based on the states population. The Senate would represent the states and each state would have two representatives no matter the size. The representatives/ senators would be elected by the state legislature. Patterson kept the idea of a three branch government with the legislative, judicial, and executive.
This picture represents how the two different plans came together to make the great compromise

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In 1823 Monroe made a speech to the congress. It was about a policy that is now known as the Monroe Doctrine. It pretty much warned the European countries to respect the new colonies. It made our country look like a strong country that would fight for its freedoms and the freedom of our neighbors. Henry Clay also proposed an economic plan called the American System. It was a new form of federalism that was supposed to unify and strengthen our nation. It included support for a high tariff, maintenance of high public land prices, preservation of the Bank of the United States and development of a system of internal improvements. This picture sows how America was a strong country after the Monroe Doctrine was written.

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When James Madison was president there was more conflict that caused war. Madison made a deal with Great Britain and France that whoever stopped seizing the Americans ships that America would stop trading with there enemy. France agreed to the deal. After this the settlers were moving west which resulted in battle with the natives. In 1812 Madison declared war and left behind the idea of isolationism. The plan of conquering Canada was then failed and the British burnt down the White House. After that the Star Spangled Banner was written and the US "won" the battle of New Orleans. The treaty of Ghent was then signed and the war was over. There were three results of war: the Indian resistance weakened, nation pride surged, and there were political effects
This picture shows Fort McHenry because that was where one of the battles were fought and where the Star Spangled Banner was written.

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When Thomas Jefferson was the president there was conflict with Britain and France. They went to war so the Americans took this as an opportunity to trade with both sides. Because of this both sides started to seize the American ships to cut off the trade with the other side. Britain also impressed American sailors which means that they kidnapped the sailors. Jefferson didn't want to go to war so he created the Embago Act of 1807. This act said that the Americans couldn't import or export and goods because Jefferson thought that it would hurt the British and the French. But, it hurt the Americans even more, so congress replaced the Embago Act. During Jeffersons presidency he also bought the Louisiana Territory. When Spain returned the Louisiana Territory to France Jefferson got worried that France might cut off from the Gulf of Mexico. So, Jefferson decided he wanted to purchase the land. He sent Livingston and Monroe to negotiate and buy the land. When they arrived in Franct they found out that Bonaparte was selling the whole Louisiana  Territory but it was for more than they were allowed to spend. They bought they territory anyway and doubled the size of the United States.
This picture shows the land that the United States gained when Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory

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John Adams was the second president of The United States from 1797-1801. Under his presidency the XYZ Affair and the Alein and Sedition Acts happened. The XYZ Affair was when France was attacking US ships so Adams sent three nameless people XYZ to ask for France to end the attacks. The French said that they wouldn't stop seizing the ships until the US payed them a tribute. The US started to prepare navy ships although we weren't ready to go to war. By that time Napolean took power in France and he made a peace treaty with the US to end the attacks. So, we avoided war. The Alein and Sedition acts were laws that were passed that made it harder for immigrants to become citizens. They also said that the government could jail or deport anyone that could threaten the government. This was seen as a threat against the Republican Party and a violation of the first amendment. In the election of 1800 Adams lost the election but there was a tie between Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson. There was then a second tie but eventually Hamilton convinced all of his supporters to vote for Jefferson. Finally, the tie was broken and so the twelfth amendment was passes. It said that there must be a separate ballot for the president and the Vice President.
This picture shows all f the candidates for the 1800 election.

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George Washington was our first president so anything he did was a first. One of his precedents was creating a cabinet. He created the cabinet made up of the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Treasury. He selected those cabinet member so now all the other presidents do too. Another one of his precedents was the foreign policy of Nuetrality and Isolationism. He wanted to be neutral and not pick a side in war and to not be in any wars. The next couple other presidents tried to follow this precedent but it didn't work all that well. Another one of his precedents was serving two terms. After serving two four year terms as president Wahington stepped down, so now that is what every other president does. They don't nessasarily step down but they can only serve two terms. During Washingtons presidency there were to different political parties, the Federalists ( Hamilton) and the Democratic- Republicans (Jefferson). The federalist a though that common people didn't have much power. They wanted only the wealthy and educated to rule and to have a strong central government. They also wanted an economy based on business and manufacturing. The Democratic- Republicans however were the opposite. They thought that the citizens could make delicious for themselves and that an everyday farmer should rule. They wanted a weak central government and a strong central government. They also wanted the economy to be based on agriculture.
This picture represents the two political parties.

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The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments that were written by James Madison and ratified in 1791. The first amendment gives us the right to freedom of religion, speech and the press. The second amendment gives us the right to bear arms. The third amendment gives us protection over housing of soldiers. The fourth amendment gives us protection of unreasonable search and seizure. The fifth amendment gives us protection over the rights of life, liberty and property. The sixth amendment gives us the rights of accused person in a criminal case. The seventh amendment gives us the right to civil cases. The eighth amendment give us the right to excessive bail, fines and punishments forbidden. The ninth amendment gives us other rights kept by the people. The tenth amendments gives us  delegated powers kept by the states and the people.
This picture shows all of the 10 amendments in the Bill of Rights and the rights protected in each one.

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Federalism is the idea that the power is split between the states and the national government. Some of the national governments powers are to declare war, make treaties, establish post offices, and more. Some of the states powers are education, marriage and divorce laws, to ratify constitutional amendments and more. Some of the concurrent powers are to collect taxes, enforce laws, borrow and spend money, establish courts and more .
This picture shows some of the states powers, central governments powers and concurrent powers.

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Checks and balances in a system in our government that makes sure one branch doesn't have too much power. It means the each branch has the power to limit the other two branches decisions and authority. It pretty much just makes sure one branch doesn't overpower the other two. the executive branch can veto laws to check the legislative branch and they can appoint federal judges to check the judicial branch. The legislative branch can override the president veto to check the executive branch and they can impeach judges to check the judicial branch. The judicial branch can say that actions are unconstitutional for both other branches.
This picture shows how all the other branches can check each other and what they can do to make sure the other branches don't have too much power.

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There are three branches of government, the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch. The executive branch makes sure that the laws are carried out and enforced. This is the president. The president is chosen by the electoral college. He or she can serve up to two four year terms. He/ she has to be 35 years old and has to have had lived in the United Stated for 14 years prior to becoming president. Two powers of the executive branch are to make treaties with other countries and to appoint the Supreme Court justices, federal judges, ambassadors and the members of the cabinet. Another branch of government is the legislative branch. This branch creates the laws. There are two houses in the legislative branch, the House of Representatives and the Senate. There are two senators for each state and the number of representatives for the house are based on population. The leader of the senate is the majority leader and the leader of the house is the speaker of the house. To be in the senate you have to be at least 30 years old, live in the US for nine years and be a resident of the US when elected. The term for a senator is 6 years. To be in the house you have to be at least 25 years old, have lived in the US for seven years and be an inhabitant of the state they represent. Two other powers that the legislative branch has is to print money and to collect taxes.  The third branch of government in the judicial branch. The main job of this branch is to make sure that laws are constitutional. The judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court. There are nine justices and the leader is the head justice. There are no requirements to be apart of the Supreme Court. The justices can be removed or impeached from the Supreme Court but if not they serve for life. Two other powers that the judicial branch has is to decide what laws mean and to approve presidential appointments.
This picture shows the three branches of government and who runs each one.

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The Three- Fifths compromise was one of the three compromises made at the Constitutional Convention. This compromise had to be made because when the states wanted a bigger population to get more representation in government they didn't know if they should count slaves as people or property. The Southern Delegates wanted slaves to be counted as people. Most of the slaves lived in the south and the people in the south wanted as many representatives as they could get. The only way to do that was to have a larger population so they wanted to count slaves as people. But the only down side to this was that if the slaves were counted as people then they should be able to vote and most people did not want slaves to be able to vote. The Northern Delegates wanted to count slaves as property. The northern people didn't have as many slaves but they too wanted as many representatives in government as they could get and they didn't want the southerners to have all the representation. So they thought that slaves should be counted as property that should be taxed instead of being allowed to vote. In conclusion, James Madison made the three- fifths compromise. It basically said that instead of slaves being a full person or just property they were going to be three- fifths of a person when it came to representation in government.
This picture shows the difference of the representation of a
free white and a black slave.

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The Articles of Confederation were made as the war went on and the colonists wanted a central government. The Articles were approved in 1777 and they established a Confederation Government. This didn't give the central government a lot of power. The national legislature was the Confederation Congress. Each state would send 2-7 delegates but each state only had one vote. To make an important decision 9 of 13 states had to agree. By 1781 the Revolutionary War was almost over and that was when the Articles were actually adopted. This was the first national government for the nation. Some of the strengths of the Articles were the national government could deal with other nations and sign treaties, raise an army, wage a war, make peace, establish a national postal service, departments of foreign affairs, war, marine, marine, and treasury Some of the laws passed while the Articles were in place are The Land Ordinance Act and The Northwest Ordinance. Some of the weaknesses of The Articles are congress had no power to coin,  congress couldn't make laws, they couldn't settle arguments about trade, congress could not levy taxes and more. Also a weakness was Shay's Rebellion.  This was a group of protests from farmers against the government
This picture shows the actual document of the Articles of Confederation.

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sources- http://www.history.com/topics/salem-witch-trials
http://www.ducksters.com/history/american_revolution.php
videos-
http://www.history.com/topics/salem-witch-trials/videos/drawn-history-the-founding-of-the-13-colonies
http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/american-revolution-history/videos/american-revolution?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&free=false
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EiSymRrKI4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnV_MTFEGIY

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Beringia was an ancient land bridge that linked Asia and the Americas about 1.75 million years ago. It was only there for short period of time during the ice age. When all the water froze it created a big sheet of ice that made a bridge from Asia to the Americas. But after the ice melted the land bridge was gone. Back then the people where nomadic, so they moved from place to place. They followed food because everything they did revolved around food. Their main source of food they were following was the mammoth but when they got to northern Alaska they also hunted elephants with spear. After all of this happened and the people from Asia were in the Americas and still migrating they ended up in North and south America.This picture shows the route that the people took when they migrated from Asia to Northern Canada.

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The Colombian exchange was the exchanging of goods from the new world to the old wold and from the old world to the new world. Some of these things were good things and others things were bad. Some of the things that came from the old world ( Europe) were small pox, malaria, cattle, sheep, wheat, rice, peaches and more. Some of the things that came from the new world ( America) were turkeys, potatoes, corn, beans, vanilla and more. Two things that caused the Columbian Exchange were European exploration of the world and the quest for gold, god and glory. Some of the effects of the Columbian Exchange were many natives dying because of disease and a change in economy because of farming and cash crops
This picture shows most of the things good and bad that were exchanged during the Colombian  Exchange including disease crops and livestock.

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There were three main reasons for European Exploration. Gold, God and Glory.
Gold-Christopher Columbus/ the Europeans wanted to find gold and riches because hey knew they could keep a percentage of it when they got back to England.
God- The Europeans wanted to convert the natives to Christians because they had no religion.
Glory- The Europeans wanted fame for exploring the new world and wanted to become famous back in the old world.
The effect of this was the settlement of the colonies.
This picture shows the three main things that the Europeans wanted from exploration.

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Reasons for Colonial Settlements in the English Colonies 

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Reasons for Colonial Settlements in the English Colonies 

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When the English came over to the Americas some of them had different reason than others for settlement. In the New England Colonies the main reason was to escape religious persecution. In the middle some of the reasons were to gain success and to have a separate colony.  In the south some of the reasons for settlement were to have a safe place, prevent war and to work off their debt. All these settlements lead to food exchange and interaction with the natives.  This picture shows a woman who is not being able to worship freely so she will get punished.

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The Mayflower Compact was the first actual form of government in the colonies. It was a document that sated the rules and laws for the colony and for the pilgrims. It was formed on the Mayflower before the pilgrims landed at Plymouth. They made this document to create some order in their colony called Jamestown. They Mayflower Compact kept order in Massachusetts for a while. This picture shows the pilgrims coming together to write and sign the Mayflower compact.

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When the colonists got settled in the colonies they needed some type of rule and some laws so they made their own types of government and ideas. They came up with the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, and parliament. They also had different types of colonies. Some of them are charter colonies, royal colonies, and proprietary colonies. This had the effect of having town meetings to discuss the government and local governments. This picture shows King John signing the Magna Carta.

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The triangular trade was a trade route between North America, West Africa and Britain in 1518-1850. It is called this because it had three parts and the route is shaped like a triangle. The first stage was when ships left Britain carrying manufactured goods. After the ships got to West Africa the goods would be traded for slaves who had been caught by slave traders.The second stage happened when ships from North America would look for the best and cheapest slaves along the western coast of Africa. When the holds were filled the slaves were tightly packed on ships to head to the Caribbeans and North America. The third stage was when the slaves got to the Caribbean and were sold at auctions. Then they were forced to work on plantations. There they would make raw materials. Then the materials were shipped to Britain and the process would keep going. Some of the causes of this were the plantation owners needed people to do the labor, people in Africa needed manufactured goods and people in Britain needed raw goods. The effect of this was that more slaves were brought in and there was a bigger demand for slaves and goods. It also introduces slavery to the colonies. This picture shows the route of the triangular trade and what was traded.

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The middle passage was the middle part of the triangular trade. It was the trip across the ocean from West Africa to North America and the Caribbeans. Slaves were chained together for moths in little space with little to no food and water. The cause of this was that the people in North America wanted the slaves from West Africa so they had to endure the middle passage. The effect of the middle passage was that many of the slaves got diseases and some even died during the trip and so they were thrown overboard. This picture shows how tightly packed the slaves were on the boats across the middle passage.

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The French and Indian War was conflict between France and Great Britain over land on North America from 1754-1763. It is also often known as the Seven Years War. Both France and Great Britain claimed the Ohio River Valley. Then the British started to build forts, which made the french mad because they didn't want the British to trade with the Natives in there territory. So the governor of Virginia sent soldiers to kick the french out of western Pennsylvania. Most natives sided with the french because they treated them with greater respect and din't see them as enemies. At first the British were losing but then William Pitt sent more soldiers, blockaded the coast, gained popular support, and spread fighting. The french surrendered after they lost Quebec and Montreal. Then both sides signed the Treaty of Paris. The war had an effect by making the french give up all of their land in North America and Britain taxed the American Colonists because of the debt they had to pay for the war.

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Causes of the American Revolution- Sugar Act 

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Causes of the American Revolution- Sugar Act 

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The sugar act was an act that passed in 1764 on the american colonies. It was a tax on sugar, wine,indigo, and molasses that was lowered to reduce smuggling. It also allowed British officers to search ships and make sure no one was smuggling. The cause of this was to reduce smuggling. The effect was the the colonists thought Britain might seize power so they sent letters to the British Parliament. So it was repealed in 1765. This is a picture o people protesting the sugar act.

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Causes of the American Revolution- Stamp Act 

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Causes of the American Revolution- Stamp Act 

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The stamp act was an act that was passed in 1765 on the american colonies. It was an act that required the colonists to buy and place stamps on all paper goods and everyone had to pay tax. This is where " No taxation without representation" came about because the colonists didn't have a say in the tax. The cause of this was that parliament still needed money to pay off their debt. The effect of this was that the colonists started to boycott English goods. This led to secret societies to be formed like the Sons of Liberty. So, the act was repealed. This is a picture of an ad or protest that shows how the colonists felt about the stamp act.

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Causes of the American Revolution- Quartering Act 

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Causes of the American Revolution- Quartering Act 

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The quartering act was an act that was passed in 1765 on the american colonies. It was an act that ended colonial assemblies and forced colonists to house British soldiers. They also had to provide them with food, water, clothes and somewhere to sleep. This act was passed because the British soldiers needed somewhere to stay and because they needed a closer watch on the colonists to make sure they weren't forming assemblies. The effect of this was that the colonists protested against the new act, they still made assemblies like the committee of Correspondence and it gave the colonial leaders a sense of unity. This picture shows some of the redcoats living in a colonists house during the quartering act.

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The Declaration of Independence is a document written by Thomas Jefferson with the help of Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, Benjamin Franklin and John Adams. It was approved on July Fourth, 1776. The purpose of it was to explain to other countries why the colonies decided to be separate from Britain. Some of the causes of this were that King George ignored the Olive Branch Petition, colonists were mad about all of the new taxes, Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense and the Battle of Lexington and Concord. Some of the effects of this were the Treaty of Paris being signed, other countries sought independence, and that the war kept going for another five years. This is a picture of the declaration with the date it was approved.

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American and British Strengths and Weaknesses during the Revolutionary War

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American and British Strengths and Weaknesses during the Revolutionary War

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During the revolutionary war both sides had many strengths and weaknesses. Some of the American Continental Armies weaknesses were they were short of men, the men were not trained, and there were many shortages in supplies. A few strengths of the American Continental Army were that that had great patriotism, they had help from overseas and their commander George Washington was experienced. Some of the strengths of the British Army were that they were a professional army, they recruited loyalists, African Americans, and american Indians, they were also more experienced and supplied. some of the weaknesses of the British Amy were that there is a long distance between Great Britain and the colonies, sending supplies and messages were slow and costly, they couldn't convince people that the battle was vital and they had a poor leader. This picture shows Washington because he was the leader of the continental army and he was one the Americans strengths.

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The battles of Lexington and Concord were the start of the Revolutionary war on April 19, 1775.
Lexington- The battle of Lexington was a small fight that was barley even a battle. It started when in the confusion of the British soldiers and the minute men that someone fired a shot. This shot was the first shot in the Revolutionary War. It is often know as " the shot heard round the world." The cause of this battle was that the militia had stored weapons for the minute men and the British soldiers wanted to confiscate them so they went to Lexington to do so. The effect was that the minute men successfully guarded their supply of weapons.
Concord- After leaving Lexington the British marched to Concord. They began to look for the supply of weapons there too. The colonists had went to the opposite side of the North Bridge to watch the British. Their force kept getting stronger and stronger with more minute men arriving. After reentering Concord the American militia defeated the British at the North Bridge. The cause f this was still that the British wanted to find the militias supply of tools. The effect of this was the start of the Revolutionary War and it united the colonies against the British. Also after this the British retreated and marched back to Boston while the militias harassed them all the way back. This picture shows the routes of the soldiers during these battles.

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The battle of Bunker Hill was on June 7, 1775. This battle happened because the British wanted control of the sea ports and of the city. They decided to take Bunker and Breeds Hill. But the Americans heard of it and went to protect their land. Since the Americans heard that the British were going to the hills for a tactical advantage the Americans wen to the hills at night and got ready for the battle. When the British got there and realized what had happened they started to attack. The Americans ran out of ammunition and had to retreat so the British took control of the hills, although the British suffered from far many causalities. The effect of this was the continuing of the revolutionary was and it made the colonists more positive because they killed far more soldiers and kept growing in size. This picture shows the British victory of the battle.

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Surprise Attacks at Trenton, New Jersey 

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Surprise Attacks at Trenton, New Jersey 

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The surprise attacks at Trenton, New Jersey happened on December 26, 1776. They happened in Trenton, NJ and involved Washington and the American tops against General Howe and the Hessian soldiers and the British. his battle happened because George Washington had just been defeated and wanted to gain back the confidence that they could win. So Washington gathered his troops and they went to Trenton. All of the British troops were asleep so the Americans had an advantage. After a cannon was shot the British tried to gather their troops but quickly surrendered. The effect of this was once again that is created enthusiasm for the Americans to keep fighting and going with war. This picture shows Washington and his troops crossing the icy Delaware river to get the the British.

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The Battle of Yorktown was the last battle in the Revolutionary War. This battle is when the British surrendered and they began to consider a peace treaty. Since the north and the south armies of the continental army were both heading to Yorktown the British were surrounded.  Finally the commander of the British flew a white flag and surrendered. On October 19, 1781 the British commander General Cornwallis signed a document called Articles of Capitulation. This document was the document of British surrender.  The cause of this battle was that Washington realized he could surround the British in different directions and have a good chance on winning that battle. The effects of this battle were that the British surrendered, the revolutionary war was ended and that the Treaty of Paris was signed. This picture shows the route taken when the battle of Yorktown happened.

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Th Salem Witch Trials happened in 1692 when a group of some young girls claimed they were possessed by the devil and accused some of the women in their village of witchcraft. A court was put together to hear cases about the witches. A woman named Bridget Bishop was the first to be accused of being a witch. In result of this she was hanged. Over the next several months around 180 more people were accused. After a few more months the public turned against the trials. They then proved the witches innocent and had a sad legacy linger in the community. This picture shows a so called witch being hanged.